The current research focuses on soil particle separate and total organic carbon and nitrogen in Quercus aquifolioides forest in Balangshan, Wolong Natural Reserve, Sichuan, and their correlation at tree altitudinal gradient. The result shows that: The soil particle separate of Q.quifolioides forest is mainly of silts, and the soil texture is medium textured soils; The contents of soil total organic carbon content and nitrogen content in 0-15 cm layer are higher than that in 15-30 cm layer in different attitude gradients; the total organic carbon content in the topsoil shows a low-high-low tendency at different altitudinal gradients, whereas that of the subsoil shows a growing tendency; The C/N ratio of Q.aquifolioides forest is relatively small, with an average of 12.77; The correlation analysis between the soil total organic carbon and nitrogen content and soil particle separate respectively tells us: contents of soil organic carbon is very significantly positively correlated with total nitrogen in the two soil layers (P<0.01) at 3 549 m, no correlation at 2 551 m; the contents of total organic carbon and nitrogen are very significantly positively respective respectively with coarse silt content in 0-15 cm and 15-30 cm soil layers (P<0.05), but negatively with clay in different layers (P<0.05) in 0-15 cm soil layer at 3 549 m, significantly positively (P<0.05) and very significantly positively correlated (P<0.01) respectively with coarse silt content in different soil layers at 3 091 m, very significantly and significantly positively correlated respectively with fine sand content in different soil layers at 2 551 m, but negatively with fine silt content in 15-30 cm soil layer. Finally, in this paper the results presented that relationships among soil particle separate and total organic carbon and nitrogen content are quite complications in Q.aquifolioides forest at different altitudinal gradient.

Setting monitoring transect in the middle and shallow water area (altitude 156-172 m) in Three Gorges reservoir hydro-fluctuation belt to research the changing characteristics of the contents of N, P, K, pH and organic matter of the soil which experienced the influence of fluctuation the first time. The results showed that by the influence of water level fluctuating, contents of soil N, P, K, pH and organic matter had reduced in different soil layers in hydro-fluctuation belt. The available N decreased by 41.53%-59.87%, available P decreased by 5.26%-36.76%, available K decreased by 3.55%-45.56%, total N decreased by 9.52%-40.00%, total P had no change generally, total K had decreased a little, content of organic material decreased by 7.62%-37.83%%, pH value turned to neutral, changed by 1.73%-9.58%.

The storage and decay of woody debris (WD) in a evergreen broad-leaved forest were investigated by using sampling plot harvesting method after it was interfered by the serious frozen disaster in the early 2008 in the Daming mountain nature reserve. The results showed that the total storage of woody debris was 37.249 t·hm^-2, among which the storage of coarse woody debris (CWD) and fine woody debris (FWD)was composed 33.143 and 4.106 t·hm^-2, respectively, accounting for 88.98% and 11.02% of total WD storage. Logs and branches were the main contributors to the total WD storage in the forest, occupied 61.6% and 34.6%, respectively. The storage of each decay class was ranked as follows: class 2 (69.22%)>class 4(13.62%)>class 3(12.98%)>class 5(3.96%)>class 1(0.22%). The frozen disaster had enormous effects on the input of woody debris of the evergreen broad-leaved forest in the Daming mountain, and the storage of the decay class 2 reached to 25.784 t·hm^-2.

An orthogonal design, including four factorial (seed moisture content, packing method, storage temperature and pre-humidification method), used to study the feasibility of ultra-dry storage of Albizzia kalkora seeds. Seeds were dried to different moisture contents ranging from 1.42% to 6.35% with silica gel, and then stored in a hermetic condition combined with other treatments for a year. After storage the seed germination percentage, electrical conductivity (RC), proline (Pro), malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), total soluble sugar content and fatty acid composition were tested. The results showed that the seed moisture content and pre-humidification method had a significant effect on germination percentage. Germination percentage of the ultra-dry seeds was increased compared to control seeds. The germination percentage was significantly negatively correlated with electrical conductivity and proline content, and was significantly positively correlated with proline content and activity of three antioxidant enzymes. The content of oleic acid and α-Linolenic acid in the ultra-dry seeds were higher than the control seeds. Appropriate ultra-dried treatment could increase the activity of antioxidant enzymes and the content of unsaturated fatty acid and total soluble sugar, which would alleviate the seed deterioration.

Leaf shapes are not only useful indicators in plant taxonomy, but also important factors affecting energy and material exchange in leaves. In this paper, we collected and scanned the leaves of Nitraria tangutorum in Dengkou and Minqin and N.sphaerocarpa in Dunhuang, and then analyzed leaf shape parameters with Image-Pro Plus6.0 image processing software and leaf δ¹³C values in the isotope laboratory of the Chinese Academy of Forestry. The result showed that: 1) as leaf area increased with increasing water availability the increases in the leaf length and width were asynchronously. 2) with the same leaf width, the leaves of N. tangutorum and N. sphaerocarpa were significantly longer in high water available conditions. 3) although there were significantly differences in water availability between Dengkou and Minqin, as well as between the bottom and middle of the alluvial fan near the East Lake in Dunhuang, the leaf δ¹³C values of N. tangutorum or N. sphaerocarpa were similar in different water conditions (P>0.05). Our results suggested that the ratio of leaf perimeter to area would be an important factor which linked leaf shape to plant water physiology. During growing procedure of leaf area, leaf length increase was prior to its width to alleviate the reduction in ratio of perimeter to area and maintain water use efficiency of the plant.

MYB transcription factors represent a family of genes that include the conserved MYB DNA-binding domain, and they are widely involved in the regulation of plant development and secondary metabolism. In this study, Part of sequences of two MYB transcription factors was determined through the cDNA microarray hybridization and selection of cDNA library derived from tender shoots. The full-length cDNAs of the genes were obtained with RT-PCR and RACE, and they were 1 132 bp and 1 020 bp, named as CsMYB1 and CsMYB2 (GenBank accession No. HQ660373 and HQ660374), and contained ORFs of 879 bp and 675 bp encoding 292 and 224 amino acids,respectively. Sequences analysis showed that the deduced protein molecular weight of the two genes were 32.9 ku and 25.4 ku, and the proteins contained two conserved MYB domains near the N-terminus and a conserved C1 motif near the R3 domains. The deduced amino acid sequence of CsMYB1 and CsMYB2 from tea plant showed high identity with that of other plants, for instance CsMYB1 shared 57% homology with MYB1 of Gossypium hirsutum and CsMYB2 shared 75% homology with MYBC2 of Vitis vinifera. The result of real time-PCR analysis showed the two genes were expressed constitutively in all tissues with different expression levels, e.g. the relative expression level of CsMYB2 in leaf was hundred times higher than that in root. Additionally, shading enhanced CsMYB1 expression, while the treatment did not alter the expression level of CsMYB2.

The effects of preculture time, bacteria concentration, infection time, time and temperature of co-culture on Agrobacterium-mediated transformation were studied through introducing expression vector PBI121-4CL-RNAi, that decreases lignin content, into callus from a mature embryo of Dendrocalamus farinosus. Our purpose is to establish an Agrobacterium-mediated transformation method of Dendrocalamus farinosus and to obtain transgenic plants. This study could lay a foundation for transformation of Dendrocalamus farinosus. The results showed that the loose and fragile callus of Dendrocalamus farinosus with pale yellow color and granular shape was a good donor to be used for Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. The callus was precultured in the inducing medium for 8 days, before it was immersed for 20 min in Agrobacterium suspension (EHA105, Agrobacterium concentration is OD₆₀₀ = 0.05), and then it were co-cultured in the co-cultivation medium with single filter paper at 25 ℃ for 2 days in the dark. The co-cultured callus were transferred into Kana-resistant medium containing Kana (55 mg·L^-1) for 30 days. The Kana-resistant callus was accounted for 90% of the total callus. PCR identification of the Kana-resistant callus showed that the 4CL gene from Neosinocalamus affinis was introduced into Dendrocalamus farinosus callus. The Kana-resistant calli were transferred to the shooting medium and cultured for 30 days to obtain clustered shoots. After growing to 3—5 cm, the shoots were transferred into the rooting medium for 20—30 days. The regeneration plants with 1—8 roots were obtained. PCR identification of resistant plants showed that the 4CL gene from Neosinocalamus affinis was introduced into the resistant plants. The transgenic plant was obtained. The transformation efficiency with the system was 9%. The results showed that the endogenous 4CL gene expression in the transgenic callus and plants was effectively suppressed. The expression in the transcription level is significantly lower than the control by RT-PCR detection.

Two clonal trial stands of Chinese Fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) were used in this study, one was 19-year-old stand which included 38 clones, and the other was 17-year-old stand including 102 clones. The statistical analyses showed that there were very significant genetic variations in height, DBH, volume and ratio of heartwood (R_hw), wood basic density (ρ_b) of the clones in the two stands. The repeatability of clones was in median to high level, and the genetic CV was different over the all five traits. There were very significant phenotypic and genetic correlations among height, DBH and volume, and negative correlations among growth, R_hw and ρ_b. The selection method experiment indicated that index selection could improve volume, R_hw and ρ_b, showing synthetically superior selection effects compared to any individual trait selection methods.

The calcareous fluvo-aquic soil was collected and a microcosm study was carried out with root-mat and frozen-slicing method in laboratory. The pH in the root-soil interface with the control treatment was just slightly lower than in the bulk soil. However, the addition of NH₄⁺-N significantly decreased the pH value in the root-soil interface and the addition of NO₃^--N slightly increased the pH value in the root-soil interface. The magnitude of pH changes in the root-soil interface depended upon the concentrations of the nitrogen sources added. The contents of Ca₂-P, Fe-P and Al-P in the root-soil interface were much lower after treated with NH₄⁺-N and slightly higher after treated with NO₃^--N compared with control treatment. After treated with 100, 200 and 400 mg·kg^-1 NH₄⁺-N, the deficiency rates of Ca₂-P in the area 0-1 mm from the root plane were 37.1%, 45.9% and 57.7%, respectively, the deficiency rates of Fe-P were 23.4%, 29.1% and 38.2%, respectively, and the deficiency rates of Al-P were 25.1%, 28.0% and 33.2%, respectively. Compared with the control the deficiency rates of Ca₈-P in NH₄⁺-N and NO₃^--N treatments decreased and increased, respectively, but the differences were not obvious. The contents of Ca₁₀-P and O-P in the root-soil interface did not significantly change after treated with NH₄⁺-N or NO₃^--N, suggesting that Ca₁₀-P and O-P were remarkably difficult to be mobilized even at the presence of high concentration of NH₄⁺-N. The lowered pH in the root-soil interface induced by the addition of the NH₄⁺-N promoted the transformation of phosphates in the root-soil interface, enhanced the mobilization and bioavailability of phosphates, and thereby remarkably increased the absorption of phosphorus by roots.

In order to understand scientific basis for constructing green belts in river corridors, the effects of the different structures (internal constitution, canopy closure density) of green belts on the temperature and humidity were analyzed by the small-scale quantitative measurement. In this paper, four-green belts with different internal constitutions including tree-shrub-herbage mixture, tree-herbage mixture, shrub-herbage mixture and lawn and five-green belts with different canopy closure densities including 0－0.20, 0.20－0.40, 0.40－0.60, 0.60－0.80 and 0.80－1.00 along the Qinghe river in Beijing were investigated in July of 2010 . The air temperature and relative humidity in the green belts were measured in two hour interval from 8: 00 to 18: 00 for continuous seven days. The results showed: 1) the effects of different belts on the temperature and humidity were ranked in an order of tree-shrub-herbage > tree-herbage > shrub-herbage > lawn. The green belt with internal constitution of lawn had no significant effect on temperature and humidity. The shrub-herbage green belt had a moderate effect on temperature reduction and humidity increase, and an obvious and stable effect was found with the green belts of tree-herbage and tree-shrub-herbage. Based on Duncan's Post Hoc Tests (P = 0.05), it was concluded that the tree-herbage and tree-shrub herbage of urban green belts had obvious effects on the temperature decrease and humidity increase (width of green belt must be about 45 m). 2) The temperature and relative humidity benefits increased with the canopy density of the green belt. The green belt with canopy density of 0.20－0.40 had a slight effect on the temperature decrease and humidity increase; The density of over 0.40 had an obvious effect, and an extremely obvious and stable effect was found with canopy density of over 0.60.

Based on a multilevel linear mixed model approach,an individual diameter increment model was developed for fir plantation trees growing in Jiangxi Province. The data set used in this study came from long-term permanent research plots. The database consists of total of 82 counties,365 plots,5 416 trees and 16 248 observations. The paper chose mixed effects models instead of regression analysis approach because it allows for proper treatment of error terms and correlation in a repeated measures analysis framework. The model was defined as a mixed linear model with parameter random effect of plot,area or plot and area simultaneous. In addition the heteroscedasticity and correlation was taking into account model. Mixed model calibration of diameter increment was carried out with the independent data using a different sample of complementary observations. The result showed total stand basal area,the diameter of target tree,the ratio of basal area of larger trees to target tree diameter,and altitude were found to be significant predictors. Both the fitting model and the calibrated model mean a substantial improvement compared with the classical approach widely used in forest management. After taking into account reasonable variance function of heteroscedasticity and correlation,the model shows better of goodness of fit than taking into account parameter random effects only. This type of modeling methodology showed to be flexible,precise and accurate.

Based upon 3 widely used base models, a total of 8 ADA/GADA site index models were derived. The data for these models in this study were obtained from 79 pith-split stem analysis plots and the estimation method was "indicator variable approach". We used both fit statistics and visual analysis to select the best-fit model, and attached more importance to the visual analysis. A comprehensive application analysis was also given to the selected model. The results showed: 1) GADA outperformed ADA with respect to predictions. 2) A GADA model derived from Hossfeld IV presented the best prediction ability. It was suggested that the model be used to predict dominant height and to estimate site index for ponderosa pine stands ranging 30-200 years in British Columbia, Canada. 3) The best site index age was age of 100 years, based upon relative errors of predictions.

A sampling plot investigation was conducted on the Quercus wutaishanica forests under close-to-natural plantation thinning 13.4% (light thinning) and 30.0% (heavy thinning) in Huanglong Mountain on the Loess Plateau, China. Regeneration and development of stump sprout of Q. wutaishanica during 6 years after thinning were studied. The study showed that: 1) Sprouting success, number of sprouts per stump, and sprout height differed little from light and heavy thinning after thinning 1 year. 2) Stump height and diameter had influence on the number of stump sprouts. The sprout number increased with the height of stumps,it would decrease when the height was over 20 cm,and it followed a thrice parabola. The number of stump sprouts increased as the increase of stump diameter, and then it decreased as the stump diameter increased too large. Stumps of diameter 30~50 cm had the stronger sprouting ability than of other diameter. 3) Negative relationship was found between height and number of stems, meaning that there was trade—off between sprouting and height growth.4) For 6 years after thinning, the survival of stump sprouting was 97.01%. Thinning intensity had influence on sprout development. 5) During the observation period, the height of leading sprout decreased as the increase of thinning age. The number of dead sprout increased as the sprout number increasing of each stump, indicated that stump sprouts of Q. wutaishanica could develop into big tree instead of the cut and fallen trunk. Therefore, height of stump should low below 20 cm. Thinning stump of diameter 30~50 cm was more suitable to an asexual regeneration. The measures of bud pruning and thinning sprouts after logging can accelerate the retain sprout growth. The thinning 30.0% (heavy thinning) was more advantageous to regeneration and development of stump sprouts.

OPM₀₅-M₂₁₀₀, the specific RAPD fragment of B. xylophilus , was collected from agarose gels and purified. Then, the purified fragment was inserted into the pGEM^®-T Vector that was transformed into E. coli and cloned and sequenced. Based on the sequence of RAPD marker, the sequences characterized amplified region (SCAR) primers were designed by the aid of the software Oligo5.0. The forward primer is M₀₅F₂(5'-CGGGT CATGG CTGGA GGTAT CGT-3'),and the backward primer is M₀₅R₁(5'-TGGCT CAATG GCAAA TCCTT CGTA-3'). The specific fragment (OPM₀₅-M₂₁₀₀) was successfully converted to SCAR marker (SCAR-M₀₅-X₆₀₀) by using M₀₅F₂/R₁,which was the specific markers of B. xylophilus. Then, the DNA of 92 isolates of Bursaphelenchus, B. mucronatus, B. hofmanni, Aphelenchoides macronucleatus and Seinura sp. which were isolated from dead pines, were marked, and the DNA of a single nematode extracted with a simple method was detected using this set of specific primers. The results indicated that the PCR product of all 81 isolates of B. xylophilus was a clear and bright fragment about 600 bp with M₀₅F₂/R₁. But eight isolates of B. mucronatus, one B. hofmanni, one A. macronucleatus and one Seinura sp. had no any fragments. Assay M₀₅F₂/R₁ also successfully detected single pinewood nematode. Therefore, the specific pairwises would be used for constructing identification kits of B. xylophilus, implementing the aim of quick detection, and achieving the purpose of identify juvenile successfully.

To compare differences in insecticidal activities of tutin and its derivatives (1, 2, 3) on Mythimna separate (Walker), the antifeedant activities of these four compounds were analyzed by using the non-choice leaf disk method. The variations of the esterase activity, two protective enzyme activities, and the total soluble sugar content of M. separate treated with sublethal dose (2.0 mg·mL^-1) of tutin and its derivatives within 48 h were determined using colorimetric method. After tutin was restructured, the antifeedant activities of three derivatives were significantly increased within 48 h, and their activity ranked as: derivative 2 > 3 > 1 > tutin. Treated with tutin, derivative 1, and derivative 3, the esterase activity and total soluble sugar content of M. separate increased slightly, and the protective enzyme activity did not significantly change. Under the treatment of derivative 2, the esterase activity, total soluble sugar content, and SOD activity of the tested larvae presented pronounced increases. It was concluded that the acylation and addition reaction at 2-hydroxyl of tutin could significantly enhance the antifeedant activity, and as a result, derivative 2 was considered as the best compound in terms of the antifeedant activity in this study.

Procontarinia robusta, found in Xiamen downtown in 2000, is an insect harming mango trees. In this paper, we report the physiological and biochemical changes of the mango tree when infested by Procontarinai robusta. The the physiological and biochemical indices included total soluble protein, soluble sugar, nitrate nitrogen and pigment contents, as well as nitrate reductase (NR), superoxide dismutases (SOD), peroxidases (POD) and catalase (CAT) activities. The leaf damage was classified into four levels with 1-50, 51-100, 101-200 and >200 galls/leaf, respectively. The uninfected leaves served as control (CK). The results showed that there were no significant differences in soluble sugar and nitrate nitrogen content among levels. The infested leaves had significantly lower chlorophyll a and b content and soluble protein content than the CK. The levels of 101-200 and >200 galls/leaf had significantly higher carotenoid content than the CK. SOD, POD and CAT activities increased in the infested leaves. SOD activity in 51-100 and >200/leaf levels was significantly higher than the other levels. The level of >200 galls/leaf exhibited significantly higher POD and CAT activity than the other levels, while the level of 1-50 galls/leaf had lower POD and CAT activity than the other levels. Therefore, P. Robusta would have direct effects on plant photosynthesis. The protective enzyme activities also increased with the infestation degree.

The infection course of Beauveria bassiana in the integument of Anoplophora glabripennis larva was examined by the scanning electronic microscope (SEM), and a histopathological study with paraffin section of the midgut of the host was also conducted by using a light microscope. The result revealed that the germ tube with its length more than 3.08 μm was able to penetrate the integument in 48 h post inoculation. Then the germ tube gradually developed into hypha and new conidium. Some silk-like and net structures were found in the late phase, which had not been reported before. Most of the conidia invaded the cuticle of the host larvae directly with the germ tube, and sometimes an appressorium was produced during the course of infection and invaded the cuticle later. Microscope examination with paraffin section showed that the fat body in the body cavity of the infected larva became unclear and the nucleus was atrophic in 3 days post inoculation. Vacuoles appeared in the Malpighian tubules which caosed the tubules deformed. The peritrophic membrane in the midgut was decomposed and disappeared. The circular muscle layer in the midgut folded inward and was disintegrated. The midgut cavity of the A. glabripennis became turbid.

Asemini is a Northern Hemisphere cerambycid tribe, and an important forest pest, mainly causing damage to coniferous plants. More important, as one kind of quarantine insects, Asemini can bring about many troubles in timber trade, therefore, the alien species should be paid more attentions and need to be quarantined in order to prevent them to be introduced to China. In China, there are 4 genus 26 species of Asemini. Host plants of Asemini include 15 genus 36 species of 7 families, and the main host plants are in Pinus , accounting for 30.56% of the total. A fauna analysis indicated that 15 species of Asemini distributed in the Palareartic Realm, accounting for 57.69% of the total. The species predominated in China, probably because gymnosperms were the main vegetable type in this region. This paper lists all the known species and genera of Asemini and their host plants in China, and discusses their distribution. The aim is to arouse the concerns of these insects and provide a reference for the relevant work.

A mass of heat will be generated inside the wood by the direct interaction between microwave electromagnetic filed and water molecule or polar group in wood, which can be used to dry wood quickly or for the modification pretreatment of wood. Based on the physical law on heat transfer, a mathematical model to describe the temperature profiles of wood during microwave drying was established and simulated in this research. The results showed that the temperature profiles and its uniformity inside wood are dependent on the microwave heating methods during a microwave drying. The temperature inside wood gradually decreased along the direction of microwave transmission when the unilateral microwave heating was applied during wood drying, and the curve of temperature profiles along the thickness direction of wood is not flat. The temperature gradient with the interior temperature higher than the one in the surface layers was presented inside wood when the bilateral microwave heating were applied for wood microwave drying. Compared with the unilateral microwave heating method, the temperature distribution is more uniform along the thickness direction inside wood for the bilateral microwave heating.

As an important part in forest ecosystems, the arthropod communities in the forest litter are closely related to forest health. Based on the ecological function, community structure and biology of the arthropods, we discuss the theoretical basis for the selection of particular groups of arthropods as bio-indicators in this paper, and suggest that the evenness and richness of Collembola (Collembolan), Coleoptera (Beetle) and Hymenoptera (Ant) can serve as forest health indicators. In terms of the relationship between forest litter arthropods and forest health, we summarize the main groups of forest litter arthropods suitable as bio-indicators and their ecological functions in forest ecosystems, and subsequently introduce a simple and accurate new method for selecting forest health indicator species by comparing the frequencies of the various species in different habitats. This method was tested with a real case using forest litter arthropods as a bio-indicator to evaluate rain forest health. Finally, the problems in using forest litter arthropods to evaluate and monitor forest habitat health are discussed and the use of multiple bio-indicator species in order to establish a balanced index system is recommended.

Challenges and focus that Measureable, Reportable and Verifiable of REDD+ activities will face are analyzed base on provisions relate to MRV for REDD+ in UNFCCC. It will face the challenges of lake of messages in estimating biomass carbon storage and reference level, certification standards, the national methodology of REDD+ activities, and financial support if measurable, reportable and verifiable REDD+ activities are developed in China. Based on the results of the analysis, the different types for REDD+ activities that adopt to Chinese situation are put forward, and it was designed that the framework on Measuring, Reporting and Verifying System for REDD+ activities in China including general indicator such as objectives, implementation, contribution to sustainable development and poverty eradication, environment effectiveness, sustainability and cost-effectiveness.

Karst soil erosion process was studied through analyzing the anatomical characteristics of exposed and unexposed tree root and dating exactly exposed times of the tree root which grow in Guizhou Puding karst area. Results show that average sensitivities of tree ring width are larger than 0.2, which means tree ring recorded environmental information. Tree ring widths of unexposed root are not changed from pith to bark, and vessels size is nearly the same and evenly distributed in each ring. Of the same tree the inner tree ring width, vessel lumen area, and fiber lumen area of exposed root are the same with the unexposed ones, while the exterior demonstrates extremely variance, the tree ring width narrower, the vessel and the fibre lumen area smaller, and most of tree roots are eccentricity. The root exposed time could be exactly identified based on all the former changes: the root exposures were happened respectively from 1996 to 2007. Soil erosion amounts of exposed root recorded decline from 2002 to 2007, and average erosion amount is 0.464 t·a^-1, that is to say, exposed root well recorded soil erosion process.

In this paper, we employed the pulsed magnetic field (PMF) processing to investigate the effect of different pulse rise time and treatment time on the survival, reproduction, cellulase activity and surface characteristics of the pine wood nematode (PWN). The results showed that the wider pulse and the longer treatment time were able to reduce the survival, and inhibit the cellulase activity and reproduction of PWN. The 4th instar and females had a strong resistance to the pulsed magnetic field. With pulse rise time of 10 ms and the treatment of 60 min, the adjusted mortality of PWN was 100%. After the PMF treatment, the cellulase activity of PWN increased within a short time, and then declined with the treatment time. The observation with a scanning electron micrograph (SEM) revealed that there was no significant change in morphology of PWN, but the quantity of rod-shaped bacteria carried by PWN was reduced.

Biomass of a naturally-regenerated Schima superba community was measured using the harvest method in an 800 m² plot at Xiaokeng of the Nanling Mountain, Southern China, where 20 tree species were recorded and S. superba was the dominant tree species. Dry weight of stem, branch and leaf, and tree height (H) and diameter at breast height (DBH or D) were measured for all 210 trees with DBH above 3.0 centimeter in the plot. Aboveground biomass (AGB) of the forest community and its distribution among different layers, tree species and organs of the tree layer were estimated, respectively. Regression models of biomass were established based on these AGB data. The results showed that total aboveground biomass of the S. superba community amounted to 118.472 t·hm^-2. Biomass of the tree layer, understory layer, liana and litter layer were 114.085, 1.126, 0.38, 2.881 t·hm^-2, respectively. Tree stem, branch and leaf accounted for 78.2%, 13.1% and 8.7% of total biomass in the tree layer, respectively. Biomass of dominant tree species, S. superba, occupied about 33.3% of total biomass of the tree layer, suggesting that biomass of forest community in the early succession phase was mainly allocated to dominant tree species. The allocation of total aboveground biomass for each DBH class was about 0.4% for <5 cm, 16.8% for 5-10 cm, 40.1% for 10-15 cm, 31.7% for 15-20 cm, 5.8% for 20-25 cm, and 5.2% for >25 cm DBH classes, respectively. The distribution of biomass pattern among different DBH classes indicated that the forest community was in an early succession phase.

Since fine roots are an important nutrient source and sink in terrestrial ecosystems, fine root mass, the contents of C, N, P and K, as well as their ratios, are crucial information for understanding forest ecosystem nutrient cycling. Biomass, necromass, and C, N, P, K contents in fine roots in the different soil layers were investigated in a broadleaved-Korean pine forest community of the Changbai Mountain during growing season (June to October). Significant seasonal changes in fine root biomass and necromass were observed, with the highest fine root biomass of 6.00 t·hm^-2 occurred in August and the highest necromass of 2.16 t·hm^-2 in September. The K content in live fine roots and N content in dead fine roots also exhibited significantly seasonal changes, with the highest K content of 7.17 mg·g^-1 in September and the highest N content of 14.44 mg·g^-1 in August. The fine root biomass, necromass, and N, K and N:P in live fine roots in 0-10 cm soil layer were higher than those in 10-20 cm soil layer, but the C :N ratio was opposite. There was no significant difference in nutrients of dead fine roots between 0-10 cm and 10-20 cm soil layer. The P and K contents in live fine roots were significantly higher than those in dead fine roots, and the internal cycling rates were 7.26% and 33.11%, respectively. No significant difference in C and N contents was found between live fine roots and dead fine roots.

The paper took forest in Poyang Lake region for case to study the suitability evaluation by introducing the Niche-fitness theory and Kriging method. The weight average model was used to quantitative analysis the niche-fitness and restrictive factors for growth of Camellia oleifera and Cunninghamia lanceolata. The results show that the niche-fitness value in the region is in medium and the suitability for growth of economy forests is strong. The ratio of land suitability in grade 1 and 2 for Camellia oleifera planting to forest land is account for 79.51%, grade 2 and 3 for Cunninghamia lanceolata account for 70.07%. In terms of comprehensive suitability evaluation result, Camellia oleifera suitable area ranks first with the ratio amounting to 71.23%. Total phosphorus and organic matter content are the primary limited factors to restrict the economic forest growth in the region. The results can apply to guide economic forestry production, to promote the forest land reasonable utilization and management.

The dynamic viscoelastic properties of bamboo were tested by dynamic mechanics analyzer (DMA), and the measurements were done in the temperature range of 40 ℃ to 300 ℃ at frequencies of 3 Hz. The results showed that: with the increase of irradiation dose, the decrease of storage modulus with increasing temperature became more dramatically. The decrease extent of storage modulus was the lowest for non-irradiated bamboo Two mechanical relaxation processes were observed for all kinds of irradiated bamboo. The α relaxation process in lower temperature range was due to glass transition of hemicellulose and login, while the β relaxation process occurred in higher temperature range was based on glass transition of cellulose. The loss peak strength of α relaxation process went up as the irradiation dose increase,while the loss peak strength of β relaxation process became go up first and then down,which was caused by the chemical reaction of the chief composition of bamboo.

Bamboo OSB (BOSB) medium experimental line and key equipments are presented for the first time based on the analysis of BOSB production technologies and processes requirements. Component of BOSB medium experimental line and key equipments stated.The paper illustrated BOSB flaker, glue blender, orienting former.Then medium experimental line is given to a great deal of test run and optimization.The tests indicated that the medium experimental line operated smoothly for producing BOSB.Tested BOSB key performance indicators were higher than the LY/T 1580—2000 (OSB/4).

Camellia oleifera ‘Huaxin’ is an variety selected from seedling stand of Camellia oleifera. This variety matures around Frosts Descent, which average mass of single fruit is 48.83 g, maximum mass of single fruit is 66.30 g, seed-producing percentage is 52.56% and the average oil content of seed is 39.97%. 1 050 kg·hm^-2 or more oil produced in full fruit period, therefore the elite variety has the characteristics of high yield, anti-adversity and so on.