Arabidopsis thaliana undergoes to a certain degree secondary growth under short day conditions, thus it can be used to study wood formation. In our previous work, we screened a mutant (tail-fins-on-stem, tfos) that displayed unique characteristics under short day conditions, such as shorter stem with a few ridge-like structures on the middle and the basal stem,slower growth and twisted rosette leaves with serrated margin, in comparison with the wild type. Microscopic observation showed that there was vascular structure in the middle of the ridge, likely due to abnormal differentiation of the cells in the stem. Genetic analysis indicated that the mutant trait was controlled by a single recessive nuclear gene. Further analysis, with molecular markers, showed that the mutant gene was mapped on the Chromosome I and displayed co-separation with the SSLP marker F11A17- 48074. This study paved a way for cloning the gene controlling the phenotypes.

pH and aluminum content in different forms in the soil of the 1st and 2nd generation Pinus massoniana plantations were investigated. The results showed that pH decreased with the stand age and successive rotation increase. Both the exchangeable aluminum and the soluble aluminum content increased with the stand age and successive rotation increase. Humic acid aluminum and organic complexation state aluminum decreased with the increase of successive rotation. Hydroxy monomer aluminum and acid soluble inorganic aluminum had no significant change, and had little effect on soil acidification.

In this paper, we investigated class structure of the diameter at breast height (DBH), spatial distribution pattern and intraspecific /interspecific spatial association of Populus davidiana and Betula platyphylla populations. The results showed that trees with intermediary diameter of Populus davidiana and Betula platyphylla dominated the populations. The populations lacked regenerative saplings, which indicated the populations were in declining trend. In the study scale, all individuals of the two species populations were significantly clustered, and with scale increase the clustering intensity first increased and then decreased to a random distribution. At different growth stages, clustering intensity decreased with age-class increase. The saplings had the maximum clustering intensity. Spatial association of intraspecific individuals of Populus davidiana and Betula platyphylla at different growth stages depended on the scales, and presented positive, negative and independent, among which the negative association was dominant. However,spatial association of interspecific individuals did not present positive one, and most of trees had a negative association on the scale of this study, or most of scales exhibited a negative association. The results showed that there existed fierce competition in intraspecific/interspecific of Populus davidiana and Betula platyphylla populations, the structure of the communities was unstable, and the communities were in transition stage of succession from prime to interim.

Relationships between submerged plants community and 12 hydro-environmental indicators such as salinity, dissolved oxygen concentration, pH value, turbidity, total nitrogen concentration, total phosphorus concentration, chemical oxygen demand, Cl^- concentration, SO₄^2- concentration, redox potential, water depth and water temperature in Xizhuojiaying wetland were analyzed. The 13 species of submerged plants were classified into 8 groups by using two way indicator species analysis (TWINSPAN). According to the comprehensive analysis on environmental factors and DCCA ranking axis, the first ordination axis mainly reflected Cl^- concentration, while the second ordination axis reflected the dissolved oxygen concentration and water depth.

Based on the biodiversity characteristics in the Three Rivers Headstream Region, we calculated the irreplaceability values in conservation planning units of the region by using GIS and C-Plan conservation planning software under the framework of systematic conservation planning (SCP) methods, and further calculated the contributions of the existing Nature Reserve in the Three Rivers Headstream, analyzed the complementarity of main protected object between any two subareas and efficiency of each zone, and identified conservation gaps in the study area with the calculated irreplaceability values. The nature reserve contribution assessment showed that the existing two main protected areas covered all the surrogates identified in this study, and protected 80% of the surrogates that the conservation target planned to do. The high irreplaceability areas roughly corresponded to the core zones of the existing nature reserves in their spatial distribution. The contributions of core zones, core zones + buffer zones,and core zones + buffer zones + experiment zones were 61.20%, 77.57% and 91.20%, respectively. Core zones in six subareas of the Three Rivers Headstream Nature Reserve were highly complementary, suggesting that the core zone classification was reasonable and the identification of main protected objects was obvious. GAP analysis indicated that 8.08% of the total targets were not yet fulfilled and 20% of the surrogates were underrepresented, including one ecosystem type and 7 species. The gaps were mainly distributed in Tanggula region characterized by lakes, glaciers, snow mountains and alpine meadows, Yuegai-Bagan region with alpine meadows as main vegetation type, Zeku-Henan alpine shrub and meadow region, and Longbao-Laxiu forest and shrub region.

Biomass, nutrients (N, P, K) content dynamics and nutrient load of Padus maackii one-year-old bare-root seedlings were studied under conventional (CF), exponential (EF) and doubled exponential fertilization (DEF) regimes. 1) At the end of the growing season, the biomass accumulation of seedlings was 37.00 g·stem^-1 and 35.60 g·stem^-1 under EF and DEF treatment, respectively, and they were 36.5% and 31.3% greater than that with CF treatment (P<0.05); 2) From the 9^th to 11^th weeks, the fast-growing periods of seedlings, N content increment of seedlings was 0.28 mg·stem^-1 and 0.17 mg·stem^-1 under EF and DEF treatment, respectively, and they were significantly higher than that with CF treatment (0.03 mg·stem^-1) (P<0.05); 3) N load of seedlings under EF (0.69 g·stem^-1) and DEF (0.73 g·stem^-1) treatments were significantly greater than that with CF treatment (0.44 g·stem^-1) (P<0.05); 4) N exponential fertilization (EF, DEF) improved P and K uptake by seedlings (DEF>EF>CF). At the end of the growing season, P mass fraction in seedlings was 28.4% and 9.0% greater under EF and DEF treatments than that with CF treatment (P<0.05); K mass fraction in seedlings was 12.5% and 19.9% higher under EF and DEF than that with CF treatment (P<0.05). Exponential fertilization regimes effectively promoted biomass accumulation and improved nutrient loading in P. maackii seedlings. Outplanting,meanwhile, results so far indicate the seedlings with exponential fertilization had higher survival rate and better growth performance than CF seedlings when outplanted.

Lespedeza potaninii is one of the most drought tolerant Lespedeza species and widely distributed in arid, semi-arid and desert grassland. It is an ideal model plant used for the investigating the individual variation of drought tolerant at single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) level. In the present study, the drought tolerant candidate gene LpDREB was cloned from five provenances of L. potaninii by chromosome walking method. The organ-and inducible-expression patterns of the LpDREB gene were also investigated. Furthermore, the gene structure and phylogeny, and SNP type and distribution were characterized. The results indicated that the full length cDNA sequence of LpDREB gene was 1 611 bp containing a 957 bp open reading frame (ORF) which encodes a 318 amino acid residues with a highly conserved DREBP/AP2 domain. Phylogeny analysis revealed that the LpDREB gene had a closest evolutionary relationship with soybean GmDREB 3 gene in terms of high similarity in the common conserved region. Expression of the LpDREB gene was induced by drought stress and varied in different organs with the highest expression level in roots followed by leaves and stems. In the L. potaninii populations, 23 SNPs were detected. Among them four located in promoter and 5' non-coding regions, and 17 were distributed in the coding region, and two in 3' non-coding region. A total of 12 SNPs were in transitions, while 11 SNPs were in transversions. For 17 SNPs in the coding region, 9 were synonymous mutation and 8 were non-synonymous mutations, with a ratio of 1.1. This study paved a foundation for association analysis with drought tolerant candidate genes in L. potaninii at SNP level.

To study the genetic variation of 53 olive (Olea europaea) cultivars in China, 107 accessions of 13 domesticated cultivars and 40 imported cultivars were collected from 5 sites of olive culture regions in three provinces of China (Gansu, Sichuan and Yunnan) and analyzed using 20 fluorescent polymorphic simple sequence repeats (SSRs). Twenty SSR primers amplified 294 polymorphic alleles in the 107 selected olive accessions. The average number of alleles per locus was 14.7, ranging from 9 to 26. Polymorphic information content (PIC) was 0.73 on average. The genetic relationships among accessions were investigated using cluster analysis based on NJ with Jaccard coefficient. The 107 accessions from different regions were separated into two groups. Although there was no clear separation between domesticated and imported cultivars, most of the accessions with the same cultivar name were grouped together. As expected, close relationship was observed among accessions within the same cultivar. The analysis revealed the high level genetic diversity within these cultivars, regardless of selected domestic cultivars and introduced cultivars from foreign country. Between and within cultivars (cultivars including three or more accessions) originated from 5 different countries genetic diversity was analyzed using analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA). AMOVA revealed that genetic variation within cultivar was higher (86.61%) than that between populations and between cultivars among populations (13.39%). The high level of genetic variance within cultivar could be due to 1) inaccurate information related to origin and source of cultivars during long-term and large-scale introduction and 2) mislabeling and presence of homonyms in cultivars produced by vegetative propagation from original plants.

Acid rain types in China vary gradually from sulphur-rich acid rain to nitric-rich acid rain gradually in China, however, the systematic researches on the differences of plants resistance under the varied acid rain types are still scarce. In this paper, spruce (Picea asperata) leaves were treated with both sulphur-rich acid (SRA) solution and nitric-rich acid (NRA) solution, and the damage mechanisms of cell membrane and its protective systems in leaves under the acid stresses were compared. The results showed that in a range of acidity from pH5 to pH3, the cell membrane damage and lipid-peroxidation were not remarkable. However, when the acidity of the acid solution increased to pH2.0 and pH1.0, the activities of antioxidant enzymes, chlorophyll content and membrane stability index (MSI) reduced significantly. When the acidity was as higher as pH1.0, the SOD activity reduced more sharply in the NRA stress than that in the SRA stress, while the activities of CAT and POD showed no significant changes. The results also showed that the levels of reactive oxygen species and the ehtylene-producing rate of ethylene were much higher, while the content of polyamines, chlorophyll, carotenoid, proline and soluble sugar were significantly lower under NRA stress than that under SRA stress in spruce leaves when the acidity was as high as pH1.0. These results were closely related with the fact that the oxidative ability of the dilute nitric acid is much higher than that of the dilute sulphur acid, and this difference between the two types of stress is consistent with their decline of membrane stability index (MSI) and the increment of MDA content under the same high acidity (pH2.0, pH1.0). In general in comparison with SRA stress, NRA stress had higher oxidative ability under the acidity of pH2.0 and pH1.0, the protective systems in anti-oxidative enzymes and polyamines were deteriorated more severly, thus the damage caused by NRA stress was aggravated more than SRA stress in the sprue leaves.

In this study, transgenic poplars and the control (Populus deltoides×P. euramericana 'Nanlin895’) were used as testing materials, and physiological parameters of photosynthesis were analyzed. The results showed that the enzymes related to C₄ photosynthesis in all the transgenic poplars increased compared with the control, and PEPC activity increased significantly as high as 38.6%. Also, transgenic poplars had strong capacity for using high light intensity, and its light saturation point increased by about 10% to 20%. The photosynthetic rates of transgenic poplars in light saturation point were higher than that of the control by a range of 17.74% to 58.1% and the light compensation points of transgenic poplars were lower than that of the control. Moreover, the ability of transgenic poplars to use low light was stronger than that of the control and CO₂ saturation point of transgenic poplars was lower than the control by 22.2% to 44.4%. Transgenic poplars had lower CO₂ compensation points than that of control by 58.1% to 76.5%, indicating that they had the ability for high-utilization of CO₂. In addition, the transgenic poplars had higher efficiency of carboxylation, and the efficiency was up to 62.3% higher than that of the control. This study provided an experimental basis for high photosynthetic efficiency molecular breeding of poplars in the future.

A field experiment was conducted with Aconitum kusnezoffii to investigate effects of alternate partial root zone drying(APRD), fixed partial root zone drying(FPRD),and whole root zone irrigation (BPRI) on photosynthesis characteristics of two-year-old A. kusnezoffii, aimed at providing a theoretical basis for cultivating this kind of plant for the arid area. The results showed that, 1)The transpiration rate(Tr) in all three treatments were decreased gradually with experimental time. The peak value decreased and the peak point moved forward with the aggravated water stress. 2)A. kusnezoffii in APRD treatment had lower stomatal conductance than the other treatments, and the net photosynthetic rate(P_</em>n)was higher than BPRI and FPRD by 4.16% and 37.43% respectively when the Tr in APRD treatment was decreased than BPRI by 30%, reflecting that the APRD treatment could optimally adjust the stomatal behavior. 3)The diurnal change of water use efficiency in three treatments was all double peak curves. The WUE in the APRD treatment was significantly higher than that in BPRI and FPRD by 20.39% and 10.53%, respectively.(4)The photosynthetic light response curve in the three treatments was generally similar. The apparent quantum yield (AQY) of photosynthesis in three treatments was similar to each other. The collaborative variation of light saturation point (LSP) and light compensation point (LCP) showed that the ability to adapt to light in the treatment of APRD was enhanced to some extent. The maximum net photosynthesis rate(P)in the APRD treatment was the highest. The dark respiration rate (R_</em>d) in the APRD treatment was lowest, suggesting that A. kusnezoffii reduced its consumption so as to adapt arid environment. Alternate partial root zone drying(APRD) developed the biological water-saving potential plants by regulating water supply.max

A simultaneously interdependent model system in which stand characteristics such as dominant height, basal area, and total volume are included is very common in forest growth and yield model. Permanent plots are usually the main source of data. Such data include two basic sources of errors. One is within-plot error, the other is the variation from plot to plot. Within-plot error is usually modeled by a reasonable variance function that accounts for within-plot heteroscedasticity and correlations, between-plot variation can be described by random effects of parameter to be varied from plot to plot in the models. A simultaneous system containing components of dominant height and basal area growth model based on nonlinear mixed effects, a log-linear total volume model is developed for fir plantation. In the end the result of mixed effect model is compared with that of ordinary regression analysis with validation data. The result showed that dominant height was the fundamental component in the three-component system. With random effects for dominant height and basal area and contemporaneous correlation of three components considered, random effects of total volume model were proved to be unnecessary. Dominant height itself dominated the precision of basal area prediction, dominant height and basal area were main source of error for total volume prediction. The fitted effects of simultaneous equation system based on mixed model approach were better than that of based on ordinary regression analysis. The observed components could improve the prediction of the unobserved components by accounting for the contemporaneous correlation among the components in prediction.

Field experiments conducted in Aershan forest area, Inner Mongolia, showed that Ipslure 1 attracted much more the clerid predator Thanasimus substriatus (1 319 individuals) than Ips subelongatus (16 individuals). On the contrary, Ipslure 2 attracted much more I. subelongatus (24 104 individuals) than its predators (776 individuals). The biological activities of the two ipslures were further evaluated using electroantennogram (EAG) recording with antennae from I. subelongatus and T. substriatus. The EAG amplitude of I. subelongatus to Ipslure 2 (2.139 mV±0.678 mV females, 2.169 mV±0.473 mV males) was much stronger than to Ipslure 1 (0.440 mV±0.232 mV females, 0.297 mV±0.142 mV males). In contrast, the response of T. substriatus to Ipslure 1 (4.618 mV±1.106 mV females, 4.534 mV±1.087 mV males) was much stronger than to Ipslure 2 (2.209 mV±0.680 mV females,1.953 mV±0.601 mV males). The EAG results were in agreement with those obtained from field experiments. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analyses showed that Ipslure 1 mainly cis-geraniol (3.06%), Ipsenol (1.98%), (S)-cis-verbenol (80.36%), 1-verbenone (1.03%) and Ipslure 2 consisted of 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol (4.78%), Ipsenol (63.71%), Cedrene (1.46%) and isocaryophillene (22.42%). The ipsenol-dominant blend attracted a high number of I. subelongatus while the (S)-cis-verbenol-dominant blend attracted a high number of T. substriatus. The knowledge can be applied for population monitoring and biological control of I. subelongatus.

The larvae of scarce chocolate tip, Clostera anachoreta, were fed with leaves of Bt Nanlin 895 poplar to study effects of Bt protein on the metabolic enzymes of the pest. The results showed that the activities of esterase and carboxylesterase were inhibited by Bt protein. The esterase activity of the larvae reduced after being fed with the transgenic poplar leaves in 4-48 h and the activity of carboxylesterase rose during the initial 4 h but declined after then. The activity of multi-function oxidase in the larvae slightly declined after being fed with the transgenic leaves in 24 h, but the difference was not significant from CK. The activity of glutathione-S-transferase did not significantly change during the initial 36 h, but was inhibited by the Bt protein in 48 h. The activity of acetylcholinesterase was not affected by the feeding. The activity of superoxide dismutase rose in 12 and then declined during 12-48 h. The activity of peroxidase rose during 4-48 h while the activity of catalase declined during 4-12 h and rose from 24-48 h. Therefore, the transgenic poplar inhibited the activities of esterase and carboxylesterase, disturbed the protect enzyme system and had an insecticidal effect of the larvae.

When dry bamboo particles were irradiated with UV, free radicals produced and the phenomenon of delayed luminescence occurred. Electron spin resonance(ESR)spectrometer and BPCL biological low-light detector were used to measure the free radical spectra and the delayed luminescence spectra of the bamboo particles irradiated with UV. The findings were as follows: the spectrum split factor(g)of bamboo free radicals was 2.003 3; with the irradiation time proceeding,the intensity of the free radicals increased in accordance to the rule of Y=1-e^-α_iPt; bamboo attenuation of delayed luminescence was fitted with a computer software into an ideal formula: I(t)=(A+Bt)^-2. The physical significance of the kinetic parameters was explored so as to study the theoretical basis for the automatic control of bamboo powder grafting copolymerization reaction

In this study, collecting Eucalyptus pellita plantation as the research object, the mechanical properties of small clear wood samples were studied by national mechanical test methods and near infrared spectroscopy. After collecting the near infrared reflectance spectra of each sample,the spectra were pretreated and the calibration models were developed in different wavelength and validated by prediction set(one third of whole samples). The results showed that second-derivative pretreatment, 350-25000 nm full spectral wavelength, the mean of spectral value in radial and tangential section were the best in the prediction model for wood mechanical properties of Eucalyptus pellita. The relationships were good between the laboratory-determined mechanical properties values and NIR prediction values of mechanical properties, the correlation coefficients were more than 0.88,RPD were more than 2.0. The NIR analysis technique can realize the rapid prediction for the mechanical properties of small clear wood samples of Eucalyptus pellita according to better predicted effect.

Forest social benefit evaluation has enjoyed great popularity among researchers at home and abroad for quite a long time, but quantitative analysis is still far away from adequacy. The index, methods and results of the forest social benefit evaluation in this paper will be reference for the staff working in the frontiers to do similar evaluations and will provide theoretical basis for the improvement of the forest resource management in China.The research result indicated: the total revenue of social benefit generated by forest in Jiangxi Province was 28.008 billion RMB which in turn could be grouped into: forest tourism revenue closely related with the perimeter zones was 12.272 billion RMB, employment revenue was 9.2 billion RMB, revenue of shaking off poverty was 2.864 billion RMB, and science & culture value was 3.672 billion RMB.Taking the forest materials of Jiangxi Province as the subject which was collected through the first hand materials of survey and second hand materials of documents retrieval, and based on the analysis of the connotation of forest social benefit, this paper has classified the Jiangxi forest social benefit by means of examining documents and consulting related specialists. The quantitative analysis of forest social benefit was carried out by employing the following methods: travelling expenditure method, CVM, market value method and HR cost method.

The aggregation pheromone systems of three major spruce bark beetles, Ips nitidus, I. shangrila, and Pseudips orientalis in Qinghai, China, were recently identified in a joint international effort. 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol, 74%-(-)-ipsdienol and (S)-cis-verbenol are the aggregation pheromone components of I. nitidus; 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol, 99%-(+)-ipsdienol and (S)-cis-verbenol are determined as the aggregation pheromone components of I. shangrila, whereas 95%-(-)-ipsenol and (S)-cis-verbenol are the primary aggregation pheromone components for P. orientalis. Traps baited with the corresponding synthetic aggregation pheromone lures have been used as an efficient monitoring tool in an integrated pest management program against these serious forest pest insects, and might also have a potential for future mass-trapping. In the current mini-review, we summarized the recent research and progress related to the aggregation pheromone identification work, especially for the Chinese speaking readers.

To reveal change pattern of farmer's forestry productivity after the reform of the collective forest property rights system and to provide a scientific basis for deepening the reform, this paper analyzed changes in farmer's forestry total factor productivity with DEA-Malmquist index approach and its key influence factors by Tobit regression on the base of surveys of 71 farmer households in Fujian. The analysis showed that the high increase rate of pure technical efficiency led the average annual growth of the forestry total factor productivity, accounting for 7.4% from 2004 to 2009, but there were big differences in the increase rate between components and individuals. Although the science and technology level, the forest land scale, the farmer method and the management type all could have effects on forestry total factor productivity, technical progress and the change of scale efficiency did not contribute much to growth of forestry total factor productivity due to their little changes after the reform of collective forest property rights system. Therefore, to promote sustained and rapid growth of forestry productivity we should promote the forestry scientific and technological innovation and progress, strengthen the forestry technical training, promote forestland circulation and strengthen farmers' cooperation in forestry operation.

Carpomya vesuviana is a high risky exotic pest. In this study, we conducted a test on mtDNACOI Genetic fragments sequencing of C. vesuviana collected from four different regions of Turpan, KSS, HSX and HMS and carried on the sequence comparison and phylogenetic analysis. The results showed that genetic distance of those C. vesuviana which were collected from Turpan, HSX, and HMS was closest with 0.002. Their similarity was up to 99.8 percent. C. vesuviana collected from Turpan and HMS had the longest genetic distance from that collected from KSS, with 0.062, and the similarity was 94.1 percent. A comparison between the above data and the published homologous sequence of C. schineri R248 FJ571365.1, C. schineri R141 FJ571364.1, Rhagoletis cerasi GQ175823.1 showed that the similarity between C. vesuviana from HMS and C. schineri was as high as 96.5 percent. According to the comparison and analysis of the evolutionary tree, C. vesuviana of Turpan, HSX and HMS are inferred originating from the same region, while that of KSS is from other area.

In this study, storage and composition of fallen wood were investigated by sampling in a fixed area plot in a natural secondary Pinus tabulaeforims forest at Huoditang forest region in the Qinling Mountains. The fallen wood mass in the region was 8.25 t·hm^-2, of which P. tabulaeformis and Toxicodendron vernicifluum accounted for 69.58% and 30.42%, respectively. The storage of fallen wood investigated according to an international classification showed that the storage of decay class Ⅱ was dominant, accounted for 42.06% of the total, and the storage of decay class Ⅴ accounted for only 8%. The relationship of density and decomposition was simulated by monomial exponential attenuation model, and the decomposition constant of P. tabulaeformis fallen wood was 0.039 93 (R^</em>2=0.98178), while that of T. vernicifluum fallen wood was 0.045 33 (R^</em>2=0.982 68). The monomial exponential attenuation model predicted that it would take 17 and 75 years to decompose 50% and 95% of P. tabulaeformis fallen wood, and take 15 and 66 years to decompose 50% and 95% of T. vernicifluum fallen wood.

Forest gaps play an important role in the forest structure change, succession and species diversity. Moreover, the gap size directly affects the forest regeneration. In this study, the gap size and regeneration of Pinus tabulaeformis plantation in the Yanshan Mountain were investigated by the line transects method to analyze the effects of gap size on the regeneration dynamics, and on the density of regeneration seedling and grass diversity. The results showed that there were many medium and small gaps in the near-mature P. tabulaeformis plantation, but rare large gaps. The gaps were basically filled with the regenerated P. tabulaeformis seedlings. In the gaps of 20~100 m² size there was the earliest forest renewal, and the 10-15-year-old seedlings accounted for more than 80% of the total regenerated seedlings. The gaps of 20-40 m² size had obviously higher renewal density than the others, but the height of regenerated saplings was generally shorter than that in the smaller gaps. Species diversity and richness indices of herbaceous showed hump-shaped curves with increasing gap size, and the maxes of both indices appeared in 60~80 m² gaps.

High cadmium concentration and its bioavailability in the sediment of Three Gorges Reservoir Region have a negative effect on the soil-plant ecosystem in the hydro-fluctuation zone of the region. Salix variegate, a native riparian plant species, can be used widely in vegetation restoration of the hydro-fluctuation zone in this region. Although some plants have evolved mechanisms to limit Cd translocation to the shoot thereby avoiding cadmium toxicity, leaf Cd concentrations in excess of 5-10 mg ·kg^-1 dry matter are toxic to most plants. In order to reveal the photosynthetic adaptive mechanism of S. variegata to cadmium contaminated soils, the photosynthetic chlorophyll contents, gas exchange parameters and chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics of S. variegata seedlings were measured under treatments with five different concentrations of heavy metal Cd²⁺. The cadmium treatments were 0(CK), 10, 20, 50, 100 mg ·kg^-1. The results showed that: 1) Chl a, Chl b, Total Chls and carotenoid contents of treated S. variegata seedlings were significantly lower than that in controlled plants except for in 10 mg ·kg^-1, while Chl a/b ratio in above 50 mg ·kg^-1 Cd²⁺ treated seedlings was significantly lower than controlled plants (P<0.05), indicating that the inhibitory effect of cadmium on Chl a was more severe than on Chl b, especially above 50 mg ·kg^-1. 2) The net photosynthetic rate (P_</em>n), stomatal conductance (G_</em>s) and transpiration rate (Tr) of S. variegata seedlings treated with cadmium significantly decreased compared to the control (P<0.05). Meanwhile, intercellular CO₂ concentration (C_i) of S. variegata seedlings increased gradually and stomatal limitation (L_s) decreased. These results suggested that the predominant reason for decline of P_n of S. variegata was non-stomatal factors. Cadmium would induce closure of stomata and result in reduction in G_s, but was not the direct or solely reason for the reduced net photosynthetic rate. S. variegata seedlings had a high photosynthetic adaptation to cadmium because the net photosynthetic rate in plants exposed to 10 mg ·kg^-1 cadmium still was 84.9% of the control level. 3) Changes in photosynthesis of S. variegata affected by cadmium stress were also determined using chlorophyll fluorescence parameters. The decrease of F_v/F_m and q_P in 10-20 mg ·kg^-1 treatments were not significantly different from the control, indicating that the photoinhibition and the decreased degree of PS II reaction center were slight. The ratio of F'_v/F'_m, ΦPS Ⅱ and ETR were significantly inhibited by cadmium, especially above 50 mg ·kg^-1, demonstrating a severe fall in efficiency of the photochemical reduction of Q_A, and the reaction center capturing excitation energy. NPQ increased with increasing cadmium concentration, which might be responsible for tolerance of S. variegata seedlings to heavy metal cadmium due to form protecting mechanism through elevating its ability of dissipating heat. This research revealed that S. variegata seedlings had relatively high tolerance to cadmium, and would be a promising species for phytoremediation of those cadmium contaminated areas in the hydro-fluctuation zone of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region.

Based on neighboring relationship of features, forestry database acquired multi-scale data through spatial data generalization in order to meet the research of forest, landscape and natural geographic region. Taking the 1:10000 forest inventory spatial data as the data source, this article analyzed the topological neighboring, distance neighboring and semantic neighboring, and completed the aggregation and integration operations of polygon in the sub-compartments and constructs the spatial database of 1:25000 by graphics generalization of ArcGIS. Taking Guniushan as experimental area,the results showed that the number of the sub-compartments changed from 3520 to 2416 by means of the integrated operation which merged them according to the order of soil factors, slope position, slope, aspect, topography factor, canopy density, forest age and area. And it meeted the law of data integration of the open square root. The proportion of each property factor had not changed so much after the integrated operation, and the biggest change was the mature forest's age which changed from 10.27% to 12.19%.The mainly reason was, after the integrated operation, the nearly mature forest, the mature forest and the over mature forest were regarded as the mature forest. The proportion among species changed slightly whenever before or after the integration,and it basically meete the area balance between species.

With American white moth continuously spread in Shandong province, it's occurrence, prevention and control at the Taishan (Mount Tai), a world natural heritage, cultural heritage, world geological park, the National Civilized and Scenic Area, and the national 5A-class tourist spot, was much concerned. This study mainly analyzed adaptability of American white moth at different altitudes based on the meteorological data of different stations from 2001 to 2009 in the Taishan Scenic Area. The results showed that weather conditions at different altitudes of Taishan Scenic Area were suitable for American white moth growth. At the peak of 1553.0 m above sea level, the pest could complete one generation in a year. At the low and middle altitude, it completed 2-3 generations, or 1-2 generations in a year. Combined with host ecological distribution and producing eggs characters of the American white moth, we predict that the pest would bring great risk and harm once it enters to the Scenic Areas. It is very urgent and necessary to strengthen the risk management of the Taishan Scenic Area, and to establish a sound early warning and monitoring system for the pest occurrence.

E.urophylla×E.grandis seedlings were inoculated with 10 strains of eucalyptus endophytic fungi by irrigating the fungus suspension, and then subjected to low temperature stress 30 days later. The results showed that compared with the control the soluble sugar (SS) content increased by 41.11%, 11.11%, 32.78%, 38.89% and 6.67% in treatment 1,8,5,7,10, respectively. The soluble protein (SP) content was 14.90%, 0.72%, 10.94%, 3.37%, 24.40% and 0.36% higher in treatment 1,2,5,6,7,10 than that in the control. The proline content was 28.77%,22.11%,20.16%,11.25%,5.48% and 1.57% higher in treatment 5,7,1,2,4,9 than that in the control. The chlorophyll content was 9.52%,7.48%,7.48%,6.80%,5.44%,3.40%,3.40%,2.72%,2.04% and 2.04% higher in treatment 6,8,10,1,9,5,7,4,2,3 than that in the control. After being inoculated with strain 1 of the fungus, the cold-resistant capability of eucalyptus was much improved in terms of nutrition characteristics. However, the more physiological characteristics may be needed to determine whether the fungus can be applied in production.

Zophobas morio (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), introduced in China in recent years, is a multi-purpose insect, and can be manually fed in a large number of individual, with high nutritional value, as a high-protein fodder, in particular, it can be used as an alternative to breeding a variety of natural enemies of insect host. In the artificial propagation, the male and female are needed to be identified for sexual pairing to ensure fecundity. To identify female and male adults of Z. morio, their morphological characteristics were studied through the careful observation in this paper. The results showed there was sexual dimorphism of external morphology of Z. morio adults. The frons of the female adult was flat while that of male adult was sunken. Additionally, the length, width and length-width ratio of the third antennal segment and anal plate were significant different between the female and male adults. Above morphological characteristics can be used to efficiently distinguish sex of Z. morio adults without damage, and the knowledge would be useful in artificial propagation of Z. morio.

CAF9’is a new cultivar of pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan), bred from endemic pigeonpea cultivars of Yuanjiang, Yunnan province. Individual plant selection and group selection were applied in the breeding course. Its growth period ranges 263~270 days. Average plant height and ground diameter are (267.2±35.2) cm and (3.97±0.53) cm respectively. Number of pod per plant is (600.3±207.6) and each pod contains (4.9±0.3) beans; The 100-seed weight is (7.86±0.43) g and total seed weight per plant is up to (132.45±49.50) g.