Trees and crops in an agroforestry system can make the best use of water, nutrients, irradiation and heat. However, competition may occur when the resources are scarce, especially for the water in the semi-arid warm temperate region. Water use of winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum ) in the walnut( Juglans regia )-wheat and the megranate ( Punica granatum )-wheat intercropping systems, and the wheat monoculture field was investigated at seedling establishment, jointing, flowering-filling and maturing growth period of wheat in the rocky hilly area of North China with stable carbon isotope technique. The walnut and megranate were planted in a density of 3 m between plants in the rows and 4 m between rows. The results showed that the δ ¹³C and WUE of wheat in the walnut-wheat and megranate-wheat intercropping as well as the wheat monoculture were －27.151‰, －26.788‰, －27.338‰ and 12.780, 13.285, 12.622 mmol C·mol^-1 H₂O, respectively. The two parameters were the highest in the megranate-wheat intercropping system. The average WUE of wheat in the walnut and megranate intercropping was obviously higher by 13.84% and 10.86% compared with that in the monoculture wheat at jointing period. The grain yield, total biomass and water use of the monoculture wheat were higher than that of intercropping wheat. The total water use of walnut, and megranate tree intercropping wheat were 185.92 mm and 175.27 mm, respectively, and 26.75% and 30.94% less than that of monoculture wheat (253.81 mm), suggesting that the intercropping system dramatically decreased water use of wheat. The grain yield of walnut, and megranate tree intercropping wheat was decreased 26.79% and 32.19% in comparison with monoculture wheat. There was a positive correlation between wheat grain yield and the biomass production, and both variables were positively correlated with water use, but had no obvious correlation with WUE, which reflected the more production of wheat with the more water use. In conclusion, in the 4^th year walnut and megranate-wheat intercropping systems, there was no obvious difference in fruit harvests of walnut and megranate with or without the wheat intercropping. The wheat in the intercropping system used less water, and had sound returns although the harvest was less than the monoculture wheat. Therefore it is recommended to continue the intercropping implementation in order to gain maximum economic benefit.

Study on soil water is crucial to construction and management of the water and soil conservation forests on the Loess Plateau. Dynamics of soil water from the 0-150 cm layers in three types of forests ( Robinia pseudoacacia and Pinus tabulaeformis (on a terraced field) plantations, and a naturally regenerated secondary forest) were monitored in this study with an EnviroSMART monitoring system (from 2008-05-14 to 2008-10-11 and from 2009-05-09 to 2009-08-08). The collected data were used to analyze the sensitivity and calibrate parameters of SWUF model, and this paper evaluated the applicability of SWUF model on hilly Loess Plateau in western of Shanxi Province. The results revealed that the simulated soil moisture was considerably sensitive to evaporation parameter, runoff parameter, and unsaturated flow parameters. Calibration of these parameters is necessary to apply SWUF model in this study area. The SWUF well simulated the daily average soil water content of each layer from 20－150 cm depth in R. pseudoacacia plantation and from 0－150 cm depth in P. tabulaeformis plantation and the secondary forest and the absolute relative error (ARE) of the simulated values was lower than 20%. The results indicated that SWUF could be used to simulate the daily soil water dynamics in P. tabulaeformis plantation and the secondary forest. However, modification is needed to model soil water of 0－40 cm layers in R. pseudoacacia plantation due to rapid depletion in the soil water.

Species diversity of trees with DBH ≥1 cm and their hosted lianas were inventoried, and the liana-tree relationship was analyzed as well, in the primary evergreen forest and the post-logged forest in tropical mountains of the Bawangling Nature Reserve of Hainan Island. The results showed that the richness and abundance of trees were significantly higher ( P < 0.05) in the post-logged forest than the primary forest, but the richness and abundance of lianas were not significantly different in the two forest types. The average proportion of tree attached with lianas and the number of lianas per tree were significantly higher in the primary forest than in the post-logged forest( P < 0.05), but the number of host trees per liana was relatively lower in the primary forest( P < 0.05). In the primary forest, there was a cubic function relationship between the DBH of host trees and the mean number of lianas per tree. In the post-logged forest, there was a power function relationship between the DBH of host trees and the mean number of lianas per tree. The relationship between the height of host trees and the mean number of lianas per tree was cubic in the two forest types.

Betula platyphylla is a monoecious tree species with unisexual flowers. We have previously found a natural mutant of male inflorescence showing obvious features of male sterility,which has abnormal structure and reproductive development compared to wild type male inflorescence. To reveal the developmental mechanism of the male inflorescence mutant, a cDNA-AFLP molecular technique was used to investigate differentially expression profiles of candidate genes at early developmental stage of the male inflorescence. Totally 81 ESTs were obtained, among which 51 ESTs did not show homology to that in the GeneBank, and were considered as new genes. The other 30 ESTs showed high homology with known proteins. GO and KEGG functional annotation demonstrated that these putative proteins were involved in processes of catalytic activity, binding activity, signal transduction of biological regulation, biosynthesis and genes encoding transcription factors as well as flower development. Furthermore, 5 ESTs (MAP kinase, ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme, cellulose synthase, heat shock protein and cytochrome P450), related to the development of male inflorescence, were selected to detect the transcript expression profiles by using the quantitative Real-time RT-PCR technique in different tissues and developmental stages of the mutant male inflorescense. Results showed that the expression levels of these genes were differentially up- or down-regulated in the mutant male inflorescence, suggesting that most of these genes participated in the vegetative growth and reproductive development, and had closely relation to male flower growth retardation, anther and pollen abnormal development, which were the features of male sterility in B. platyphylla.

In this paper, the 6 main varieties of Chinese chestnut were used as test materials to comparing gelatinization characteristics of chestnut powder of different waxy varieties and the influence of de-fat, de-proteins on pasting properties of the chestnut powder. The results showed that: 1) The paste viscosity of high-waxy varieties was significantly lower than Low-waxy varieties (P<0.05). 2) After de-fat, chestnut powder RVA spectrum characteristics value did not apparently change, however after de-protein, chestnut powder pasting viscosity significantly increased, pasting temperature reduced. 3) A correlation analysis showed that: there were significant negative correlation(P<0.05) between the protein content and peak viscosity, through viscosity, breakdown, final viscosity as well as setback, no correlation was found between the fat content and chestnut powder gelatinization characteristics.

Nonlinear mixed effects model(NLMEM) is based on the relationship between the fixed and random effects in the regression function. The NLMEM has a competitive advantage in analyzing repeated measures data, the longitudinal data and multilevel data. This paper chose two kinds of two-level nonlinear mixed model to analyze basal area growth for Chinese Fir(Cunninghamia lanceolata). Model 1 is a general two-level NLMEM and model 2 is based on model 1 to further consider the fixed effects parameters changes with a specific factor. Firstly, through the analysis of these two models, this paper defined the basic model to build the two-level NLMEM. Secondly, 665 kinds of models derived from model 1 and 2 703 kinds of models derived from model 2 were calculated and compared. The results showed that: for model 1,there were 57 kinds of models converging, and when the formal parameter b₀considered the block effects and plot effects,b₁and b₄only considered the block effects, the model fitted the best. For model 2, there were 24 kinds of model converging,and when the formal parameter b₅considered the block effects and plot effects, b₁ only considered block effects and the fixed effects b₀changed with any level of block level, the model 2 fitted the best. Finally, by comparing the traditional nonlinear regression model, model 1 and model 2, the results showed that model 1 and model 2 fitted better than the traditional nonlinear regression, and model 2 was best fitting model.

Based on sixth and seventh national forestry inventory data of the six provinces,including Guangdong,Jiangxi,Guizhou,Shaanxi,Jilin and Beijing,the three methods(IPCC,continuous function for biomass expansion factor and weighted biomass regression model) were selected to estimate wood biomass in this paper. The estimation of the three methods were compared and analyzed from calculating process,method characters,repeatability and verifiability to stability of growth rate of biomass between two periods. The results showed the total biomass estimated by IPCC method with variable BEF2 was large, the total biomass estimated by IPCC method with constant BEF2 was small and the total biomasses estimated by continuous function for biomass expansion factor and weighted biomass regression model were middle. The biomass expansion factor derived from weighted regression model was most stable in the different provinces.Based on the seventh national forestry inventory data, the biomass expansion factors of various kinds of tree species derived from IPCC and the weighted regression model were more stable than the biomass expansion factors derived from continuous function method. The growth rate of biomass between two periods was the same regular pattern as the biomass expansion factors.

In this study, the sample data was based on 2 190 branch length and angle samples of 30 trees from dahurian larch(Larix gmelinii)plantations located in Wuying Forest Bureau in Heilongjiang Province. The stepwise regression techniques were used to develop branch length and branch angle models: BL=b₁+b₂DINC+b₃DINC²+b₄DBH·DINC², BA=b₁+b₂DINC+b₃DINC²+b₄DBH·DINC. Then, the developed models were fitted using linear mixed-effects modeling approach based on LME procedure of S-PLUS software. Evaluation statistics, such as AIC, BIC, Log Likelihood and Likelihood ratio test were used for model comparisons. The results showed that the branch length and branch angle models with parameters b₁, b₂, b₃as mixed effects showed the best performance. Exponential and power functions were incorporated into mixed branch length and branch angle model. The addition of the exponential and power functions significantly improved the mixed-effects model. The plots of standardized residuals indicated that the mixed-effects model with exponential and power functions showed more homogeneous residual variance than the mixed-effects model. Validation confirmed that the mixed model with calibration of random parameters could provide more accurate and precise prediction. Therefore, the application of mixed model not only showed the mean trends of branch length and branch angle, but also showed the individual difference based on variance-covariance structure.

The economic benefits and optimal rotation age of Larix kaempferi pulpwood plantation were analyzed under stochastic pulpwood price using real options approach in order to more effectively management to L. kaempferi pulpwood plantation in northern sub-tropical alpine area. Flexible rotation age and threshold price to different stand age of different site index plantation were developed. The result indicated that: first, the optimal rotation age of L. kaempferi plantation in site index 15,17, 19,21 were 25,23,21 and 19 a respectively as the current pulpwood price equals 500 yuan·m^-3, and the shortest rotation age were 23, 20,17 and 15 a when face to better price. Second, Wait option should be the optimum strategy in any pulpwood price level when the stand age lower than the shortest rotation age.

Clearcutting with varied width was carried out in a secondary growth mixed broadleaved forest and a low-quality birch coppice forest in the Daxing’an Mountains in 2009. Each cutting strip was divided into three sections. Pinus sibirica, Larix gmelinii and Pinus sylvestris var.mongolica were planted in each section, respectively. Soil physical and chemical properties were then analyzed in August, 2011. Results showed that soil density reduced while soil capillary water holding capacity and capillary porosity increased after clearcutting. Compared to the control site, soil total nitrogen increased in the whole experimental site in the mixed broadleaved forest(98.26%, 72.70%, and 44.91% increase in the larch forest, Siberian Korean pine forest and Mongolica pine forest, respectively). Soil total phosphorus decreased for both Siberian Korean pine and the Mongolica pine forests while it remains contant of 3.35 g·kg^-1 in Larch forest. In comparison with the control site, both soil total nitrogen and total phosphorus decreased to a various degree. The soil total phosphorus decreased 38.90%, 33.15%, and 11.78% for Siberian Korean pine forest, Larch forest, and Mongolica pine forest, respectively. The soil total nitrogen decreased 36.02%, 36.75%, and 37.68% for Siberian Korean pine forest, Larch forest, and Mongolica pine forest, respectively. Generally, there was a significant positve correlation( P ﹤0.05) between the soil organic matter content and soil total nitrogen and total potassium. The soil pH value, organic matter content, total nitrogen and total potassium content had the largest variation coefficient in Siberian Korean pine forest over different cutting widths, which suggested that cutting width had significant effects on soil physical and chemical properties of the induced Siberian Korean pine forest.

Fungal pathogens causing poplar canker diseases are cosmopolitan in species, and have a wide range of hosts. These pathogens have diverse anamorphs and their morphology overlaps with each other; Their teleomorphs are hardly discovered in nature. Furthermore, the identification of these pathogens is usually limited by the geography, host and taxonomic knowledge. Therefore, a culture-independent method used to identify determine pathogens is expected to be developed for field diagnostics. Through amplifying, sequencing and analyzing multiplex nucleic acid templates and genetic marked target sequences, a multiplex PCR technique has been established and used to directly detect various environmental samples. In this study, four pathogen strains and environmental samples were amplified using fungal universal primers ITS1/ITS4 and EF1-728F/EF1-986R by general PCR and multiplex PCR. The amplicons were sequenced, and then aligned in GenBank. Our result showed that the multiplex PCR was able to successfully amplify the target gene and identify the pathogens from environmental samples in the condition of an annealing temperature of 55.6 ℃ and primers final concentration of 0.2 μmol·L^-1. The multiplex PCR could amplify the target at the concentration level of approximately 1ng of genomic DNA. This method would provide a useful tool for the identification of canker pathogens by the multiplex PCR and the high-throughput DNA microarray detection of environmental samples.

In this study, we tested the cryopreservation of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus at -80 ℃, and investigated effects of different cryoprotectants on the survival and propagation. Cryopreservation with 15%(V/V) glycerol was found as the best protectant for cryopreservation, followed by 10%(V/V), 20%(V/V) and 25%(V/V)glycerol. The poorest protecting effect was with 1% dimethylsulfoxide. With 15%(V/V) glycerol, the survival rate reached to 36.5% after defrosting, and the nematodes retained normal propagation. There was no significant difference in the survival and propagation after cryopreservation between 3-days and 30-days cryopreservation which indicated that cryopreservation with 15%(V/V) glycerol was suitable for B. xylophilus at -80℃.

The Zhalong wetland nature reserve (46°40'—47°20'N,123°59'—124°40'E), situated in the west of Heilongjiang Province of China, is the largest and the most important Grus japonensis wetland nature reserve in China, providing indispensable livelihood for the red-crowned crane as well as a temporary habitat for the migrating birds in severe danger such as Grus leucogeranus, Ciconia nigra, Cygnus cygnus, Anser albifrons and Ciconia boyciana. In this paper, the niche and competition among species of insect community in different habitat in Zhalong wetland were studied. The results showed that there were obvious niche overlaps and competitions in different species which used the same resources. Space niche breadth index of main groups were similar, the same as time niche breadth index. Niche similarity coefficient of insect community indicated that the difference between each group was not big. Spider groups were important regulators in the Zhalong wetland insect ecological system. But Orthoptera and Coleoptera,Odonata group space niches were not significantly overlapped. Spider groups mainly affected Orthoptera, but hardly affected other groups of predatory. This study indicates that some measures should be implemented in the habitat when the number of Orthoptera individual is very big to maintain a balance relationship between insect groups.

Fir( Abies faxoniana ) distributes widely in the alpine and subalpine region of western Sichuan. To understand effects of freeze-thaw events on soil microbial community, microbial number was investigated monthly in a fir forest, employing the method of lab freeze/thaw cycles in combination with field soil sampling. Bacterial and actinomycete number in soil decreased and fungal count increased after a seasonal freeze-thaw season cycle. Bacterial and fungal counts increased with the decreased altitude, while actinomycete count decreased with the decreased altitude. Different microbes had various change pattern in numbers with altitude in humus layer(AL), illuvial layer(BL) and parent material layer(CL). Compared with the 3 582 m altitude, bacterial count in the AL and CL at the 3 298 m altitude increased 4.2% and 7.0%, respectively, but that in the BL decreased 0.6%. Meanwhile, bacterial count increased 11.5%, 3.5% and 2.1% in the AL, BL and CL at the 3 023 m altitude in comparison with the 3 298 m altitude, respectively. Fungi count in the AL, BL and CL increased by 10.5%, 10.3% and 16.4% at the 3 298 m altitude in comparison with 3 582 m altitude, respectively, while it increased by 2.4%, 1.7% and 3.5% at the 3 023 m altitude in comparison with 3 298 m altitude, respectively. Actinomycete count in the AL at the 3 298 m altitude increased by 0.7% than that at the 3 582 m altitude, but decreased 5.9% and 13.9% in the BL and CL. In the AL and BL, it increased 5.2% and 5.2% respectively at the 3 023 m altitude than that at the 3 298 m altitude, while in the CL it decreased 12.4%. These results were in agreement with the simulation freeze/thaw cycle experiment in lab. The results also revealed that the seasonal freeze-thaw cycle increased the ratio of soil fungi to bacteria. These results demonstrated that different microbial groups responded differentially to the seasonal freeze-thaw cycle, which may be an important ecological mechanism for maintaining the seasonal frozen ecosystem.

Microbial community functional diversity is a sensitive indicator of soil. Forest fires can change microbial community functional diversity. In this research, the fired soil samples were collected from Huzhong of Daxing’anling in Heilongjiang Province. The functional diversity of soil microbial community was detected by BIOLOG system. The average well color development (AWCD) in BIOLOG plates indicated the ability of carbon substrate utilization of microbial community. The indices of Shannon, Simpson and McIntosh were calculated to show the richness, dominance and evenness of the functional diversity, and the principal component analysis of substrate reactions reflected the main carbon sources utilized by microbial community. The results showed that all the samples exhibited the reduction of AWCD during the first 144 hours of incubation, but there were obvious differences in the reduction degree among the samples. All kinds of fire intensities could influence microbial community functional diversity. The low fire intensity increased the richness (Shannon), dominance (Simpson) and evenness (McIntosh) of microbial community. However, the intermediate and high fire intensity reduced these parameters, suggesting that the burned soil emitted gaseous nitrogen, a number of organic carbon and available phosphorus, which caused the reduction of the microorganism in quantity and type, and change in soil ingredients. The organic material reduced in the burned soil, in the same time, the pH values rose, which changed environment in which microorganism lives. The changed environment might not be conducive to activities of the microorganism. The principal component analysis showed that the main carbon sources for soil microbes were carbohydrates and amino acids and the carbon substrate utilization patterns in different samples were significant different. Our results indicated that functional diversity of soil microbes were altered by forest fires, and the ability of microbes to utilize carbon source and the type of carbon sources were affected by different forest fire intensities.

Both of straight and inclining poplar clone 107 tree were selected for studying materials in this paper. The optimal pulping conditions was established by orthogonal experimental design both for normal wood and tension wood, and the quality of pulping and paper-making between normal wood and tension wood was compared with each other. Finally, potential application for improving paper quality of tension wood through increasing beating revolutions was discussed. The result showed that the optimal cooking condition for normal wood was alkali concentration 15%, the highest temperature 164 ℃, time at highest temperature 75 min, and for tension wood it was alkali concentration 13%, the highest temperature 160 ℃, time at highest temperature 40 min. Path coefficient of effect of alkali concentration both on pulp yield and kappa value was significant at different levels. By comparison between average result of normal wood and tension wood in quality of pulping and paper-making, it was found that tension wood had higher pulping yield and lower kappa value than normal wood. Furthermore, for all mechanical properties of paper, normal wood hold higher value than tension wood, and even near two times than tension wood, such as burst index and tensile index. However, difference of tear index was quite narrow. Result of one way ANOVA showed that difference of burst index and tear index between normal wood and tension wood was significant at 0.001 levels, of tear index was significant at 0.05 levels. Based on observation of cross surface of paper, it was assumed that contribution of gelatinous layer to rigidity of single fiber had hampered collapse and compression of fiber during paper formation, which is essential for exerting combination between fibers in paper. So, mechanical properties of tension wood paper were decreased accordingly. However, owing to high cellulose content of gelatinous layer, tension wood was easier to pulping than normal wood. Mechanical properties of tension wood paper could be improved by increasing beating revolutions, the final value even close to normal wood paper. But, the increasing effect had a limit.

The growth of 6-year-old sandal plantations in three sandal research bases of Guangdong Province, south China were investigated using a sample plot survey method, statistically differences were found among those three bases in terms of height, diameter at ground level(DGL), diameter at breast height(DBH), clear bole height(CBH) as well as crown(NS direction) width( P <0.001), the base located in Zhanjiang got the best growth performance for most morphological indices, including an mean height of 6.05 m, an mean DGL of 12.72 cm, an mean DBH of 10.27 cm, an mean CBH of 2.64 m and an mean crown of 3.20 m. The presences of heartwood were studied using an increment core, and the results show that 15%—20% of 6-year-old sandals have formed heartwood naturally. Essential oil was extracted from heartwood through a solvent extraction method, and the oil content ranges from 0.66% to 1.76%. Oil composition as well as relative content of each component was also determined through gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS), the results indicate that the main components of essential oil were the same as the ISO standards for S. album oil, while the quality have not meet with the ISO standard due to the low content of santalols, total santalols range from 34.13% to 37.91%. Early growth and heartwood formation performance show that large scale sandal plantations grow well in Guangdong Province.

This article reviewed the classification, distribution, main chemical constituents and their biological activities of genus Taxus, rare medicinal plants, and also discussed the research status, problems in the exploitation and potential solutions. Taxus was composed of 11 species (including one artificial hybrid species) mainly distributing in the Northern Hemisphere. More than 500 chemical compounds have been identified from the genus and can be sorted into 3 types (Taxane derivatives like Baccatin Ⅲ, flavonoids and polysaccharides). These compounds have much important pharmacological activity such as anti-cancer, anti-oxidant, elimination of free radicals, anti-inflammatory, cardiovascular system regulation, and anti-aging. However there exist some problems in utilization of the important plant resources, such as, decreases in the species genetic diversity and the biological resources, conflict between regional distribution of the species and diversity of the chemical compounds, and disjointedness of the basic theory of Taxus with the technique applications. This article suggested that the problems might be solved through these strategies, such as, building up the germplasma resources stocks of Taxus, introducing and taming species at national level, constructing the technology system for the standardization production of the high quality raw material, and the modern technology platform for the high efficiency utilization of Taxus resources.

A Poisson regression model and a negative binomial regression model (NB model) are often used in areas such as medicine and economy, but rarely in the domestic forestry sector, especially in the forest fire forecasting. Based on data of forest fire occurrences in Daxing’anling region in 1980—2005, this paper profoundly analyzes the application conditions and test methods of the two models. The AIC method was used to check the fitting level of the models and the capability of the models for forecasting forest fires was discussed. This study provided necessary theoretical basis and data support for the application of the two models in the field of forestry in China.

Nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions from the Pinus massoniana woodland were continuously measured using a static closed-chamber method for a year of 2010 and gas chromatography in the southern subtropical in China, and the relationship between N₂O fluxes and main environmental factors were analyzed. The observation result showed that the mean daily N₂O flux during the period was 3.89 g N·hm^-2d^-1. The N₂O fluxes had seasonal variation with the higher fluxes occurring in summer and early autumn, and the lower fluxes in late autumn, winter and spring. The negative fluxes were also observed in winter. The Pearson's correlation analysis indicated that daily N₂O fluxes showed positive and significant correlations with daily minimum air temperature, soil temperature at 5 cm depth and soil volumetric water content of the 0~20 cm soil layer, and highly significant correlation with the cumulative precipitation over previous four days and soil mineral nitrogen content of the 0~20 cm soil layer. In addition, a model for predicting N₂O emissions from the Pinus massoniana woodland was established using multiple linear regression analysis.

Biomass allometric equation and allocation pattern was collected from 10 trees each of three dominant tree species (group), Pinus massoniana, Cunninghamia lanceolata and the natural evergreen broadleaf species (groups) were researched by full harvest method. The results showed that the fitted precision with one-independent-variable allometric equation was better than two-independent-variable allometric equation. The biomass proportion accounted for more than 60% of the total tree biomass, with 68.36%±5.81% in P. massoniana, 63.61%±3.24% in C. lanceolata, and 61.92%±6.72% in the evergreen broadleaf tree species. The proportion of branch biomass to whole tree biomass showed a trend as follows: evergreen broadleaf tree species (groups) (14.65%±4.766%) > P. massoniana (11.23%±3.40%) > C. lanceolata (8.69%±1.77%). The proportions of root biomass to whole tree biomass had an order: C. lanceolata (19.25%±2.56%)> the evergreen broadleaf tree species (17.71%±6.63%) > P. massoniana (17.34%± 3.92%). The proportion of leaf biomass to tree biomass showed a trend as follows: C. lanceolata (8.11%±1.51%) > the evergreen broadleaf tree species (5.03%±1.48%) > P. massoniana (3.40%±0.81%). The ratio of root to stem in the three tree vegetables fluctuated from 0.20 to 0.25, there was no significant difference over the vegetables.

Study on modules of clonal populations has important theoretical and practical significance to understand the survival regularity and environmental adaptation mechanisms. The grey system theory was used to analyze correlations between environmental factors and the modular structure of clonal populations of Calligonum mongolicum in the Minqin desert at genet, ramet and branch system levels. The results showed that: 1) Heights of genet and ramet could reflect the development status and environment adaptability and indicate the growth state of the modules of the clonal population. 2) The ramet had more significant effects on the whole modular structure than the genet. 3) The first grade branch system was the foundation for the whole clonal plant. The internal correlation analysis showed that diameter growth and length growth coordinated with each other. The second grade branch system had limited impact and could be taken as a transition system. The third grade branch system significantly influenced the present year branch system whose growth was dependent on both the first grade and third grade branches. 4) The correlation among the modules showed a strong hierarchy, indicating that the whole pattern of the modular structure was relatively reasonable, and the population had strong adaptability to environment. 5) There were close correlations between the 16 environmental factors in study and the modules. Climate factors played a crucial role, soil bulk density and the content of soil organic matter also strongly affected the growth and development of C. mongolicum, and the soil moisture content was also a relatively sensitive factor.

The seeds of Pinus tabuliformis were cultivated at (25±1) ℃ in an incubator and the respiratory rate, activities of PGI, MDH and G-6-PDH and 6-PGDH of the seeds were measured to investigate changes in respiratory intensity and pathways during the initial germinating stages. The results showed that changes in the respiratory rate could be divided into three stages:rapid increase,stagnation and rapid increase again. The rapid increase stage occurred at the first 27 h,and the respiratory rate rose from 0.5 μmol·g^-1min^-1 to 12.79 μmol·g^-1min^-1. Within the following 18 h,respiratory rate was basically stable ranged from 12.79 to 13.55 μmol·g^-1min^-1. After 45 h incubation,the seed respiratory rate rapidly increased again. When the radicle emerged, the second peak value of respiration was 20.23 μmol·g^-1min^-1. Activities of all respiratory enzymes increased during the initial germinating stages. The PGI activity increased rapidly and reached to the maximal value of 52.25 OD·g^-1DW in 27 h, and then decreased rapidly. MDH activity did not change obviously in the first 36 h, and afterwards increased to a peak value of 30.84 U·g^-1min^-1 in 72 h. The G-6-PDH and 6-PGDH activity increased slowly from 21.6 U·g^-1min^-1 to 29.04 U·g^-1min^-1 in the first 36 h, thereafter, the activity increased rapidly and reached to a peak value of 57.9 U·g^-1min^-1 with radicle emergence. In conclusion, respiratory metabolism pathways at the early stages of incubation were mainly EMP and PPP,especially EMP pathway. Whereas,during the late stages,EMP, TCA and PPP pathways coexisted,and PPP pathway was predominant.

As one of the largest reservoirs in the world, the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) has a huge area of water-level-fluctuation belt (WLFB). How to manage and utilize the WLFB of the TGR has been a highly domestic and international concern. Among many management and utilization measures, the biological one seems to be very efficient and attractive, however the plants planted on the WLFB must have high flood-tolerance. In this study, the 10 hm² one-year-old mulberry seedlings were planted on the WLFB (located in Xiaohe Village, Kai County, Chongqing), with the elevation changing from 157 m through 175 m, in March, 2010, and an experiment had been conducted to investigate the flood-tolerant property of the mulberry seedlings from October, 2010 to April, 2011. During this period, the highest water level of the TGR reached 175 m and caused the complete submergence of the mulberry seedlings for 3 to 6 months. The result showed that: the area-weighted average of the bud flush ratio of the mulberry seedlings, which had suffered submergence for 90 to 118 d, was about 62.6%. The bud flush rate was generally determined by several factors, such as depth and duration of the submergence, drainage property of the WLFB, and whether the fall branches of the seedlings were cut or not. The limitation of the flood-tolerant duration of the annual mulberry seedlings could be less than 150 d, since almost all of the annual mulberry seedlings planted on the areas below 166 m were dead when the submergence period reached 150 d. The perennial mulberry trees planted on the area under 161.8 m, however, they could flush and form new crowns normally after a 214-day submergence. This experiment indicates that the mulberry trees are highly tolerant to submergence, thus, could be one of the most adaptable species and play an important role in managing and utilizing the WLFB of the TGR.

To understand the relationship between the contents of proteins and free amino acids and the infection of Beauveria bassiana.Changes in the contents of proteins and free amino acids in haemolymph of Apriona germari larvae infected by B.bassiana were detected.The result showed that the content of proteins increased to the maximum in 3 days after inoculation,indicating the proteins and enzymes could be produced for the immunologic responses,and then declined.By using the polyacrylamide gelelectrophoresis(PAGE)technique,the change in protein composition in Apriona germari larvae infected by Beauveria bassiana was analyzed.The result showed that the band number increased after inoculation.There were significant differences in the band widths and staining intensities.The results of amino acids analysis showed that there were abundant necessary amino acids for the strain’s growth in A. germari larvae bodies,thus B. bassiana showed a high virulence to A. germari larvae.The content of free amino acids decreased in 24 h after inoculation,suggesting that the B. bassiana invaded into the insect body absorbed some amino acids from the blood as nutrition.The content of free amino acids had no further changes from 24-72 h,and then increased sharply in 96 h and 120 h probably because of gradual loss of immunoregulation,destroy of tissue and disintegration of proteins.Before dead of the infected A. germari larvae,the contents of different amino acids changed differentially,suggesting that different growth phases of the isolate needed different amino acids.

We aimed at revealing the effect of different culture conditions on the laccase activity of Leptographium qinlingensis. Single-factor experimental design was used for different carbon sources, nitrogen sources, Cu²⁺ and substrate concentration, combined with the guaiacol method for determining laccase activity, and analysis of variance was used to analyze effects of the different culture conditions on the laccase activity of L. qinlingensis using SAS (V8.1). The results showed that laccase activity of L. qinlingensis was significantly increased by maltose (as carbon source) and yeast (as nitrogen source). The laccase activity was induced by 0.6 mmol·L^-1 copper ions and reached 292.36 U·L^-1 in the medium containing the Cu²⁺, however, the laccase activity was inhibited by copper ions exceeding 0.9 mmol·L^-1. Furthermore, the laccase activity was induced by phloem powder of host trees ( Pinus armandii ). The peak of laccase activity occurred on the 11^th d of culture. Different culture conditions had remarkable effect on laccase activity of L. qinlingensis. The maximum laccase activity was 681.82 U·L^-1 when being cultured in the medium containing maltose as carbon source, yeast as nitrogen source, 0.6 mmol·L^-1 Cu²⁺ and 6 g·L^-1 phloem powder of host trees on the 11^thd.

Furniture of Hongmu,cream of Chinese culture, has a long history and enjoys great popularity for its classic appearance and elegant disposition. The traditional method of the identification is to evaluate the macro form and anatomical features. In this paper, a new method based on the differences among the chemical characteristics of biological metabolites of samples is developed. In the research, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) fingerprints were employed to discriminate four species of Hongmu, including Pterocarpus indicus, Pterocarpus macarocarpus, Dalbergia melanoxylon, and Dalbergia louvelii. The results showed that, according to the retention time and relative peak area of different components in wood extracts, the distinction can be easily made between different species. Based on the HPLC fingerprints, similarities between samples were evaluated by correlation coefficients. The results were greater than 0.81 between the same species, and less than 0.21 between different species, which showed weak correlation between different species. In order to estimate the overall features of the fingerprints, hierarchical clustering and principal component analysis (PCA) were used and the results showed pronounced clustering effect among the same species. The investigation indicated that pattern recognition could accurately reflect the significant differences between different species of Hongmu, and can be used as a reference for quality control.

The effect of different slopes and pushing force on the heart rate of loggers in standard posture as well as on the one cutting cycle was studied in this paper. According to the questionnaire from experts, the weight of each analysis factor was obtained and AHP method was adopted to conclude the standard posture based on experiment. After comparison on the data that's got from experiment with mathematical statistics method, it was concluded that, under three different slopes, different pushing force had significant effect on the cutting cycle with standard posture. But the pushing force did not have much impact on the heart rate of the loggers at zero degree slope. Meanwhile, large pushing force and moderate pushing force did not affect the heart rate significantly when the slope is fifteen degree, and the opposite result is with small force. At thirty degree slope, each pushing force had significant effect on the heart rate of loggers. The research may provide as a guide to the loggers in reasonable pushing force selection at different slopes, which is beneficial for the forestry production department to draft relevant operating standards in order to guarantee the working efficiency as well as the safety and physical health of loggers.

The ‘CAF8’is a new cultivar of Cajanus cajan, bred from endemic pigeonpea cultivars of Yuanjiang, Yunnan Province. The single plant selection and group selection were applied into the breeding course. Its growth period ranges 257~265 days; The average plant height and ground diameter are (231.5±32.7) cm and (3.74±0.76) cm respectively; The number of pod per plant is (794.8±272.6); Each pod contains (4.5±0.4) beans; the 100-seed weight is (7.85±0.51) g; The total seed weight per plant is up to (81.17±23.40) g.