In this paper we investigated damage caused by a rare early-snow event at late autumn in 2011 on the Larix principis-rupprechtii plantation of the Liupan Mountains, Ningxia of Northwest China. The relationships between the stand damage rate, site conditions and stand structure were analyzed. It was found that the damage rate was significantly higher in the stands on the sites with high-altitude, wind-exposure and thin soil thickness. The damage rate of high-density stands was apparently higher than that of the low-density stands, which illustrates that the stand density is an important stand structure indicator that affects its ability against snow damage. However, the direct affecting factor should be the higher H/DBH (the ratio of tree height to the diameter at breast height) caused by the high stand density. When H/DBH was 0.7-0.9, the stand might suffer from snow damage, but the increasing range of the damage rate with increasing H/DBH was slight. When H/DBH was higher than 0.9, the stand damage rate increased rapidly with increasing H/DBH. When H/DBH was higher than 1.0, the stand damage rate increased very rapidly with increasing H/DBH. Therefore, reducing the stand density to lower the stand H/DBH to around 0.7 through a timely thinning, and then maintaining it within 0.9 would be a feasible silvicultural measure to improve the forest ability against snow damage.

To investigate soil enzyme activities (catalase, invertase and urease) in response to increased nitrogen deposition in the subtropical plantation of Chinese Fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata), a field experiment with 20 m×20 m plots was conducted in a 12-year-old Chinese Fir plantation for 2 years. Nitrogen loadings were designed at 4 levels of 0, 60, 120, 240 kg N ·hm^-2a^-1, referred to N0, N1, N2 and N3, respectively, with 3 replicates in each treatment. In the inner 15 m×15 m of the plot, solution of CO(NH₂)₂ was sprayed on the forest floor each month, and on the margin of the plot between the inner plot and the boundary, nitrogen was fertilized once a year. The results showed that compared to N0 treatment, N1 consistently had a positive effect on activities of soil catalase, invertase and urease, determined both by variations of soil enzyme activities in the center plot area every 10 days after nitrogen treatment and monthly dynamics (July through September) in the buffered zone. However, the effects of N2 and N3 treatments were found to vary with time and soil depth. The activities of these three enzymes decreased significantly with increasing soil depth.

Ecosystems in the karst region of southwest China are very fragile due to thin soil layer and intensive infiltration capacity of rock fracture, which result in a very limited amount of water storage for plant uptake. Water retention in the soil zone and shallow fractured rock zone (subcutaneous) is a key factor for plant growth. Distinction of water sources taken by karst plants is a challenging task for botanists and hydrologists but is needed for ecosystem management. In this study, stable isotope analysis was used to investigate water sources for plants because of no isotopic fractionation during water uptake by terrestrial plants. We selected several dominant plant species in three forests of mostly primary forest, secondary forest and bush covers at the Maolan national nature reserve of karst ecosystem in a small catchment of Libo, south Guizhou of China. Proportions of water sources for plant uptake were determined by the δ D and δ¹⁸O values of plant stem water, and water taken from soil layers and the subcutaneous zone. The analysis reveals that water was mainly taken from the soil layers and to less degree the subcutaneous zone as well. In October with scarce precipitation, plants in the bush and primary forest were prone to take more water from subcutaneous zone, while plants from secondary forest were prone to take more water from the upper layer of soil. Different species had different water use strategies, Lindera communis took a larger proportional water from the subcutaneous zone, suggesting deeper roots. However, Platycarya longipes extracted more percentage of water from the s upper soil water because of its shallower roots.

Quercus variabilis is an important constructive species in the warm temperate and the subtropical forests in China, and it is also a resource tree for tannin and cork. Most of natural Q. variabilis forests in China have degenerated to secondary forests after long time overexploitation. Lack of regeneration resource as well as low productivity is among the worst problems for the forests. Therefore, it is crucial to clearly understand how to promote population and forest regeneration to recover the secondary forests. Stump sprouting is an important type of vegetative regeneration of Q. variabilis. In order to understand the role of stump sprouts in population regeneration in different habitats, 25 plots, distributed in forest gap, forest edge and understory of Louguantai, Zhouzhi county, Shaanxi Province, were set to investigate the influence of different environment conditions on the sprouting ability, survival rate and growth features in July 2009. The results showed: 1) There were three kinds of regeneration recruits in the research area, named as seedlings, stump sprouts and stem sprouts, among which stump sprouts were the main asexual recruits. 2) Stump sprouting contributed differently to the population regeneration in different habitats. In forest understory, both stump sprouts and seedlings were dominant regeneration recruits, while in forest gap and forest edge, stump sprouts were the most dominant recruits.3) Habitats conditions, especially the illumination, affected stump sprouting ability, survival rate and growth characteristics of stump sprouts. Stumps in forest gaps had greater sprouting ability, however the sprouts had greater dead rate compared with those in forest understory and forest edge. The sprouting seedlings, in terms of base diameter, height, leaf area and aboveground biomass, grew best. 4) Forest gaps were a friendly habitat which was beneficial for stump sprouting and sprouting seedlings growth compared with forest understory and forest edge, thus appropriately thinning cuttings would promote the asexual regeneration of some secondary Q. variabilis forests which lacked regeneration recruits.

A few papers reported the successful transformation and expression of woody plant cold-resistant gene in forest tree. Recently, we have obtained AmGS(galactinol synthase gene of Ammopiptanthus mongolicus)transgenic Photinia×fraseri ‘Red Robin’ plants.This paper reports the molecular identification of the transgenic plants by PCR, Southern blot and RT-PCR analyses. Results indicated that the AmGS gene had integrated into the genomic DNA of transgenic plants of R6 and R7 lines and expressed at transcriptional level. After 6 generations of propagation by shoot cuttings, it was found that the transformed AmGS gene was detected in all of the examined plants in all of the 6 generations propagated by cuttage. Results of cold resistance tests pointed out that in all of the low temperature treatments, the transgenic lines exhibited higher survival rates than that of the untransformed control plants. After cold treatment, transgenic plants had less increase in the relative electrical conductivity (REC) than untransformed control plants. LT₅₀ of transgenic lines of R6 and R7 was remarkable lower than that of the untransformed control plants. These results indicated that the imported AmGS gene increased the cold resistance of transgenic lines R6 and R7.

Microfilaments in the pollen and pollen tube of Cunninghamia lanceolata was observed by indirect immunofluorescence labeling and a confocal laser scanning microscope. We found that microtubules were arranged obliquely or transversely in the germinated pollen. After pollens germinated, microtubules in pollen grain and the basal of pollen tube formed an oblique or transverse array. In the middle of pollen tube, microtubules were arranged along the longitudinal axis. In some germinated pollen tubes, microtubules were arranged obliquely or transversely and extended to the pollen tube apex. Most microtubules were localized in the cortical of the pollen and pollen tube. In the pollen tube apex, there were different microtubule distributions as following:1) Microtubules formed an array beneath the plasma membrane that was perpendicular to the direction of tube growth. 2) Microtubules were arranged obliquely or transversely in the pollen tube apex. 3) Microtubules formed a complex network in the tip of pollen tube.

The plants in arid zones tend to accumulate more salt because the evaporation is much higher than the rainfall in arid environment, and because the selective uptake of water by plant roots results in the rise of salt concentration in solutions in the rhizosphere. In this study, parameters such as the Na⁺ and K⁺ concentrations, as well as the water status and photosynthesis were measured and analyzed. The results showed that H.ammodendron and T. ramosissima were able to absorb and accumulate more Na⁺ than H. scoparium and E. angustifolia. In accordance, H. scoparium and T. ramosissima also had lower water potentials and osmotic potentials in their tissues, as well as lower transpiration and larger range of water potential for effective photosynthesis than H. scoparium and E. angustifolia. There was a negative correlation between the Na⁺ concentration and the water/osmotic potentials of the plants, a negative correlation between the Na⁺ concentration and the transpirational water loss; but a positive correlation between the Na⁺ concentration and the range of water potential for effective photosynthesis. It is therefore concluded that the salt accumulation could decrease the osmotic potential and water potential of plant tissues, enhance the driving force of water absorption, and reduce the transpiration of the plants, which was beneficial for the plants to retain a relatively higher photosynthesis, implying that salt accumulation in plants could enhance the drought resistance of the plant species in arid zone.

A pot experiment was conducted in greenhouse to study the seedling growth and photosynthetic capacity of Populus bachofenii × P. pyramidalis ‘ROZ’ treated with NaHCO₃ in different concentrations for 24 days. The results showed that the NaHCO₃ stress inhibited the seedling growth and leaf photosynthetic capacity. With the increase of stress intensity and of stress time, the height and root-collar diameter increment and total biomass of seedlings, as well as net photosynthetic rate P_n), transpiration rate (Tr) and stomata conductance (G_s) of leaves au significantly decreased. The decrease degree of underground biomass increment was bigger than that of aboveground one. P_n had significantly positive correlationship with Tr and Gs but significantly negative correlationship with stress intensity. The leaf photosynthetic characteristics of P. bachofenii×P. pyramidalis ‘ROZ’ were influenced by stomatal restrictions and non-stomatal restrictions. The decreased of P_n was mainly attributed to stomatal restrictions when the concentration of NaHCO₃ was lower than 48 mmol·L^-1 and to non-stomatal restrictions when the concentration was upper than 48 mmol·L^-1.

Outer petals of four-year-old Magnolia liliflora and M.×soulangeana were used to study the floral color parameters, pigment content, PAL and CHI activity under cold stress. The treatment temperature gradients were set as-1,-2,-3,-4,-5 and-6℃, taking natural plant petals served as controls. The results were as follows: as the temperature decreases, the lightness L^*-value and chromatic component a^*-value decreased, chromatic component b^*-value increased. The C^*-value of M. liliflora gradually decrease while M. soulangeana first increase then decrease. The anthocyanin and flavonoid content of M. liliflora decreased, while the PAL and CHI activity increased under the low temperature stress. The anthocyanin and flavonoid content of M. ×soulangeana changed slowly at the early stage of low temperature stress, and significantly decreased under-5℃ and lower temperature. The PAL and CHI activity slowly decreased with decreasing temperature. Correlation analysis showed that the anthocyanin and flavonoid content of M.×soulangeana had a significantly positive correlation with PAL and CHI, while those of M. liliflora was negative correlations with PAL and CHI. In summary, low temperature stress was a hinder to the synthesis of anthocyanin and flavonoid, disordered the activity of relevant enzymes and seriously affected the normal color expression of the 2 Magnolia species.

In order to probe the relationship between terminal bud death and endogenous hormones in Paulownia, ELISA was adopted to measure the content changes of endogenous hormones in the terminal buds from top shoots, the upper lateral branches, the middle lateral branches and the lower lateral branches of one-year-old P. tomentosa ×P. fortunei ‘33’. The results are as follows: 1) IAA in all different terminal buds had similar change trend of "drop-rise-drop", with only except for what IAA in terminal bud from upper lateral branch delayed to decline after reaching its peak; 2) The change of GA₃ content of terminal buds from top shoots, the upper lateral branches and the lower lateral branches showed a basically same trend, namely, "rise-drop-rise-drop" with two peaks; but GA₃ content from the middle lateral branches presented a " drop-rise-drop"; 3) The changes of ABA content from all different terminal buds elevated at first, then reduced and finally stabilized in the low level; 4) The changes of ZR content from different terminal buds showed different trends, with an overall downward trend. There existed competition relations and inhibition among terminal buds from different branches positions; 5) From Aug-15 to Sept-15, IAA,GA3,ZR,ABA and (IAA+GA₃+ZR)/ABA presented a downward trend, which indicated that the hormones of growth promotion and dormancy induction were lower. The terminal bud had no competitive advantage compared with other adjacent tissue, and the dynamic balance of endogenous hormones was broken. This study illustrated a clear relationship between terminal bud death and endogenous hormones in Paulownia, and laid a foundation for further study of the terminal bud death mechanism in Paulownia.

First-order linearization algorithm and first-order conditional expectation linearization algorithm were introduced theoretically to estimate the parameters in nonlinear mixed effects model. Through using the two algorithms to analysis the dominant height for Cunninghamia lancelata (In this paper the common Logistic model is chosen as a basic model), it shows that both of the algorithms have high accuracy to fit the dominant height of Chinese Fir. Compared with the two linearization algorithms, we can see that the two algorithms have a close fitting effects for analyzing the single level nonlinear mixed effects dominate height model. Therefore, we can chose orbitrarily each of these algorithm to analyze the dominant height model for Cunninghamia lanceolata in practice.

In order to develop effective lures that can uniformly and persistently release the biologically active compounds, it is necessary to evaluate the release rates and isomerizations of the active compounds in the most commonly used release substrates of polyethylene (PE) vial and gray rubber septum. In this paper, the release rates of six synthetic conjugated dienes pheromone compounds were measured by collecting volatiles released from polyethylene (PE) vials and gray rubber septum at intervals of exposure time under wind tunnels conditions. The method is involved in the passage of air over dispensers containing pheromone, and entrapment of the pheromone on Porapak Q. Desorption of the absorbents with hexane solvent is followed by quantification by Gas Chromatography (GC). The results showed that the release rates of six sex pheromones in PE vials maintained lower level in the first two weeks, then increased sharply to the maximum phase during 29-43 d, and then reduced to a lower level. However, a different release pattern was observed in the rubber dispensers. The largest release rate occurred from lure loading, and then the rate rapidly declined after 15 d, and maintained a relatively low level after 29 d. In the PE vials, the E5, Z7-dodecadien-1-ol, and its corresponding acetate and aldehyde derivatives had higher release rates than that of Z5, E7 configurations, and the release rates of alcohols and aldehydes were greater than that of acetates. During the peak release period, the release rates of sex pheromones (except Z5, E7-12:OH) from PE dispensers were significantly greater than that of rubber dispensers. The residuals of sex pheromones in rubber dispensers were significantly greater than that in PE dispensers, and the isomerization rates of sex pheromones were significantly different between the two dispensers. The variation of blend ratios in PE and rubber dispensers was determined. These shifting patterns of relative release in the two substrates could interpret the variations in relative catch of Dendrolimus spp. The effects of PE and rubber dispensers on release rate s and the isomerization are discussed.

Dioryctria abietella and D. sylvestrella are close relative species in the same genus, and both endanger cones of Pinus koraiensis concomitantly, but their biological and ecological behaviors are quite different. To investigate the interactions between the host P. koraiensis chemical defense and physiological adaptation of the two D. species, we analyzed the larvae midgut detoxication enzymes and protective enzymes activities in 1th, 3rd, 5th instars, and the defense enzymes in healthy, fed pine cones or top shoots at the corresponding period. The results showed that phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) activities in healthy cones and shoots were changed with the development stage. The two D. larvae feeding induced those defense enzymes activities significantly increased compared with healthy cones or tips. Detoxication enzymes and protective enzymes in the two D. species, which have different survival strategies, were quite different. D. abietella specifically fed on cone through larval stage, and their detoxication enzymes, S-transferase (GST), carboxylesterase (CarE), multi-function oxidase (MFO) in midgut were significantly higher than D. sylvestrella larvae that alternatively fed on cones and tips. There were no significant differences in superoxide dismutase (SOD) and chitinase (CT) activities in D. abietella and D. sylvestrella midgus, and the two protective enzymes activities were not related to whether transferred feeding. Phenoloxidase (PO) and peroxidase (POD) in D. sylvestrella midguts had higher activity compared with D. abietella, suggesting that the higher activity could facilitate them to avoid the threat of the transfer process. The results indicated that the physiological detoxification was the predominant survival strategies for D. abietella larvae to adapt to chemical defense of host plant, whereas D. sylvestrella larvae survived not only by carrying out the physiological detoxification but also altering feeding behaviors, especially expanding the feeding scope. Plant chemicals drove survival evolution of these two species.

Toxicities of matrine, avermectin and Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) against Corythucha ciliata were evaluated in laboratory by leaf-dip method. The results showed that matrine had the highest toxicity among the three reagents, and the LC₅₀ to lst nymph, 5th nymph and adults of C. ciliata were 0.195 7, 194.9 and 197.3 mg·L^–1, respectively. The LC₅₀ of avermectin for three ages’ insects were 10.66, 420.5 and 472.0 mg·L^–1, and that of BT were 3.23,1 414.2 and 6 967.2 mg·L^–1. The influence of three pesticides on detoxification enzymes was also detected and the results indicated the activities of carboxylesterase (CarE), acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and glutathione-s-transferase (GST) in the BT-treated insects were significantly higher than those in the control. The GST activity of three development stages, the CarE activity of adult and the AchE activity of lst nymph with avermectin treatment were significantly higher than the control. The GST activity of three development stages and the AchE activity of lst nymph treated with matrine were significantly higher than the control. The activities of CarE, AChE and GST were different among development stages of C. ciliata.

Plant genetic engineering offers an alternative opportunity to enhance plant resistance to fungal pathogens. In this study, a chitinase gene (Bbchit 1 ) from Beauveria bassiana was introduced into transgenic plants of Chinese white poplar (Populus tomentosa) which constitutively overexpresses LAR 3 via Agrobacterium-mediated retransformation. The expression of Bbchit 1 and LAR 3 was detected in transgenic plants by real time-PCR. In vivo assays demonstrated that the transgenic poplar plants displayed a significant reduction in their disease symptoms after infected with Alternaria alternata compared to control plants. These results suggest that constitutive expression of LAR 3 and Bbchit 1 genes can be exploited to improve resistance to fungal pathogens in the poplar.

Lightning is a main natural fire source. Understanding the occurrence pattern of lightning fires in Daxing'anling is a base for the effective fire management. Based on the data of flashes and fires monitored during 2007—2009, the fire conditions when fires broke and lightning fire cases were studied to improve our understanding of the lightning fires in this region. The daily fire danger indexes for 11 weather stations in the study area were calculated with the method of Canadian fire weather index system to analysis the relationship among fires, flashes and fire danger. The results showed that there were 195 wildfires during 2007—2009, of which the 148 were forest fires. The fires mainly occurred in April, May and August and flashes occurred in a period from May to September, and mainly in June, July and August. The area with high flash density located in the northeast of the study region. Most of the lightning activity associated with rainfalls, but in drought years there were prone to dry thunderstorms, which may cause lightning fires. According to the distribution of wildfires and flashes in past 24 hours the lightning fires were identified, which accounted for 5.1% of the total wildfires. Therefore, the lightning fire is not the main fire resources in the region. Lightning fires mainly occurred in the day with high fire danger and frequent lightning activity without any effective rainfall.

A survey on current waterbirds community was conducted at Gengga Lake of Qinghai from April to November of 2010. This study was to establish waterbird baseline information for the surveillance of avian influenza and the wetland conservation and management at Genga Lake. A total of 27 416 individuals of 55 waterbird species, belonging to 12 families and 6 orders, were recorded in the survey. Geese and ducks were the most abundant species, accounted for 69.0% of all waterbirds counted. There were over 12 000 waterbirds in October, with the most per month, and there was no significant difference in waterbird number among the other months. There were about 21-29 species per month from April to November. There were fewer feeding sites for geese and ducks in April due to the ice coverage at some areas of the lake, which might result in the some waterbirds deaths due to lack of food. Thousands of waterbirds often aggregated at resting and feeding areas in October, and many livestock often mixed with the wild fowls, increasing opportunity for infection of avian influenza among intra-and inter-species. Thus, April and October were the important periods for avian influenza surveillance.

Bamboo is a kind of biologic composite material strengthened by fibers that distribute asymmetrically,and the property of toughness depends on the property of component material as well as the characteristic of meso-structure. The study showed that the whole process of bamboo transverse bending fracture includes the cracking of parenchyma tissue, the layering of interface,the fracture of bamboo fiber bundle and the pull-out of bamboo fiber bundle and other various damage patterns. Different organization structures contribute different toughness to the evolution of damage for different energy wastage. In order to find out the main structure factors that lead to the excellent toughness property,the meso-mechanics method was applied to study the energy absorbing mechanism of parenchyma tissue crack pattern and interface layering pattern during process of bamboo transverse bending fracture. Then the strain energy release rate analysis equation of the two patterns above was obtained and the critical strain energy release rate analysis equation of the bamboo specimens with crack perpendicular to grain loaded with bending load and the transverse crack transforming to initial crack along grain.

Two kinds of plant fibers, including natural bamboo fiber made of Neosinocalamus affinis, jute fiber and their single fibers, were analyzed by Fourier Transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and two-dimensional infrared (2D-IR) correlation spectroscopy. Comparing the IR spectra of natural bamboo and jute fibers, we found that the main differences are the peak at around 1 736 cm^-1 related with C=O stretch and the characteristic peaks of lignin. When single fibers were isolated using hydrogen peroxide and glacial acetic acid, the peak at around 1 736 cm^-1 also existed in the IR spectra of jute fiber, but the characteristic peaks of aromatic skeletal vibrations were not observed in both IR spectra of single fibers. In addition, the differences were evident in the maps of synchronous 2D-IR correlation spectra of both fibers. In the region of 1 000~1 250 cm^-1, natural bamboo fiber had eight auto-peaks in diagonal line and the highest auto-peak located at 1 008 cm^-1. But for jute fiber, seven auto-peaks were observed and the highest one was 1 217 cm^-1. And there was one auto-peak situated at 1 726 cm^-1(C=O stretch)between 1 435 and 1 750 cm^-1, which was not observed in natural bamboo fiber. All the auto-peaks were positively correlated. In comparison with the former 2D-IR correlation spectra, the spectra of single bamboo and jute fibers were distinct. It showed that the micro-dynamic changes in the structure of natural bamboo and jute fibers during the min-hearting process were related with the components of fibers. Therefore, this preliminary investigation demonstrated that 2D-IR correlation spectroscopy can become a powerful and new approach to distinguish the natural bamboo fiber from jute fiber.

The adsorption properties of self-made wood flour/chitosan graft acrylic acid-acrylamide copolymerization resin(adsorbing resin R)are discussed under different adsorption conditions. The optimum using conditions of the adsorbing resin R in the Pb²⁺ solutions are 30℃, pH=6.0, resin usage 0.2 g·L^-1, the initial concentration of Pb²⁺ 0.75 mmol·L^-1, the adsorbing time 8 h(static)or 6 h(dynamic). Under the above-mentioned conditions, the adsorption capacity of Pb²⁺ for the adsorbing resin R is 2.52 mmol ·g^-1 and its removing percent of Pb²⁺ is 97.1%. The adsorption capacities of the adsorbing resin R obviously reduced while NaCl, NaNO₃ or urea is added in the Pb²⁺ ion solutions, the decreasing rate is the fastest when NaNO₃ is adding in the Pb²⁺ solution and it is the slowest when urea is added in the Pb²⁺ solution. The repeated using property of the adsorbing resin R is better. The adsorption mechanism is explored by the adsorption isotherm, the adsorption kinetics and thermodynamics, and the change of the surface morphology, etc. The surface morphology and the grain distribution of the adsorbing resin R before adsorbing Pb²⁺ is uneven. And the grain structure of the surface before adsorbing Pb²⁺ is disrupted and the "white" spots obviously increased and gradually changed uniform when the adsorbing time increased. The Pb²⁺ adsorption process for the adsorbing resin R is fit for pseudo-first kinetic model, and ΔG is negative, and ΔS and ΔH is positive, that is, the adsorption process is spontaneous and the increasing temperature is favorable for the Pb²⁺ adsorption onto the adsorbing resin R.

A novel bamboo fibre biofilm carrier was prepared. The carrier with a specific surface area of 5 393 m² ·m^-3 had a good hydrophilicity and could be soaked completely in 30 min. Biofilm formation on bamboo fibre carrier was investigated in treating low concentration domestic sewage. The results showed that the biofilm formed rapidly, abundant viscous yellowish-brown biofilm was observed on the surface of the carrier after 7 days, and the biofilm formation was completed in 12 days with a biofilm thickness of 3-5 mm. Biophase observation demonstrated the number of metazoan with sessile ciliates predominant was stable, and biofilm became mature. The biofilm on the carrier was good in tolerating hydraulic shearing impact and recovery. Further more, the removal efficiency of chemical oxygen demand and ammonia nitrogen by the biofilm were both more than 80%.

Forest pathology is a discipline of studying the development mechanism and management techniques of forest diseases, by utilizing the basic concepts, principles and methods of phytopathology.Forest pathology was established in around 1880s’ as an independent discipline,and since then the disoipline, as an integrated science system, has been built up in last over 100 years. The connotation of the discipline is greatly enriched with the development of life sciences and globalization in human society in contemporary age. This paper intends to review and generalize the research advances and characterization of forest pathology in contemporary era around the world from the viewpoints of research aims (national economical and ecological benefits), objects (from few-factors and simple pathways involved systems to complex factors and multiple pathways involved systems), scales (from gene to landscape and to globalization), methodology (more emphasized on interdisciplinary technology) and management strategies (tendency to be harmony with the laws of nature). The purpose of this paper is to make forest pathology and other disciplines in life sciences more closely jointed together and exhibit insight for development of science of forest pathology.

Cellulose nanofibril (CNF) is a novel nanofiber with diameter less than 100 nm and composed of fibrils and fibril aggregations, which is disintegrated from native fiber by using high speed-and-pressure mechanical shear, or a combination of both chemical (or enzymatic) pretreatment and mechanical fibrillation. Excepting abundance, renewability and biodegradation, CNF possesses other outstanding advantages such as excellent mechanical properties, well light transparency, large surface area and high reactivity, and becomes to one of the study hotpots in biomass nanomaterials. In this paper, on the basis of comparing the major cellulose nanofibers family, the development and study progress, process and preparation, performance evaluation and potential application of CNF were summarized and reviewed, and some suggestions on where the filed is likely to advance in future were discussed. This may provide a reference for promoting our further study in cellulose nanofibers.

Leading shoot elongation was analyzed for 63 eucalypt(Eucalyptus)clones over the second year after planted. The data were separately fitted for each clone against a Sigmoid-Logistic mixture of growth function. All fittings were excellent with extremely high goodness of fit (R²>0.99) and significance (P<0.000 1). All four function parameters played their fundamental role in the fitting with significance at level of P<0.000 1 for most cases. Clonal variation obviously exhibited in the characters of shoot elongation and tree growth. All eucalypt clones clearly experienced early and late slow-growing periods and a fast growing period in between. A large part of clones, particularly fast-growing ones, continued to slowly elongate their shoots in the cold winter, while the remaining appeared otherwise. The shoot growth rate of eucalypt clones in the seasons of fall and winter may relate to their susceptibility to low temperature. Main shoot elongation parameters could be used to cluster eucalypt clones and to assist selection of clones for different objectives. It was suggested that the potential planting region would be demarcated into 3 zones, and the corresponding selection and breeding strategies.

After the success of household contract management, the collective forest tenure reform has been implemented in order to allocate the forestlands to farmers with the very rights to use them, to deal with them and to make profit from them. Whether these changes can exert any effects on farmers’ harvesting behaviors or not has been tested in this paper. Based on data collected from Jiangxi Province in 2005 and 2010 respectively, Probit model was used to analyze how the collective forest tenure reform influences people’s cutting decisions, while FE and RE were used to test how the reform influences timber harvesting and bamboo yield. The empirical research reveals that the collective forest tenure reform does promote the actual timber production and bamboo yield. Furthermore, farmers would prefer to cut timber on forestlands with more specific property rights, while if farmers have the under-forest right of using non-timber resources, they would tend to delay timber harvesting. Thus, the conclusion of this paper is that ensuring all the timberland have certifications and large-scale management are necessary to promote timber products.

This paper studied changes in soil organic carbon (SOC) content of different soil layers under strip thinning type Ⅰ (reserve 2 lines cut 2 line) and type Ⅱ (reserve 3 lines cut 3 line) of Larix olgensis plantations. The results showed that in five years after strip thinning (conducted in fall 2005), SOC content in 0-20 cm soil layer significantly increased compared with 2005 (P <0.05). Increase in SOC content of each age group after strip thinning in compared with CK was: half-mature forest > young forest > near-mature forest. SOC content decreased with increasing soil depth, SOC content at the same soil layer was as follows: type Ⅱ > type Ⅰ> control plot.

Understanding of the category and distribution pattern of Plant Communities in the tourism development is a basis for ecological management of the scenic zone. This study employed Two-Way Indicator Species Analysis(TWINSPAN), Detrended Correspondence Analysis(DCA), Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) and DCCA to classify and sort plant communities in Putuo Mountains under tourism development and analysed the influence of tourism on plant communities. The result showed that: 1)TWINSPAN divided all the sample areas into seven sections which represented seven types of plant communities. There was an obvious gradient in the pattern of plant communities from complicated to simple with orientation from the left to the right. The gradient objectively reflected ecological relationships between tourism development and plant communities. 2)The first axis of DCA reflected the Integrated environmental gradient, that is, from the left to the right the altitude and the slope increased and the aspect turned from sunny to shaded. At the same time the distance to tour road go far and width of tour road broaden. In other words, the tourism influencing index decreased gradually from the left to the right. 3)There was a relatively strong correlation between the first axis of DCA and all of the geography factors. Specifically, there was a relatively strong negative correlation between the first axis of DCA and width of tour road, distance to tour road and slope shape. There was a relatively strong negative correlation between the second axis of DCA and width of tour road and slope. At the same time it has a positive correlation with altitude. All of these are in accordance with the distribution of their DCCA Ordination graph and turn out the accuracy of DCCA result. It is obvious that tourism development had influenced plant communities and the more tourists, the more influence. It is suggested that the scenic spot should be divided into core reserve, recreation buffer and dense recreation area through scientific partition. The result shows that the tour administrators should arrange scenic spot and tour facilities reasonably according to the relationship between plant communities and geography factors in order to reduce the impact of tourism on vegetation. The paper suggests that we should make scientific plan to protect vegetation resources and decide the quantity of tourists as well as make greater efforts to publicize them.

Using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), pollen morphology of 23 individual plants from 5 species of Catalpa was observed. All of them were aggregated into tetrad with tetrahedron or crisscross or squareness or rhombus or erose arrangement. The tetrads were spherical or subspherical, and the diameter was from 29.1 μm to 65.1 μm. The tetrad was inaperturate, and the surface was bestrewed with colpates which were communicated with each other with anomalous directions. There was a reticulate pattern with various sizes and shapes of lumina that were sunken while the muri were protuberant. These species were differentiated mainly in the size and exine sculpture of the pollen tetrads. Catalpa speciosa had the largest pollen with 55.8 μm in average, and Catalpa ovata had the smallest pollen with 42.4 μm. Between the two there were Catalpa fargesii f. duclouxii, Catalpa fargesii, and Catalpa bungei with their pollen of 52.9, 47.2, and 42.7 μm, respectively. C. bungei and C. fargesii f. duclouxii had similar exine sculpture, while C. fargesii, C. ovata and C. speciosa shared similar exine sculpture. The pollen morphology is overlapped with each other between two groups of Catalpa, and it cannot be used for taxonomy, but there is taxonomic significance at species level within group. Special pollens with protuberance in colpus without reticulate sculpture were observed in C. bungei and C. fargesii f. duclouxii, however, was not observed in other three species.

Dastarcus helophoroides is an important parasitoid of the oak longhorn beetle Massicus raddei and mainly parasitizes the middle and old age larvae and pupa of the cerambycid. In order to control M. raddei by the parasitoid, we investigated the parasitization rate to the pest by releasing D. helophoroides adults and eggs. The results showed that the parasitoid preferred to parasitize mid-old instars larvae and pupa of the pest. The parasitization rate was able to reach 88.15% in a month with two D. helophoroides adults released per one pest in the lab., and reach 90% with 100 D. helophoroides eggs released per one pest in the lab. The results in the field were similar, and the parasitization rate could reach 88.80% after releasing adults and 93.10% after releasing eggs. The average number of second generation adults of D. helophoroides, which consumed up longhorn beetle after parasitizing, was 30 per host in the lab. and 13.34 times of the released number. The second generation adult number in the field was 28 per host, and 17.62 times of the released number. Parasitization, regardless by one or several parasitoids, would cause the pest, longhorn beetle, death in few days. After releasing D. helophoroides in the field, the parasitization rate of parasitoid was most when the pests were at developmental stages of mid-old instars larvae and pupa, however when the pests were 1-3 instars, the parasitization rate was zero. The number of D. helophoroides was sustainable even though the pests were at 1-3 instars because the parasitoid has long lifespan and could find alternative hosts. The parasitization rate ascended again when the mid-old instars larvae and pupa were available, the parasitoid’s number would increase too. The results showed that D. helophoroides could continually parasitize the M. raddei after its release.

‘CAF10’is a new cultivar of Cajanus cajan, bred from endemic pigeonpea cultivars of Yuanmou, Yunnan province. Single plant selection and group selection were applied into the breeding course. Its growth period ranges 259-264 days; Average plant height and ground diameter are (264.5±32.9) cm and (3.86±0.65) cm respectively; Number of pod per plant is (948.3±231.0); Each pod contains (4.9±0.4) beans; The 100-seed weight is (8.76±0.49) g; Total seed weight per plant is up to (203.09±70.23) g.