饱水考古木材保存状况评估研究进展

doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.LYKX20230070

Abstract

Abstract:

Waterlogged wooden cultural relicsrepresented by ancient shipwrecks, waterlogged wooden wares and wooden slips serve as carriers of ancient human civilization. They are valuable physical materials for studying Chinese ancient history, art, technology and economy. Accurately understanding the preservation state of waterlogged archaeological wood (WAW) is an important prerequisite and basis for the scientific protection and preservation of waterlogged wooden cultural relics. However, due to the influence of long-term water burial conditions, the structure and properties of WAW have significantly deteriorated. Not only the scientific theory and evaluation system of existing sound wood are difficult to apply, but also the difficulty of obtaining, preparing, testing and analyzing WAW samples is much greater than that of sound wood. This paper systematically reviews the main research progress of waterlogged wooden cultural relics at home and abroad. Firstly, the structural characteristics and analysis methods of waterlogged archaeological wood are introduced from four aspects: anatomical structure, chemical structure, relative crystallinity and pore characteristics. Secondly, the physical, chemical and mechanical properties and characterization methods of WAW are described. The comprehensive evaluation principles, methods and key indicators of the structure and properties of waterlogged archaeological wood are further discussed. Finally, based on the current situation, needs and difficulties of waterlogged wooden cultural relics protection research, three aspects of research that should be prioritized in the future are proposed: 1) To innovate the non-invasion research methods of waterlogged archaeological wood, and establish the evaluation technology and standard system of waterlogged wooden cultural relics. 2) Improve the convenience and reliability of scientific data obtention of waterlogged archaeological wood, and improve the information resources and sharing system construction of waterlogged wooden cultural relics. 3) Construct the structure-properties relationship between the structure and properties of waterlogged archaeological wood, and improve the theoretical system of wood science suitable for waterlogged wooden relics. By further strengthening the evaluation of the preservation state of waterlogged archaeological wood, it can promote the application of new technologies, new methods and new consolidants in the field of waterlogged wooden cultural relics, and provide theoretical basis and technical support for the scientific protection and long-term preservation of wooden cultural relics.

Key words: waterlogged wooden cultural relics, waterlogged archaeological wood, anatomical structure, chemical property, physical property, wooden cultural relics preservation

CLC Number:

S781
S718.3

Liuyang Han,Juan Guo,Xiangna Han,Guanglan Xi,Xingling Tian,Ren Li,Jiabao Chen,Yafang Yin. Research Progress and Perspective of the Preservation State of Waterlogged Archaeological Wood[J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2024, 60(9): 183-198.

Figures/Tables 5

Table 1

Main factors of decay, decay environment and change in anatomical features of waterlogged archaeological wood (WAW)"

主要降解因素 Main factor of decay		降解环境 Decay environment	表征方法 Characteristic method	木材解剖构造特征变化 Change in wood anatomical features
细菌 Bacteria	侵蚀菌 Erosion bacteria	低氧环境 Low oxygen environment	光学显微镜、扫描电镜、透射电镜 Light micrioscope (LM), scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM)	降解初期，细胞壁出现侵蚀槽或凹槽（Landy et al.，2008）；降解严重时，次生壁S₂层呈弥散颗粒状，S₃层和胞间层保持完整（Kim et al.，1996；Donaldson et al.，1990；Decombeix et al.，2019；Blanchette，2000；Kim，1990；Han et al.，2020a；2020b；Li et al.，2022） In the early stages of degradation, the WAW cell wall exhibits erosion grooves or depressions; in severe degradation, the secondary wall S₂ layer appears as diffuse granules, while the S₃ layer and the middle lamella remain intact
	隧道菌 Tuling bacteria	低氧环境 Low oxygen environment		降解后木材质地软、颜色深（Landy et al.，2008）。细菌在木材细胞壁上产生隧道，S₂层及CML出现交叉壁（带）（Kim et al.，1996；Decombeix et al.，2019） The degraded WAW becomes soft and dark. Bacteria produce tunnels on the WAW cell walls, and the S₂ layer and CML show cross walls (bands)
	孔洞菌 Cavitation bacteria	低氧环境 Low oxygen environment		降解方向垂直于木纤维，可打通相邻细胞壁层。降解早期细胞壁上出现钻石形空洞，随后可见颗粒状剩余物，降解晚期颗粒物消失（Bj?rdal et al.，1999） The degradation is along the length of the cell, and can penetrate through the adjacent cell wall layers. In the early stage of degradation, diamond-shaped cavities appear on the cell walls, followed by the presence of granular residues. In the late stage of degradation, the granular materials disappear
真菌 Fungi	软腐菌 Soft-rot fungus	无氧环境 Anaerobic environment		降解后木材表面软化、灰变，干燥后开裂并呈棕色（Goodell et al.，2008）。在针叶材和阔叶材分为I型和II型2种类型（Blanchette，2000；Goodell et al.，2008）。降解早期在细胞壁上形成细小空洞，降解晚期仅剩下胞间层（Nilsson et al.，1989；1997）。早材比晚材腐朽严重，管胞次生壁发生通道状降解、偶见凹槽状降解，而射线细胞内无明显腐蚀菌分布，胞间层较完整，次生壁S₃层较S₂层更耐腐蚀（曹媛等，2022）。 After degradation, the WAW surface becomes softened, grayed, and cracks with a brown color upon drying. There are two types of degradation, type I and type II, in both softwoods and hardwoods, respectively. In the early stage of degradation, small cavities form on the cell walls, and in the late stage, only the middle lamella remains. The earlywood is more severely decayed than the latewood, with the secondary walls of the tracheids undergoing channel-like degradation and occasionally, groove-like degradation, while no significant fungal appears on the ray cells, and the middle lamella remains relatively intact. The S₃ layer of the secondary wall is more resistant to decay than the S₂ layer
	褐腐菌 Brown-rot fungus	有氧环境 Aerobic environment		降解后的木材呈褐色或棕色，降解初期主要出现在S₁和S₂层交界处，随后细胞壁S₂层出现不规则的空洞，降解晚期只留下细胞壁胞间层，其木材细胞腔和木射线中可看到菌丝（?ucejko et al.，2018；Daniel，2014；Goodell et al.，2008；Bj?rdal et al.，1999） After degradation, the wood becomes brown or reddish-brown in color. In the early stage of degradation, the degradation mainly occurs at the interface between the S₁ and S₂ layers of the cell wall. Subsequently, irregular cavities appear in the S₂ layer of the cell wall. In the late stage of degradation, only the middle lamella of the cell wall remains, and fungal hyphae can be observed in the wood cell lumens and wood rays
	白腐菌 White-rot fungus	有氧环境 Aerobic environment		降解后的木材呈白色。降解初期通过木射线传播菌丝，降解晚期可打通相邻胞间层，仅留下改性的纤维素（Daniel，2014；Goodell et al.，2008） After degradation, the wood becomes white in color. In the early stage of degradation, the fungal hyphae spread through the wood rays. In the late stage of degradation, the adjacent middle lamellae can be penetrated, leaving only the modified cellulose behind
钻孔动物 Marine borers		有氧环境 Aerobic environment	光学显微镜、扫描电镜、X射线计算机体层成像 LM, SEM, X-ray computed tomography (CT)	生长和啃食之处留下孔洞，随着虫体的增大会产生较大木材孔洞（Unger et al.，2001） The growth and feeding of marine boring organisms leave behind holes, and as the organism’s body increases in size, larger wood cavities will form
酸碱盐 Chemical compounds		低氧环境 Oxygen limiting conditions	扫描电镜能谱分析 SEM energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS)	木材颜色加深，铁硫元素附近会有锈迹（Walsh-Korb et al.，2019；Fors et al.，2008） Acids, bases, and salts can cause the WAW to darken in color, and the presence of iron and sulfur elements can lead to rust stains

Table 1

Fig.1

Table 2

Mechanical properties of typical of waterlogged archaeological wood (WAW)"

年代 Period	饱水木质文物 Waterlogged wooden artifact	性能 Property	样品尺寸（宽×厚×长）Sample size(width × thickness × length)	树种 Tree species
公元1600年 1600 A.D	德国饱水木材（Klaassen，2008） Waterlogged wood from Germany	顺纹抗压强度 Compressive strength parallel to grain	20 mm×20 mm×30 mm	栎木Quercus spp.
公元1628年 1628 A.D	瑞典Vasa沉船（Vorobyev et al.，2017） The Vasa shipwreck in Sweden	顺纹抗压强度 Compressive strength parallel to grain	25 mm×25 mm×25 mm	欧洲栎 Quercus robur
公元1628年 1628 A.D	瑞典Vasa沉船（Ljungdahl et al.，2007） The Vasa shipwreck in Sweden	径向、弦向压缩强度 Radial and tangential compressive strength	10 mm×10 mm×10 mm	欧洲栎 Quercus robur
公元1628年 1628 A.D	瑞典Vasa沉船（Bjurhager et al.，2012） The Vasa shipwreck in Sweden	顺纹抗拉强度 Tensile strength parallel to grain	4 mm×2 mm×170 mm	栎木Quercus spp.
公元1628年 1628 A.D	瑞典Vasa沉船（Bjurhager et al.，2012） The Vasa shipwreck in Sweden	抗拉强度 Tensile strength	3.0 mm×0.3 mm×20.0 mm	栎木Quercus spp.
公元815—820年 815—820 A.D	挪威Oseberg沉船（Bader et al.，2010） The Oseberg shipwreck in Norway	抗弯强度 Bending strength	15 mm×4 mm×50 mm	栎木Quercus spp.
公元1967年 1967 A.D	德国饱水木材（Bues，1986） Waterlogged wood from Germany	抗弯强度 Bending strength	25 mm×25 mm×360 mm	冷杉Abies spp.
—	意大利S. Maria Maggiore教堂饱水木材（Pizzo et al.，2016） The waterlogged wood from the S. Maria Maggiore church in Italy	顺纹抗压强度 Compressive strength parallel to grain	20 mm×20 mm×35 mm	桤木Alnus spp.
—	意大利饱水木材（Bertolini et al.，2006） Waterlogged wood from Italy	顺纹抗压强度 Compressive strength parallel to grain	13 mm×13 mm×20 mm	落叶松Larix spp.；栎木Quercus spp.；桤木Alnus spp.
—	瑞典饱水木材（Bjurhager et al.，2010） Waterlogged wood from Sweden	顺纹抗拉强度 Tensile strength parallel to grain	4 mm×2 mm×170 mm	欧洲栎 Quercus robur
—	美国医用压舌板（Tahira et al.，2017） Medical tongue depressors from the United States	抗弯强度 Bending strength	18.0 mm×1.8 mm× 152.0 mm	—
公元前4 000—2 000年 4 000—2 000 B.C	意大利Fiavé饱水木材（Pizzo et al.，2018；Pecoraro et al.，2019） Waterlogged wood from Fiavé, Italy	动态热机械分析 Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA)	10 mm×1 mm×20 mm	欧洲银冷杉 Abies alba
公元前7世纪—公元2世纪7th c. B.C.—2nd c. A.D	意大利Pisa饱水木材（Pizzo et al.，2018；Pecoraro et al.，2019） Waterlogged wood from Pisa, Italy	动态热机械分析 Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA)	10 mm×1 mm×20 mm	海岸松 Pinus pinaster
公元前7世纪—公元2世纪7th c. B.C.—2nd c. A.D	意大利Pisa饱水木材（Pizzo et al.，2018） Waterlogged wood from Pisa, Italy	动态热机械分析 Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA)	10 mm×1 mm×20 mm	欧洲鹅耳枥 Carpinus betulus
公元前7世纪—公元2世纪7th c. B.C.—2nd c. A.D	意大利Pisa饱水木材（Pizzo et al.，2018） Waterlogged wood from Pisa, Italy	动态热机械分析 Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA)	10 mm×1 mm×20 mm	欧洲白蜡木 Fraxinus excelsior
公元前7世纪—公元2世纪7th c. B.C.—2nd c. A.D	意大利Pisa饱水木材（Pizzo et al.，2018） Waterlogged wood from Pisa, Italy	动态热机械分析 Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA)	10 mm×1 mm×20 mm	欧洲水青冈 Fagus sylvatica
公元前7世纪—公元2世纪7th c B.C.—2nd c. A.D	意大利Pisa饱水木材（Pizzo et al.，2018；Pecoraro et al.，2019） Waterlogged wood from Pisa, Italy	动态热机械分析 Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA)	10 mm×1 mm×20 mm	栎木 Quercus spp.
公元前7世纪—公元2世纪7th c. B.C.—2nd c. A.D	意大利Pisa饱水木材（Pizzo et al.，2018） Waterlogged wood from Pisa, Italy	动态热机械分析 Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA)	10 mm×1 mm×20 mm	榆木 Ulmus spp.
公元前4世纪—公元6世纪4th c. B.C.—6th c. A.D	意大利Alba Fucens饱水木材（Pizzo et al.，2018） Waterlogged wood from Alba Fucens, Italy	动态热机械分析 Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA)	10 mm×1 mm×20 mm	银白杨 Populus alba
公元前4世纪—公元6世纪4th c. B.C.—6th c. A.D	意大利Alba Fucens饱水木材（Pizzo et al.，2018） Waterlogged wood from Alba Fucens, Italy	动态热机械分析 Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA)	10 mm×1 mm×20 mm	栎木 Quercus spp.
公元前2世纪 2nd c. B.C.	意大利Chretienne C沉船（Cavallaro et al.，2015） The Chretienne C shipwreck, Italy	动态热机械分析 Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA)	0.4~1.4 mm（厚度width)	—
公元1世纪 1st c. A.D	意大利Herculaneum饱水木材（Pizzo et al.，2018） Waterlogged wood from Herculaneum, Italy	动态热机械分析 Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA)	10 mm×1 mm×20 mm	欧洲银冷杉 Abies alba
公元1世纪 1st c. A.D	意大利Herculaneum饱水木材（Pizzo et al.，2018） Waterlogged wood from Herculaneum, Italy	动态热机械分析 Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA)	10 mm×1 mm×20 mm	地中海柏木 Cupressus sempervirens
公元4—5世纪 4th—5th c. A.D	意大利Ferrara饱水木材（Pizzo et al.，2018；Pecoraro et al.，2019） Waterlogged wood from Ferrara, Italy	动态热机械分析 Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA)	10 mm×1 mm×20 mm	栎属木材 Quercus spp.
公元16世纪 16th c. A.D	意大利Venice饱水木材（Pizzo et al.，2018） Waterlogged wood from Venice, Italy	动态热机械分析 Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA)	10 mm×1 mm×20 mm	桤木Alnus spp.
公元17—19世纪 17th—19th c. A.D	意大利Venice饱水木材（Pizzo et al.，2018） Waterlogged wood from Venice, Italy	动态热机械分析 Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA)	10 mm×1 mm×20 mm	欧洲落叶松 Larix decidua
公元17—19世纪 17th—19th c. A.D	意大利Venice饱水木材（Pizzo et al.，2018） Waterlogged wood from Venice, Italy	动态热机械分析 Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA)	10 mm×1 mm×20 mm	硬木松 Pinus sylvestris
公元18世纪 18th c. A.D	意大利Timisoara饱水木材（Pizzo et al.，2018） Waterlogged wood from Timisoara, Italy	动态热机械分析 Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA)	10 mm×1 mm×20 mm	栎木Quercus spp.
公元12—13世纪 12th—13th c. A.D	中国“南海I号”沉船（Wu et al.，2022） Nanhai No.1 shipwreck	静态热机械分析 Static thermal mechanical analysis (TMA)	2.0 mm×0.3 mm×8.0 mm	松木 Pinus spp.
公元815—820年 815—820 A.D	挪威Oseberg沉船（Bader et al.，2013） The Oseberg Shipwreck in Norway	纳米压痕 Nanoindentation (NI)	2 mm×2 mm×2 mm	栎木 Quercus spp.
公元1628年 1628 A.D.	瑞典Vasa沉船（Wagner et al.，2016） The Vasa shipwreck in Sweden	纳米压痕 Nanoindentation (NI)	1 mm×1 mm×1 mm	栎木 Quercus spp.
公元1820—1850年 1820—1850 A.D.	中国“小白礁I号”沉船（Han et al.，2020a；2023b） Xiaobaijiao No.1 shipwreck	纳米压痕 Nanoindentation (NI)	0.8 mm×0.8 mm×6.0 mm	坡垒Hopea sp.；柚木Tectona sp.

Table 2

Fig.2

Fig.3

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Research Progress and Perspective of the Preservation State of Waterlogged Archaeological Wood

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