To explore the effect of Pb stress on physiological characteristics and Pb accumulation of eucalypt (Eucalyptus grandis) s eedlings in three soil types (calcium purple soil, acid purple soil, and alluvial soil), a controlled pot-experiment cultivated with one-year old eucalypt seedlings, treated with four Pb concentrations (CK: 0 mg·kg^-1; T1: 200 mg·kg^-1; T2: 450 mg·kg^-1; T3: 2 000 mg·kg^-1), was conducted. The results showed that low levels of Pb stress promoted the growth of eucalypt seedlings and this promotion was the best in the calcium purple soil, but the high levels of Pb stress severely inhibited the growth. The biomass of each organ and total biomass increased first and then decreased with the increase of Pb concentration, and they were both maximum under T1 and minimum under T3. The Pb content of each organ showed a significant increased tendency with the increase of Pb concentration in three soil types. The Pb content of aboveground part was far less than that of belowground part, and the fine root had the largest content. The uptake of Pb in the calcium purple soil was less than other two soils. Eucalypt seedlings all showed certain absorption and bioaccumulation characteristic of Pb at different Pb levels, and the eucalypt seedlings grown in the acid purple soil had higher bioaccumulation coefficient and tolerance index relative to other soil types. This result suggested that eucalypt had a better repair effect in the Pb polluted acid soil.

This study aimed at investigating effects of the clear-cutting on methane flux. The study was carried out in the beach of Yangtze River in Junshan, Yueyang City, and the data of methane flux was collected with static chamber–FMA (fast methane analyzer) approach. Compared observations of methane flux and the environmental factors (soil temperature, soil water content and herbaceous vegetation) were carried out in the clear-cut field and uncut field. The result showed that the whole area was a sink of methane in the fast growing seasons in unflooded year, and that clear-cutting leaded to significant (P<0.001 andP<0.05) declines of methane uptake rates. Twice observations showed that the rates in the clear-cut field were only 29% and 22% of the uncut field in the early two months after clear-cutting, respectively. The clear-cutting also changed diurnal pattern of methane uptake rates. The clear-cutting significantly reduced methane sink probably through the clear-cutting induced changes in soil temperature, soil water content, and the vegetations.

The spatial-temporal variations of Caragana korshinskii vegetation growth were investigated based on the 23 a monitoring data on fixing plots of Caragana korshinskii plantations on terrace and non-terrace barren land in Guyuan, Ningxia Hui Atonomous Region. The investigation was carried out in different slope positions and with different ages of the plantations, including young-age period (1-7 a), middle-age period (8-15 a) and old-age period (16-23 a). The results showed: The plant height of C. korshinskii was affected by the slope position and the soil preparation methods. The change tendencies of average heights showed that lower slope>middle slope>upper slope in juvenile period, and upper slope>middle slope>lower slope in middle period. Compared with the non-terrace barren land, the plant height of leveled terrace were improved by 23.48%～45.33% in both young-age period and middle-age period, while there were no significant differences in the heights in the old-age period. With the slope position increased, the individual branches number, ground diameter and biomass decreased. Compared with the non-terrace barren land, the branches number, ground diameter, aboveground biomass and underground biomass of level terrace were improved by 26.79%-78.82%, 37.50%-50.00%, 3.50%-91.97%, and 19.59%-50.17%, respectively. The growth of C. korshinskii fit the logistic curve model. It is concluded that the best time for utilizing C. korshinskii is the middle period according to the obtained results.

By using the tree-ring samples of Abies faxoniana and Tsuga chinensis collected from sub-alpine forests in Wolong Sichuan in 2010, the tree-ring width standard chronologies and residual chronology were established. A. faxoniana and T. chinensis tree-ring chronology in this region contains worthy climate information. The calculation results showed that A. faxoniana and T. chinensis tree-growth and tree-ring width chronologies were significantly positively correlated with the mean air temperature, suggesting that it was the restriction factor for the tree growth. In study area, the tree-ring width of A. faxoniana was positively correlated to the mean monthly temperature in current February and April (P≤0.05). The correlations of the tree-ring width of A. faxoniana with monthly precipitation and relative humidity were being negative with the lots of months. The tree-ring width of T. chinensis was positively correlated to the mean monthly temperature last July and current February to April (P≤0.05) and to the monthly precipitation in last October and current May (P≤0.05), and was significantly negatively correlated with monthly relative humidity in last July and current April and September (P≤0.05). A. faxoniana tree-ring width chronologies was not significantly correlated with season average climate factors; but T. chinensis tree-ring width was significantly positively correlated with Spring temperature, and was significantly negatively correlated with Spring relative humidity (P≤0.05).

This study examined the soil aggregate features and fractal dimension (D) of 5-and 10-year de-farmed Bambusa pervariabilis × Dendrocalamopsis daii 3 plantation forests and a Bambusa rigida farmland in southern Sichuan Province, China. The relationships between D and the basic soil properties were also analyzed. Results showed that the bulk density (BD) increased with the increase in soil depth. A sharp increase in water-stable aggregate content between the de-farmed forests and tillage was observed. Both de-farmed for 10 years, B. pervariabilis × D. daii 3 and B. rigida had the maximum water-stable aggregate level, which improved by 63.27% and 58.36%, respectively, compared with tillage. The mean weight diameter ranged from 0.84 mm to 2.50 mm, whereas the geometric mean diameter ranged from 1.04 mm to 1.98 mm. They also showed the same trend under different plots: surface layers > middle layers > lower layers. The micro-aggregate fractal dimension was 2.308 to 2.526, and the D value increased from the surface to the middle layers; however, no significant pattern was observed when the lower layer was reached. Regression analysis indicated a significant positive correlation between D and the clay content, but no relationships were observed between D and the remaining fraction contents such as BD and OM. D could not represent the BD and OM levels in this area. Thus, reversion of farmland to bamboo forest does not only reduce soil compaction but also increases the amount of soil aggregate. Both B. pervariabilis × D. daii 3 and B. rigida can also reduce soil fractal dimension, improve soil permeability, and increase soil structure stability. Thus, the soil anti-erosion ability and soil-water conservation in the study area can be enhanced.

Effects of litter depth and type, and seed-sowing position on the germination of four canopy species, Cinnamomum camphora, Castanopsis fargesii, Camptotheca acuminate and Diospyros morrisiana, were investigated to study influences of bamboo leaf litter on forest regeneration. The results showed that the seed-sowing position had a significant influence on the germination and seedling emergence of all the species. Effects of litter depth and litter type on the germination varied with trees species. Seeds sown on the litter surface had much lower germination rate or failed to germination. Seeds under litter cover had higher germination rate and shorter germination time. The germination rate was higher, but emergence rate and finally seedling emergence rate were lower under the bamboo leaf litter compared with under canopy trees litters. This study showed that bamboo leaf litter cover could increase seedling mortality and significantly influence the seedling mortality rate of deciduous. Bamboo leaf litter would reduce forest species diversity and consequently affect forest structure and dynamics of forest succession.

Ficus microcarpa, a common ornamental species in Fuzhou, was a kind of monoecious fig species. A total 85 F. microcarpa plants in Fuzhou were chosen to study their pollination biology. The syconium growth of F. microcarpa can be divided into five phases: pre-female phase, female phase, inter-floral phase, male-phase and post-floral phase. F. microcarpa has both long style and short style female flowers. The stigma is long and curved, independent from each other, and does not form joint stigma platform that benefits to fig wasps' pollination and spawning. Its male flower matures late. F. microcarpa can continuously produce the figs year-round. Fruiting peaks occur during April to August, and each tree can produce 1-4 crops in a year. The growth duration of F. microcarpa syconia from pre-female phase to post-floral phase was closely associated with the hydrothermal conditions. In the dry and cold season, that is from October to March, figs grow slowly, and the developmental cycle usually lasts for 3-6 months. However, in the wet and hot season, that is from April to September, figs grow faster, and the developmental cycle is finished in only 1-2 months The fig development is inter-tree and intra-tree asynchrony, and the sexual phase overlaps frequently. The foundress number of F. microcarpa during female phase is dominated by only 1-2 wasp, which makes the small and numerous syconia effectively obtain wasps, does not only significantly raise pollination efficiency of wasps, but also ensures high ratio of fruiting in syconia. This may be the result of co-evolution of the fig-wasp mutualism. Seventeen kinds of wasps were found in syconia of F. microcarpa in Fuzhou , and they belong to six families (subfamily) of Chalcidoidea. Among them, Eupristina verticillata of Agaonidae was the only species-specific pollinator for F. microcarpa , and it dominated in the structure of wasp community. F. microcarpa had low seed output rate, with only 13.64%, probably due to the lack of joint stigma platform, and high ratios of NPFWs (non-pollinating fig wasps) in both species and quantity. F. microcarpa may increase the seed output through increasing annual flower phases (product batches) to ensure its breeding. The results of this study would provide a scientific basis for the urban greening and biodiversity conservation in tropical rain forests.

A total of 49 open-pollinated families of Masson pine (Pinus massoniana) collected from plus trees of natural forests were used to test the resin-tapping capacity for 6 years.Results showed that the resin-yielding capacity (RYC) increased rapidly at early ages and maintained at a stable level after age 13 a. Variance analysis detected plenty of genetic variations in RYC among families. Additive genetic coefficients of variations (CV) showed a decreasing RYC trend with ages. The genetic variations were under middle-level genetic control. Heritability also showed a decreasing trend with ages, and family heritability was apparently higher than individual heritability. There were close positive genetic correlations in RYC between early and mature ages,and the correlations displayed an increasing trend with ages. Early selection at age 11 a was highly effective since the efficiency reached 0.813. A selection based on comprehensive breeding values screened out 13 superior families whose breeding values (BVs) were much higher than that of control and displayed an increasing trend with ages.

Cypripedium japonicum, a perennial herb of Orchidaceae, with unique flower shape, brilliant flower color, ornamental and medicinal value. Due to over-harvesting and the environment changes,a large number of wild populations of C. japonicum reduced, and some genetic resources lost. The species is in endangered, and listed as a national endangered plant. Consequently, it is essential to execute studies on floral characteristics and breeding systems of C. japonicum for understanding its extinct mechanism.We conducted a field investigation, and experiments of pollen germination test, emasculation, bagging and artificial pollination, and applied out-crossing index, to study the flowering character, pollen viability, stigma receptivity, breeding system of C. japonicum in natural populations. We also observed surface pattern of pollen and stigma by using an electron microscope. Results showed that: C.japonicum bloomed from April to June and the flowering span was 23 days among populations. The life span of one single flower was approximately 12-16 days. The stigma receptivity started from bloom and lasted for 14 days, and the pollen viability was high in the whole florescence. The stigma exceeded stamen in position and the relative difference in position between the stamen and style remained unchanged in the whole flowering process. The total value of OCI was 4. Seed setting propagation coefficient of C. japonicum was low under field conditions, with only 5%. Based on the results of emasculation, bagging and artificial pollination experiments, C. japonicum is self-compatible and can't self-pollinate autokineticly and has no syngamy. Thus, the breeding system is pollinators depended.

In this study, 21 species, varieties and forma in Paulownia were used to detect the genetic relationships by using inter-simple sequence repeats(ISSR) markers. The results showed that: 1) A total of 85 DNA fragments were amplified using 9 out of 100 ISSR primers with unambiguous unique polymorphic bands, among which 74 DNA bands were polymorphic (PPB=87.05%), indicating significant genetic differentiation among Paulownia accessions tested; 2) The dendrogram was constructed with MEGA3.1 statistical package using UPGMA (the unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic average), with which Paulownia was roughly divided into three main groups of Paulownia tomentosa group, P. fortunei group and P. fargesii group. The Paulownia germplasms with close geographical distribution were clustered together, which illustrated there was a close relationship among them; 3) The findings of the relationship and classification were basically consistent with the morphology, cytology, isozyme study results among P. elongata, P. lamprophylla, P. elongata f. alba, P. catalpifolia, P. henanensis, P. tomentosa var. lucida, P. tomentosa, P. fortunei, and P. fargesii. At the end of this paper, the taxonomy of some Paulownia species was discussed. Some specific bands of Paulownia species, detected in this research, could be furthermore converted into SCAR marker.

Seven genetic similarity coefficients were selected to calculate pairwise genetic similarity of rose (Rosa) varieties based on microsatellite data, and the 7 corresponding dendrograms were constructed by Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Mean. The applicability of different genetic similarity coefficients in analyzing genetic relationships based on the microsatellite in rose varieties was investigated by means of correlation analysis between genetic similar matrixes, consistency analysis between cluster trees, and test of the goodness of fit. The result showed that correlation coefficients between different similar matrixes ranged from 0.726 to 1.000. Cophenetic correlation coefficients ranged from 0.85 to 0.95, indicating that there was a good representation of similarity matrixes in the form of dendrograms. Index of CI_c between pairwise dendrograms ranged from 0.468 to 1.000, which indicated that dendrograms were dependent on selection of different genetic similarity coefficients. STRESS values among the 7 genetic similarity coefficients ranged from 16.24% to 29.90%. The STRESS values of Simple Matching, Roger and Tanimoto, and Hamann coefficients were all more than 20%. Comprehensive consideration of molecular marker characteristics, species heterozygosis, STRESS value, and combined with clustering result and variety lineage, Dice coefficient and Jaccard coefficient were found to be the most appropriate for rose variety genetic analysis, followed by Simple Matching coefficient.

In this paper, Rhododendron simsii 'Pinghua' was used to study effects of different light quality (white, red, blue) and different daminozide (B₉) concentrations (0, 300, 600, 900 mg·L^-1) on its flowering time, flower diameter, flower formation rate by measuring photosynthetic characters in leaves and content of soluble sugar and soluble protein and the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in petals during flowering process. Our main purpose was to improve omanmental values of the variety and provide a scientific basis and technical support for the commercial production of R. simsii. The results indicated that: in comparison with control, all the treatments prolonged the flowering duration, enhanced the photosynthetic characteristics, and delayed the senescence of petals. Combination of blue light or red light with B₉ in a given concentration was more effective than using any alone treatment in improving omanmental values. But the combination caused antagonisetic effect when the B₉ concentration was too high. The treatment of blue light+300 mg·L^-1 B₉ increased the photosynthetic rate, accumulated the content of soluble sugar and anthocyanin in petals, and improved the flowering probability and flower diameter. The treatment of red light +600 mg·L^-1 B₉ increased the chlorophyll b in leaves and the soluble protein in petals, delayed the decrease of the SOD activity in petals effectively, and gained the longest flowering duration. Integrated all indices, the treatments of blue light+300 mg·L^-1 B₉ and red light+600 mg·L^-1 B₉ were better than the other treatments and improved the quality of flowers effectively.

Postharvest white-mature Dongzao jujube (Ziziphus jujube 'Dongzao') was stored at 0 ℃, and the variations in contents of active components in peel and pulp and the antioxidant capacities were investigated. Additionally, free, esterified, glycosided, and insoluble-bound forms of phenolic acids in the peel were separated and quantified by the high performance liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS). Moreover, the antioxidant abilities of main form of the phenolic acids were evaluated, and the relationship between the content and antioxidant capacities of active constituents in the peel and pulp were analyzed. The results showed that the concentration and antioxidant activities of total phenolics,flavonoids, and ascorbic acid decreased and then increased in the pulp, while they exhibited a continuously declined trend in the peel during storage The total content of phenolics,flavonoids and anthocyanin in peel was more than that in pulp (P<0.01). The antioxidant abilities of the active compounds except of anthocyanin in peel was significantly higher than that in pulp (P<0.01). The free phenolic acids in peel were mainly catechin, eicatechin and rutin. Their content firstly increased and then decreased during storage and were significantly higher than that of other three phenolic acids. The contents of phenolic acids in esterified and glycosided forms were more than that of insoluble-bound form. The p-coumaric acid was presented mainly in insoluble-bound forms. The results indicated that free phenolic acids were the main part of the antioxidant compounds.

The morphological characteristics, physiological indexes and mineral elements were investigated with seedlings of Euonymus alantus, Elaeagnus angustifolia and Fraxinus Americana. The seedlings were cultivated in pots that were treated with different NaCl concentrations. The results showed: Under salt stress, the relative height growth and biomass inhibited. The chlorophyll content decreased with increase of the salt concentration. The membrane permeability, MDA, SOD, proline and soluble sugar content of salt-stressed plants increased as the salt concentration increased. Under the salt stress, the Na⁺ content of the roots, stems and leaves of plants increased gradually, while the change pattern of K⁺ content was different. The K⁺ content in roots decreased with the NaCl concentration increased, it in stems had no significant changes, and it in leaves of 3 tree species had differential changes. Salt tolerance of the 3 tree species was comprehensively evaluated with correlation analysis, principal component analysis and subordinative function. The sequence of salt tolerance of the 3 tree species from strong to weak was: E. alantus > E. angustifolia > F. americana. This result was coincided with the sequence ranked in terms of symptoms of salt injury. Screening identification indexes was studied by gray correlation analysis and the results showed that the relative height growth, membrane permeability, proline, Na⁺ and K⁺ contents were important indexes for evaluating salt tolerance of the species.

The effects of D1 protein turnover and xanthophylls cycle on photosystem Ⅱ functions of Morus alba leaves under NaCl stress were studied by using their inhibitors. The results showed that there were sound mechanisms of photoprotection in M. alba leaves and PSⅡ reaction center remained high activity under 100 mmol·L^-1 NaCl stress. PSⅡfunctions in SM or DTT treated leaves were damaged under NaCl stress. More severe damage occurred in SM treated leaves than that in DTT treated ones, which indicated D1 protein turnover and xanthophylls cycle played an important role in protecting PSⅡ functions in leaves of M. alba under NaCl stress, and D1 protein turnover might play more important role than xanthophylls cycle. DTT treatment limited protection ability of the xanthophlly cycle in leaves of M. alba under NaCl stress, but was able to reduce the damage of the excessive excitation energy to PSⅡ reaction center by increasing dissipation of ineffective fluorescence and heat. SM not only damaged the xanthophylls cycle but also fluorescence and heat dissipation functions, leading to (1-q_P)/NPQ large accumulation and PSⅡ reaction center deactivation. SM not only suppressed the D1 protein turnover, but also aggravated the Q_B reduction degree, which reduced the electronic transfer and the capacity of PQ. The decrease of PQ capacity ievitably depressed the thylakoid membrane functions establishing protons gradient (△pH) and limited the xanthophylls cycle that is dependent on △pH. In summary, inhibition of D1 protein turnover damaged xanthophylls cycle, which could interpret the reason why D1 protein turnover played more important role than xanthophylls cycle in protecting PS Ⅱ functions in leaves of M. alba under NaCl stress.

Variations in salicylic acid (SA) and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) were analyzed in different resistance poplars (Populus tomentosa and Populus × beijingensis) inoculated with Botryosphaeria dothidea. The results showed that the SA content increased in P. tomentosa, the concentration of endogenous free SA peaked (191.41 μg·g^-1 FW) at 72 h, which was accompanied with the reduction of CAT activity and increase in H₂O₂ content. However, in P. X beijingensis the SA content did not significantly arose (7.83 μg·g^-1 FW), and was not accompanied by decreases in CAT activity and H₂O₂ content. The H₂O₂ peak occurred earlier with lower values compared with P. tomentosa (306.99 nmol·g^-1 FW vs 737.52 nmol·g^-1 FW). The above results indicated there were significant differences in SA and H₂O₂ in different poplars interacted with B. dothidea. Meanwhile, we isolated and identified full-length coding sequence of PtSABP and PbSABP from P. tomentosa and P. × beijingensis stem cDNAs. The proteins of PtSABP and PbSABP belong to the Catalase_like superfamily, and their sequences are 90% identical to that of tobacco SABP at the amino acid level based on NCBI blast and phylogenetic tree analysis. RT-PCR analysis showed that gene expression of CAT was inhibited in 6～24 h after inoculated with B. dothidea, suggesting that SA was bound with SABP at this time, inhibiting CAT activity, thus promoting significant increase in H₂O₂ content at 24 h after inoculation. The experiments determined that the difference of content of SA and H₂O₂ in poplars was due to inoculated with B. dothidea, SABP was involved in the disease resistance of poplar, and suggested that the resistance of poplars to B. dothidea would be relevant to the accumulation of SA and H₂O₂.

Nonlinear mixed effects model (NLMEM) is the model in which both the fixed and random effects occur nonlinearly in the model function. First-order linearization algorithm (FO) and conditional first-order linearization algorithm (FOCE) are two commonly used linearization algorithms to calculate the parameters in NLMEM. We proposed an improved method for calculating random effects parameters based on FOCE algorithm in this study. We also analyzed and compared the three algorithms using height growth data set and simulation data sets. The results are: random effects parameters obtained from improved FOCE algorithm can more really reflected the individual random variations and also make a high efficient fit.

Spatial structures of current Phyllostachys edulis stands are usually irrational. Based on non-spatial structure requirements,how to adjust and control the spatial structures of Phyllostachys edulis stands to lead to rational state is a focus problem in practice. This study used a less disturbed Phyllostachys edulis stand in Tianmu Mountain National Nature Reserve of Zhejiang Province as a research object,a spatial structure optimizing adjustment and control model of Phyllostachys edulis stand was established based on GIS(geographic information system) spatial analysis function. The objective of the model is spatial structure, non-spatial structures are its constraints. The model belongs to nonlinear integer programming,Monte Carlo algorithm was used to solve the model. An optimal cutting plan was obtained by solving the model. Based on the plan,through spatial structure optimizing adjustment and control of Phyllostachys edulis stand,the objective function value of stand spatial structure after cutting increases 32.650 0% than that of before cutting. The stand spatial structure is improved at the furthest and non-spatial structures are not destroyed. Therefore,this plan can be used for making cutting plan.

Desertification of land was the significant environmental issue threatening human existence. Desertification land area was 1 731 100 km² in 2009, occupying 18.03% of China's total land area. Remote sensing is an effective method monitoring the desertification land. With the development of remote sensing technology, high spatial resolution remote sensing image gradually becomes main data source of resolving the desertification land information extraction. The traditional remote sensing image classification method based on pixel has some difficulties in treating the high spatial resolution remote sensing images, however, the object-oriented classification method might overcame the limit of using the pixel as basic treatment unit. Minqin County, a typical desertification land distribution region, was used as studied object in this paper, the high spatial resolution remote sensing images SPOT5 and 30 m DEM were used as date sources, the multi-scale and multi-level segmentation of remote sensing images was conducted by using the object-oriented classification method. Based on these results, the remote sensing images were subjected to fuzzy image classification based on knowledge by constructing multiset, and thus relatively accurately realize the recognition and extraction of desertification land information. This paper would provide an effective path for resolving the accurate extraction of desertification land information based on the high spatial resolution remote sensing images and also provide scientific proofs for sand prevention and control.

Based on the long-term tracking retest data to construct the individual tree growth model and time series predicting diameter distribution model.Then use OnyxTREE and 3Ds MAX to achieve the stand growth dynamics simulation of different growth stages in different selective cutting intensity samples.The results show that using this method to realization of stand growth simulation have more intuitive and vivid effect,and have great practical value on the forest management and intuitional instruction of forest course.

The ecological landscape features of carbon sequestration forest (CSF) in Karamay were investigated by geo-information atlas method and spatial analysis method. The ecological landscape features, which were complex and variational, were shown in the form of atlas based on the multi-source data. And the initial spatial database and the carbon density model were also established. The whole research had been finished in rasterizing, digitization and spatialization with a dynamic fashion.

The effects of alkaloids from Sophora alopecuroides on oviposition of Plagiodera versicolora, an important insect pest attacking poplar trees, were studied using leaves of young poplar as oviposition substrates. Results showed that different alkaloids from S. alopecuroides had different toxicity to the P. versicolora adults, causing different effects on oviposition behavior. In selective feeding condition, 5 mg·mL^-1 of sophocarpine, matrine, aloperine and total alkaloids strongly inhibited oviposition and the inhibition rates were 61.2%,61.3%,46.3% and 53.2% respectively, while the same dose of sophoradine and oxymatrine had limited effects on oviposition inhibition (inhibition rates were 6.4% and 5.3%, respectively). Matrine in 5 mg·mL^-1 also had a high oviposition repellent rate (54%) while the other alkaloids monomers did not show significant differences in the repellent rate of oviposition. In non-choice test, the inhibition rates of oviposition, when treated (long-term, 12 days) with the total alkaloids, aloperine, oxymatrine and sophoradine, were higher than those in choice test, reaching to 82.2%, 74.4%, 55.6% and 33.6%, respectively. When treated with oxymatrine, aloperine or sophoradine, female P. versicolora preferred depositing eggs on non-alkaloids treated leaves over alkaloids treated leaves. Although clutch size was not affected, female egg production was significantly inhibited after being treated with these low toxic alkaloids. The fecundity and clutch sizes deposited by female P. versicolora were also affected significantly when treated with stronger toxic alkaloids such as sophoramine or sophocarpine.

To compare and estimate the cellulose enzyme activity in different insects, the paper presented a comprehensive analysis of enzyme activity from the gut juices of four herbivorous insect species (larvae and adults of three leaf-eating beetles, Chrysomela populi, Ambrostoma quadriimpressum and Gallerucida bifasciata, and larva of a trunk-borer, Semanotus bifasciatus). The results showed that there were complete cellulase systems in these four beetles, and that both temperature and pH had a significant impact on the enzyme activity in the gut contents. For both larvae and adults of three leaf beetles, the optimal conditions of enzyme activity were 40-60 ℃ and pH 4-6, and the enzyme activity could not be detected under high temperature and high pH conditions. However, in trunk-borer of S.bifasciatus the highest enzyme activity of exoglucanase (C₁) was observed at pH 9 and 70 ℃. In addition, the enzyme activities of endoglucanase (Cx) and β-glucosidase in S. bifasciatus were lower than that of the leaf beetles, while the enzyme activity of C₁ was much higher than that of these leaf beetles. The results indicated that temperature and pH had significant influence on insect cellulose enzyme activity. The different feeding habits and the phylogenetic relationship may result in different enzyme activity.

Water content, pH and microbe diversity of Anoplophora glabripennis(ALB) ovipositing slits in 5 tree species in Beijing and Ningxia were investigated. The results were listed as follows: In the two regions, water content of ALB oviposition slits at middle stage was highest, and was even higher than that of healthy bark in the same time. Water content of ALB oviposition slits was intermediate at later stage and was lowest at early stage. pH of ALB oviposition slits was alkalescent (7.88～9.98) and higher than that of healthy bark (6.06～7.10). There were 473 fungi strains isolated from oviposition slits, and they belong to 12 genera, amog which 8 species were identified. Moreover Fusarium was the dominated genus in the two regions. Fungi population isolated from oviposition slits were more than that of healthy bark. In Beijing, diversity index (H), richness index(S) of oviposition slits were higher than that of healthy bark. In Ningxia, the result was reverse. As for bacteria, Xanthomonas and another unidentified strain were the main isolates. Additionally, Serratia marcescens, a kind of insect pathogen, was found in Salix matsudana. Only one kind of actinomycete was isolated and identified as Streptomyces sp.

The catalytic pyrolysis tests of bamboo residue were studied at nitrogen atmosphere. The influence of two catalyst on the product of bamboo scrap pyrolysis was investigated, including influences on the distribution of the composition of gaseous state product and liquid product by acetone extraction. By comparing the results of the tests, two catalyst all influences on composition of gaseous state product; in 550 ℃ pyrolysis temperature, the content of combustible gas reached 74.25% by CuCl catalysis. Liquid product by acetone extraction is rich in phenol kind material, the content of 2,6-dimethoxy-phenol is high up to 22%, and the catalysis of CuCl further promote ketone formation, the content of 2,6-dimethoxy-phenol is up to 27.09%, and the content of phenol is decreased by the catalysis, but the influence of TiO₂ is not distinct.The solid product of pyrolysis of bamboo scrap with TiO₂ is a type of composite charcoal,which will show great prospects in the environmental conservation field.

In this study, the impact of temperature(T=18, 23, and 28 ℃), relative humidity(RH=35%, 50%, 60%, and 75%), and air exchange rate (ACH=0.5, 1, and 2 h^-1) on the volatile organic compound (VOC) emission rate and concentration from plywood were investigated by small chamber testing for 5 days. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (GC-MS) was used to measure components of total volatile organic compound(TVOC). The experiment result showed that increasing temperature, RH and ACH accelerated VOC emission from plywood. The influence of environmental factors on VOC emission was only significant for initial emission. Few days later, the effect was not obvious. Arene compounds were the main compounds of TVOC emission from plywood, and the content of alkane compounds were the second. The emission rate of arene compounds was higher than that of alkane compounds. Environmental factors affected arenas compounds emission rate more obviously than alkane compounds. Toluene emission rate was the highest, m,p-xylene was the second, and the ethylbenzene was third. The influence of environmental factors on these three compounds had no major differences.

In order to change the status of importing expensive equipment from abroad and fill the gap of no formaldehyde testing chamber domestic, this research developed a control system, which kept ATmega2560 as the core, applies fuzzy control arithmetic to control chamber temperature and relative humidity. The system has high stability and flexibility, and the cost was reduced by one third compared with PLC system. The result showed that the accuracy for temperature could achieve ±0.5 ℃ and that for relative humidity was less than ±3%.