The trenching plot approach was used to dynamically monitor soil respiration and determine heterotrophic and autotrophic respiration and the controlling factors in a Pinus tabulaeformis plantation in Taiyue Mountain. Results showed that soil temperature and soil moisture displayed obvious seasonal variations. The average soil respiration rate and heterotrophic respiration rate from 2010 to 2011 was 2.71 μmol·m^-2s^-1 and 2.22 μmol·m^-2s^-1, respectively. On average, the heterotrophic respiration rate was 13.7% and 21.1% lower than the soil respiration rate in 2010 and 2011 respectively. Autotrophic respiration rate ranged from 0.01 to 0.89 μmol·m^-2s^-1 with average value of 0.49 μmol·m^-2s^-1 during the two-year experimental period. The relative contribution of autotrophic respiration rate ranged from 0.2% to 37.7% with annual mean contribution of 20.2% to total soil respiration rate. The relationships between soil temperature at different depth (2, 5, 10 cm) and soil respiration rate, and heterotrophic respiration rate could be described by an exponential equation (P<0.001), however, there was no significant correlation between soil moisture at 5 cm depth and soil respiration rate, and heterotrophic respiration rate (P>0.05). Q₁₀ value of heterotrophic respiration rate was higher than that of soil respiration rate by simulating soil respiration rates with soil temperature at 2 cm depth. Two-variable linear/non-linear models using soil temperature and soil moisture at 5 cm depth can well predict soil respiration rate and explain the variations of soil respiration rate and heterotrophic respiration rate. R² values of two-variable fitting models ranged from 0.70 to 0.78.

In this study, we investigated vegetation carbon storage, litter carbon storage and soil carbon storage of Larix gmelinii-Carex schmidtii forested wetlands ecosystem under the unburned site, lightly burned site and heavily burned site in Daxing'an Mountain, in order to reveal the short-term effects of fire disturbance on carbon storage of forested wetlands ecosystem. Results showed that the vegetation carbon storage of heavily burned site (0.26 kg·m^-2) significantly (P<0.05) decreased by 96.3% than that of unburned site (7.12 kg·m^-2), but it on the lightly burned site (6.35 kg·m^-2) only reduced 10.8% (P>0.05). The litter carbon storage of the lightly burned site (0.23 kg·m^-2) and heavily burned site (0.15 kg·m^-2) decreased respectively by 32.4% and 55.9% than that of the unburned site (0.34 kg·m^-2), but only the latter existed significant difference with unburned site (P<0.05). The soil carbon storage of the lightly burned site (15.46 kg·m^-2) and heavily burned site (16.33 kg·m^-2) was both significantly lower than that of the unburned site (23.07 kg·m^-2) (decreased by 33.0% and 29.2%, P<0.05). The ecosystem carbon storage of the lightly burned site (22.04 kg·m^-2) and heavily burned site (16.74 kg·m^-2) decreased by 27.8% and 45.2% (8.49 or 13.79 kg·m^-2) than that of the unburned site (30.53 kg·m^-2), but only the latter existed significant difference with the unburned site (P<0.05), and there were decreased trends with the fire disturbance intensity increased. Therefore, the heavily fire disturbance should be prevented in order to maintain or increase the carbon sink of the forested wetlands ecosystem.

To elucidating characteristics of the Sophora moorcroftiana shrub zonalitical vegetation during the ecological restoration process in the semi-arid valley of Lhasa, we measured the height, coverage, density, vegetation biomass, diversity index and niche breadth of the shrub in different enclosure years (three, six and nine years),used as the typical community of vegetation restoration, and investigated dynamics of microorganism in the soil, including bacteria, actionbacteria and fungi, by using a method of space sequence in place of time sequence. The results showed that the fencing measures increased species diversity and plant characteristics values, and raised the productivity. S. moorcroftiana is constructive species and dominant species in the valley communities and had the largest width of niche health. Artemisia wellbyi is a generalization species with more even distribution. The soil microbial quantity in the community was proportional to the fencing time, indicating that the soil environment had a significant improvement during the fencing recovery process.

A field experiment with three factors D-saturated optimal design was carried out to investigate the effect of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer on yield and quality of pear-jujube (Ziziphus jujuba cv. Lizao)trees in loess hilly region. The results showed that: fertilizer efficiency of N, P, K on the pear-jujube yield was: K>P>N; but on the improved quality was: K>N>P. The frequency analysis showed that if the expected pear-jujube yield is 23 000-27 000 kg·hm^-2, the optimal fertilizer rate is needed to be 272-499 kg·hm^-2 of N, 204-297 kg·hm^-2 of P₂O₅, and 243-323 kg·hm^-2 of K₂O; if the expected quality average value is >85, the optimal fertilizer rate is 407-737 kg·hm^-2 of N, 158-306 kg·hm^-2 of P₂O₅, and 285-376 kg·hm^-2 of K₂O. Consequently, the optimal fertilizer application rates for both high yield and high quality are 407-499 kg·hm^-2 of N, 204-297 kg·hm^-2 of P₂O₅, and 286-323 kg·hm^-2 K₂O.

Progeny of 68 full-sib combinations from the first generation nucleus breeding population of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) in Guangdong Province composed the base population of the second generation nucleus population. The height, diameter at breast height (DBH) and single-tree volume of the second generation nucleus population were measured in 8, 10 and 15 years. The result showed that there were extremely significant differences in height, diameter at breast height (DBH) and single-tree volume among the combinations. According to the growth performance of 15-year-old progeny, eight superior female parents and four male parents were selected. They could be used for establishing a elite seed orchard or a controlled pollination seed orchard to produce genetically-improved seed. The family-mean volume at the age of 15 year was used for the combination selection indicator and 10 combinations were selected, with the average gain of 18.94%. Seeds from re-pollination of these 10 combinations could be used to construct cutting nursery, and then cuttings from these superior full-sib families could be used for afforestation. By using combined selection, 55 individuals were selected to construct the second generation breeding population. Thirty individuals among them were selected into the second generation nucleus breeding population, remaining 25 into the second generation main breeding population.

Phytosulfokine (PSK),a new type of plant growth regulator, has multiple biological activities besides promoting single cell proliferation. In this paper, we imvestigated the role of PSK-α during somatic embryogenesis of Liriodendron hybrids(L. chinense×L. tulipifera) using immature zygotic embryos as explants. The result showed that PSK-α was able to improve cell division and proliferation and induce embryogenic cells formation. At the early stage of somatic embryogenesis, 0.1 mg·L^-1 PSK-α increased the ratio of callus formation from explants and improved cell state; 0.5 mg·L^-1 PSK-α induced embryogenic callus formation; and 0.8 mg·L^-1 PSK-α was in favor of somatic embryo development and growth of regeneration plantlets.

The MaCHI gene was cloned from the ripe fruit of Morus alba 'Jialing 30’ by homologous cloning and suppression PCR. The full-length genomic sequence of MaCHI is 2 402 bp in length, with the 3'UTR of 290 bp and the open reading frame (ORF) of 2 112 bp. Its ORF consists of four exons and three introns, and its cDNA encodes 219 amino acids. The putative molecular weight of the protein encoded by MaCHI gene is 23.8 ku and its theoretical isoelectric point is 5.29. The RT-PCR was used to analyze the expression levels of MaCHI in different tissues, and its expression level was high in leaves and fruits, and relatively low in roots. A prokaryotic expression recombinant plasmid, pET-28a (+)-MaCHI was constructed and transformed into Escherichia coli for expression. This study will help establish theoretical foundation for the further research of MaCHI.

The responses of anatomical structure and photosynthesis characteristics of Carpinus tientaiensis seedlings to three simulative irradiance regimes (viz. full irradiance, FI, moderate irradiance, MI, and low irradiance, LI) were examined in this present study. The results showed that plants under FI exhibited the thickest leaves with the significant greater leaf mass per area (LMA), greater chlorophyll a/b ratio, maximal net photosynthetic rate (Pmax), respiration rate (R_d), carboxylation efficiency (CE), and higher nitrogen content per unit leaf area (N_area), among the three irradiance regimes. The chloroplasts of FI leaves were tightly packed in the mesophyll cells and had no spaces along the mesophyll cell walls, the chloroplasts in MI leaves were randomly dispersed throughout the cytoplasm of mesophyll cells, and the chloroplasts of LI leaves had a relatively sparse distribution along the mesophyll cell wall, and left the wide open spaces. The thickened mesophyll in FI leaves increased the availability of space along the mesophyll cell wall for chloroplasts and the surface area of both mesophyll cells (S_mes) and chloroplasts (S_c) facing intercellular space, and there thus was higher Pmax. The higher capacity of photosynthetic quantum conversion in FI leaves was also evidenced by the higher values of the chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of F_v/F_m and F_v/F_o. Thus, C. tientaiensis can acclimate to full sunlight by altering leaf anatomy and hence increase the photosynthetic capacity, as a result it can grow under the high light intensity such as forest gaps.

Our objective is to investigate the allelopathic effects of walnut(Juglans regia) root exudates. The root exudates of walnut trees were extracted with ethyl acetate and were identified by using the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The impact of the exudates investigated on the seed germination and seedling growth of turnip (Brassica rapa). The results indicated that the neutral, acidic, and alkaline components of the root exudates all inhibited the seed germination and seedling growth of turnip. The acidic component mainly included alkanes, alkenes, acidic, aromatic esters, alcohols, phenol, ketones, amines, quinones, and benzene. The neutral component mainly included alkanes, alkenes, acidic, aromatic esters, alcohols, phenols, terpenes, amines, naphthalene, quinones, and benzene. The alkaline component mainly included alkanes, alkenes, acidic, alcohols, phenols, amines, quinones, ketones, and benzene. This study provids important knowledge for improving and revealing the mechanisms of allelopathy effects of walnut trees.

In this research three water treatment groups, including control (CK), continuous flooding (CF), and periodic flooding-drought (PF), were applied to simulate water change in the hydro-fluctuation belt of the Three Gorges Reservoir. Each group contained two plots, one planted with one-year-old slash pine (Pinus elliottii) seedlings and the other without any vegetation. We measured the pH value, and contents of organic matter (OM), alkali hydrolysable nitrogen (AN), available phosphorus (AP), available potassium (AK), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP) and total potassium (TK) in the soil of the two plots under different water treatment. Results showed that in the condition of PF, P. elliottii soils had very significantly higher nutrient contents compared with blank soils, except for pH and AK, while soil AK contents in CK were lower than those of blank soils. Meanwhile, water treatment had significant effects on soil nutrient contents of P. elliottii seedlings except for pH, while no significant effects were found on phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) contents in the blank soil. In general, PF had the highest OM, AN, AP and TK content in the soil with P. elliottii seedlings among the three different water treatments. In addition, correlation analysis dispayed that the content of OM had a very significant positive correlation with the content of AN, TN, and TP, and there were significant or very significant positive correlations between soil total nutrient contents. The results indicated that a large amount of K was needed in the normal growth of P. elliottii, and the effects of water treatment on soil nutrient contents were effectively altered by P. elliottii seedlings. Flooding was able to promote release of soil P and K and increase the contents of AP. However, OM accumulation in the slash pine's soil was accelerated by alternate submergence and drought. If P. elliottii were planted in the riparian areas of the Three Gorges Reservoir, water eutrophication might be aggravated due to the increase of soil N and P contents.

In order to study photosynthetic mechanism of the yellow-green leaf mutant——'Jinglingguozi’ of chrysanthemum, the characteristics of photosynthesis and the spectra properties of thylakoid membrane in the green and yellow leaf tissue of the mutant were studied. We measured the photosynthesis, stomatal characteristics, room temperature absorption spectra, chlorophyll emission fluorescence spectra of thylakoid membrane. The results that compared to the green leaf tissue of the mutant, the yellow leaf tissue had lower net photosynthetic rate (P_n), light saturation point (LSP), dark respiration rate (R_d), apparent quantum yield (AQY), but higher light compensation point (LCP). The yellow leaf tissue had lower stomata limit value (L_s), but higher non-stomata limit value. There was no significant difference in the characteristics of stomatal microstructure between the green leaf and yellow leaf tissue. The absorption spectra and fluorescence spectra significantly decreased in the yellow leaf tissue. The yellow leaf tissue had significantly lower capacity of the capture and excitation of light energy and lower the photosynthetic capacity than the green leaf tissue did, which was caused by non-stomata factors, such as a decrease of the function of thylakoid membrane.

In this study, 514 height-age data of 71 sample plots of cork oak natural secondary forest in the northern region and 58 stem analysis sample trees which were average dominate trees were used to establish site index table. The model lgH=-0.205 9+0.770 0lgA was selected as oriented curve from 12 mathematical models. The datum age was 50 years. Exponential distance was 2 m. Six site index curves(7-17 m)of Quercus variabilis natural secondary forest were developed by using the method of standard deviation adjustment. Tested by correlation coefficient, fit significance and forecast accuracy, the results showed that the site index table had promising precision, and it could be used on Quercus variabilis natural secondary forest site evaluation.

Vegetation cover is one of the most crucial factors to determine soil erosion. The forest structure is characterized by the LAI (leaf area index) distribution and the roughness of the canopy from a remote sensing point of view. This paper proposed a method to assess vegetation cover and management factor (C) using leaf area index as input factor,establish the LAI retrieval method based on remote sensing,and then to inverse the quantity coupling model for the C factor and LAI. The results show that soil erosion modulus of the runoff plots is 455.89 t·km^-2a^-1.According to the national classification standard of soil erosion intensities in China,it is micro-erosion.This exactly coincides with the field observations. This means that LAI is a good substitute for vegetation cover in studies on assessing the soil erosion.

The type, number, and distribution of antennal sensilla of the two longicorn beetles, Saperda populnea and Saperda balsamifera were studied by using scanning electron microscopy. Results showed that the antennae in both male and female had three types of sensilla chaetica, one type of sensilla trichodea, three types of sensilla basiconica, and Böhm bristles. Sensilla chaetica were long sickle-shaped strong bristles with longitudinal grooves without pores on the cuticular wall; Sensilla trichodea were blunt-tapered hair with longitudinal grooves. They were inserted into a flexible socket without pores on the cuticular wall; Sensilla basiconica were oriented perpendicularly to the antennal surface. The cuticular wall of sensilla basiconica was perfored by irregularly distributed pores along its length; Böhm bristles were straight pegs with a sharp tip. Sensilla chaetica, sensilla trichodea and sensilla basiconica were common types of sensilla found in other species of the longicorn beetles. However, sensilla auricillica, sensilla campaniformia and sensilla finger were not found in this study. The likely functions of these sensillar also were discussed with reference to their morphology, distribution, and ultrastructure.

In this study, we observed and described morphological and anatomical characteristics of ectomycorrhizae associated with Pinus tabulaeformis. These characteristics include ectomycorrhizal ramification type, color, size and luster and anatomical features of mantles, such as surface texture, hyphal organization patterns, cell size and shape as well as the features of emanating hyphae, rhizomorphs and cystidia. The main results as following: 1) A total of 26 ectomycorrhizae had described, of which 17 were formed by basidiomycetes and nine were formed by ascomycytes. These ectomycorrhizae had different in morphological and anatomical features; 2) An ectomycorrhiza formed by Tarzetta sp. was for the first time described. This study indicated that morphological and anatomical characteristics can be used in identifying P. tabulaeformis-ectomycorrhizae at species and generic level. Particularly, with the data accumulation of morphological and anatomical features, the morphological identification of ectomycorrhizae will pay an important role in ecological studies.

Cell shape was modeled as a rectangular casket with a thin and long hollow from the cell structure of wood biologically. Theoretical expression of wood thermal conductivity in transverse direction was derived by the analogism, i.e. drawing an analogy between heat conduction of the material and its electric conduction. Then, the rules were revealed from this expression by applying mathematical analysis that: wood thermal conductivity in transverse direction was a decreasing function of wood porosity; for the wood having the same moisture content, the thermal conductivity increased with the increase of density; for the same wood, the thermal conductivity in creased because of higher moisture content. Finally, theoretical expression of wood thermal conductivity in transverse dirction and all conclusions drawn in this paper were verified by testing data of wood thermal conductivity in transverse direction of 27 tree species of wood.

This paper uses the panel dataset of 1 921 rural households in 6 provinces from 1995 to 2008 and permanent income hypothesis to extended linear expenditure system is used to analyzes the effects of the project of conversion from cropland to forest on rural households’ consumption structure. The empirical results indicate that the impact of project of conversion from cropland to forest in non-desertification combating program area around Beijing and Tianjin sample rural households' non-basic demand consumption is positive, while the impacts of project of conversion from cropland to forest in the desertification combating program around Beijing and Tianjin on their basic demand consumption is positive.

With GreenOrbs deployed in the forest based on the Wireless Sensor Network (WSN), a new device (Lr100GE-6400) was developed in this study. Five sample points with remarkable different soil surface structure characteristics in the forest were chosen for comparing the results measured with the Lr100GE-6400 and with Li-8100. Research results showed that the relative error of the Lr100GE-6400 is less than 7%.

Based on the relevant properties of EST-SSR gene function, and the high polymorphism and potential regulatory function of Genomic-SSR, the polymorphism effect and transferability of EST-SSR and genomic-SSR of eucalypt trees was comparatively studied in this article. A genomic DNA pooling method was developed to rapidly screen eucalypt SSR primers. A total of 340 pairs of eucalypt SSR primers were screened from 395 pairs designed by optimizing SSR-PCR system, and the screening ratio was 86.06%. Genomic-SSR and EST-SSR screened 204 pairs (ratio 83.26%) and 136 pairs (ratio 90.67%), respectively. The result indicates that these obtained SSR primers have good polymorphism and transferability in eucalypt trees, and are suitable for SSR marker analysis of various eucalypt species. Compared with the conventional single-template screening method, the first round of screening primers by genomic DNA pooling technology has reduced more than 82% of workload and reagent consumption. The findings lay a foundation for all-aspect, fast and accurate application of SSR marker technology in eucalypt trees.

From June to September 2011 and April to May 2012, we conducted a preliminary investigation on the amphibian communities in the different typical plantation using the "fence with pitfall trap" in Jiangle County of Fujian Province. The result showed that: 1) Totally, 8 species of amphibians, which belong to 4 families and 7 genera, were recorded, and among them Rana limnocharis is the highest abundance; 2) The mixed forest had higher amphibian biodiversity than the pure forest and the relative-fatness indexes were 8.720 and 1.65, respectively; 3) The relative fatness of different amphibian communities increased with forest age(young forest 7.961mature forest 1.59>middle-aged forest 1.51). Therefore, in term of biodiversity conservation, we should create mixed forests and retain the coniferous trees and broad-leaved trees species in forest, to maintain the healthy survival environment and food chain for amphibians.

This paper studies and analyses the tourism ecological footprint in Wulingyuan by the theories and methods of ecological footprint. The result shows that they are made of tourism shopping,tourist,tourism accommodation,tourism solid waste,tourism water supply,tourism traffic and tourism catering.Among them tourism shopping,tourism accommodation,tourism catering account for 96.40% to 96.53%,and the others just account for 3.47% to 3.60%. The tourism ecological footprints in Wulingyuan increase constantly,the annual average growth rate of them is ranked as following: tourism catering>tourism water supply>tourist accommodation> tourist traffic>tourist solid waste>tourism shopping. The variation tendency of tourism ecological footprint in Wulingyuan is controlled by that of tourism shopping,tourism accommodation and tourism catering.The tourism ecological footprint in Wulingyuan is transformed into the ecological productive land,among which farmland,forest land,lawn and waters are produced by tourism shopping and tourism catering. Fossil energy land is caused by the energy consumption of water,coal and gasoline (diesel) for tourism solid waste,tourism traffic,tourism accommodation and tourism catering. Construction land is made of tourism traffic highway,gross area of tourism hotels,tourism scenic area.95% of the ecological footprint of tourism catering in Zhangjiajie belongs to transferable ecological footprint,the remaining 5% of the ecological footprint and the other ecological footprint are not transferable ecological footprint.

An elite variety of Cajanus cajan'ICP7035’, bred by International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, was introduced to China in 1998. Its growth period ranged 223～236 days; Average height and ground diameter of two-year-old plants were (247.1±23.9)cm and (2.67±0.35)cm respectively;; Number of the first order branch was (22.0±2.5) and average number of pod per plant was (382.5±65.5); 100-seed weight was (21.72±0.39)g; Total seed weight per plant was up to (273.23±51.58)g. It had characteristics of higher yield, bigger legumes and seeds, better taste of fresh seeds, comparing with the control varieties.