内蒙古自治区植被恢复力时空格局及其对极端气候的响应

doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.LYKX20230763

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

目的: 分析内蒙古自治区植被恢复力的时空变化以及极端气候对植被恢复力的影响，揭示在极端气候条件下植被恢复力变化的规律和机制。方法: 基于卫星（MOD 13 Q1 V6.1）构建的核归一化植被指数（kNDVI）数据集和早期预警指标，对内蒙古地区2004—2023年的植被覆盖度和植被恢复力进行评估；此外，基于美国国家环境信息中心（NCEI）的逐日气象数据，计算该地区的极端气温和极端降水等15个极端气候指数，在综合分析极端气候时空变化特征的基础上，运用皮尔逊相关分析和地理探测器，定量评估极端气候对植被恢复力的影响。结果: 1）内蒙古自治区85.63%的区域植被覆盖度呈现上升的趋势，植被覆盖度呈现下降趋势的区域分布在大兴安岭林区和西部边缘荒漠区，约57.46%的区域植被恢复力呈现上升趋势，空间变化趋势呈现东部和大兴安岭南端草原区上升，大兴安岭林区、西部荒漠和荒漠草原区下降的格局。2） 2004—2023年极端暖指数呈现增加趋势，极端高温事件增多，极端强度和频率降水指数呈现增加趋势，极端降水事件在强度和频率上均有所增强。3）极端气候指数与植被恢复力的相关关系表现出明显的空间异质性，TNx、TXx等强度指数与60%以上区域的植被恢复力呈现正相关，极端低温指数（TN10p、TX10p）在西部荒漠区以及大兴安岭林区多呈正相关。4） TN90p、TX90p对东部草原区恢复力提升贡献显著；RX5day、RX1day、R20mm、R10mm等极端降水指数在中部和东部地区均表现出显著的正相关，并且对植被恢复力的解释力较高，说明极端降水的强度和频率对内蒙古地区植被变化有较大影响。结论: 内蒙古自治区植被恢复力和极端气候空间异质性明显，影响植被恢复力的主要因素是极端降水事件，并且对极端降水强度的响应最为敏感。在未来植被保护与恢复的策略中，应优先关注生态系统的稳定性与可持续性，充分考虑不同生态区的气候特点与植被恢复潜力，更加关注水资源管理和极端气候变化。

关键词: kNDVI, 植被恢复力, 极端气候, 时空变化, 内蒙古

Abstract:

Objective: This study aims to analyze the temporal and spatial changes of vegetation resilience in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region and the impacts of extreme climate on vegetation resilience, revealing the trend and mechanisms of changes in vegetation resilience under extreme climate conditions. Method: Vegetation coverage and vegetation resilience in Inner Mongolia from 2004 to 2023 were assessed with the constructed kernel normalized vegetation index (kNDVI) dataset based on the satellite (MOD 13 Q1 V6.1) and early warning indicators. In addition, based on the daily meteorological data from the U.S. National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI), 15 extreme climate indices such as extreme temperature and extreme precipitation were calculated for the region. On the basis of a comprehensive analysis of the spatial and temporal characteristics of extreme climate, Pearson correlation analysis and geographical detectors were used to quantitatively assess the impacts of extreme climate on the vegetation resilience in Inner Mongolia. Result: 1) Approximately 85.63% of the areas in Inner Mongolia showed an increasing trend in vegetation coverage, while the vegetation coverage in the Daxinganling forest area and the western edge desert area had a decreasing trend. Approximately 57.46% of the areas in Inner Mongolia showed an increasing trend in vegetation resilience, and the spatial trend showed the pattern of increasing in the eastern and the grassland area at the southern end of the Daxinganling and decreasing in the Daxinganling forest area and the western desert and desert grassland area. 2) From 2004 to 2023, the extreme warmth index showed an increasing trend, with an increase in extreme high temperature events. The extreme intensity and frequency precipitation index showed an increasing trend, and extreme precipitation events were enhanced in intensity and frequency. 3) The correlation between extreme climate indices and vegetation resilience showed obvious spatial heterogeneity, intensity indices such as TNx and TXx showed a positive correlation with vegetation resilience in more than 60% of the region, and extreme low temperature indices (TN10p and TX10p) were mostly positively correlated with vegetation resilience in the western desert area and the Daxing'anling forest area. 4) TN90p and TX90p contributed significantly to resilience enhancement in the eastern steppe zone. The extreme precipitation indices, such as RX5day, RX1day, R20mm, and R10mm, showed significantly positive correlation with vegetation resilience in the central and eastern areas, and had a high explanatory power for vegetation resilience, indicating that the intensity and frequency of extreme precipitation had a greater influence on vegetation changes in Inner Mongolia. Conclusion: The spatial heterogeneity of vegetation resilience and climate extremes in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region is obvious, and the main factor affecting vegetation resilience is the extreme precipitation events and vegetation resilience is most sensitive to extreme precipitation intensity. Therefore, in future strategies for vegetation protection and restoration, priority should be given to the stability and sustainability of ecosystems, with full consideration of the climatic characteristics and vegetation restoration potential in different ecological zones, and more attention to water resource management and extreme climate change.

Key words: kNDVI (kernel normalized difference vegetation index), vegetation resilience, extreme climates, spatial-temporal change, Inner Mongolia

中图分类号:

于晓燕,高雅娴,魏光普,张舒宇,张文君. 内蒙古自治区植被恢复力时空格局及其对极端气候的响应[J]. 林业科学, 2025, 61(9): 48-58.

Xiaoyan Yu,Yaxian Gao,Guangpu Wei,Shuyu Zhang,Wenjun Zhang. Spatio-temporal Pattern of Vegetation Resilience and Its Response to Extreme Climate in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region[J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2025, 61(9): 48-58.

图/表 8

表1

内蒙古生态地理区划系统"

温度带 Temperature zone	干湿地区 Dry and wet area	自然区 Natural area	主要植被 Primary vegetation
I 寒温带 Cold temperate zone	A 湿润区 Humid zone	IA1 大兴安岭北段山地落叶针叶林区 Mountainous deciduous-coniferous forest area in the northern part of the Daxing'anling Mountains	针叶林、湿地 Coniferous forest， wetlands
II 中温带 Medium temperate zone	A 湿润区 Humid zone	IIA3 松辽平原东部山前台地针阔叶混交林区 Mixed coniferous and broad-leaved forests in the mountain front terrace of the eastern Songliao Plain	针阔混交林、湿地 Mixed coniferous forests， wetlands
	B 半湿润区 Sub-humid zone	IIB1 松辽平原中部森林草原区 Forest-steppe zone in the central Songliao Plain	典型草原 Typical grassland
		IIB2 大兴安岭中段山地草原森林区 Mountain steppe forest area in the middle part of the Daxingan Mountains	阔叶林、草甸 Broad-leaved forests， meadows
		IIB3 大兴安岭北段西侧森林草原区 Forest-steppe zone on the western side of the northern section of the Daxinganling Mountains	草甸草原、草甸 Meadow grasslands， meadows
	C 半干旱区 Semi-arid zone	IIC1 西辽河平原草原区 West Liaohe Plain Grassland Area	典型草原 Typical grassland
		IIC2 大兴安岭南端草原区 Grassland area at the southern end of the Daxing'anling Mountains	典型草原、灌丛 Typical grassland， undergrowth
		IIC3 内蒙古东部草原区 Eastern Steppe Zone of Inner Mongolia	典型草原 Typical grassland
		IIC4 呼伦贝尔平原草原区 Hulunbuir Plain grassland area	典型草原、草甸 Typical grassland， meadows
	D 干旱区 Arid zone	IID1 鄂尔多斯及内蒙古高原西部荒漠草原区 The desert grassland areas of the western part of the Ordos Plateau anf the Inner Mongolian Plateau	荒漠草原、荒漠 Desert grasslands， deserts
	D 干旱区 Arid zone	IID2 阿拉善与河西走廊荒漠区 Alxa and the Hexi Corridor Desert Region	荒漠、荒漠草原 Desert grasslands， deserts
III 暖温带 Warm temperate zone	B 半湿润区 Sub-humid zone	IIIB3 华北山地落叶阔叶林区 North China mountainous deciduous broad-leaved forest area	典型草原 Typical grassland

表1

表2

极端气候指数及定义"

类别Category	代码ID	名称Name	定义Defination	单位Unit
极端气温强度指数 Extreme temperature intensity indcies	TXn	日最高气温极小值 Minimum daily maximum temperature	每月中每日最大温度的最小值 Minimum value of daily maximum temperature per month	℃
	TXx	日最高气温极大值 Maximum daily maximum temperature	每月中每日最大温度的最大值 Maximum value of daily maximum temperature per month	℃
	TNn	日最低气温极小值 Minimum daily minimum temperature	每月中每日最小温度的最小值 Minimum value of daily minimum temperature per month	℃
	TNx	日最低气温极大值 Maximum daily minimum temperature	每月中每日最小温度的最大值 Maximum value of daily minimum temperature per month	℃
极端气温频率指数 Extreme temperature frequency indcies	TX90p	暖昼日数 Number of warm days	日最高气温>90%分位值的日数 Number of days with daily maximum temperature >90% quantile	d
	TN90p	暖夜日数 Number of warm nights	日最低气温>90%分位值的日数 Number of days with daily minimum temperature >90% quantile	d
	TX10p	冷昼日数 Number of cold days	日最高气温<10%分位值的日数 Number of days with daily maximum temperature <10% quantile	d
	TN10p	冷夜日数 Number of cold nights	日最低气温<10%分位值的日数 Number of days with daily minimum temperatures <10% quantile	d
极端降水强度指数 Extreme perciptation intensity indcies	RX1day	1日最大降水 Monthly maximum daily precipitation for 1 day	每月日降水量最大值 Maximum daily precipitation per month	mm
	RX5day	5日最大降水 Monthly maximum daily precipitation for 5 day	每月连续5日降水量最大值 Maximum precipitation for 5 consecutive days per month	mm
	SDII	雨日平均降水 Average precipitation on rainy days	每月雨天平均降水量 Average rainy day precipitation per month	mm·d^?1
极端降水频率指数 Extreme frequency intensity indcies	R10mm	中雨日数 Number of days with moderate rain	每月日降水≥10mm天数 Number of days with daily precipitation ≥10mm per month	d
极端降水频率指数 Extreme frequency intensity indcies	R20mm	大雨日数 Number of days of heavy rain	每月日降水≥20mm天数 Number of days with daily precipitation ≥20mm per month	d
极端降水持续时间 Extreme preciptation duration indices	CDD	持续干燥日数 Number of sustained dry days	每月日降水<1mm的最长连续日数 Maximum number of consecutive days with daily precipitation <1mm per month	d
极端降水持续时间 Extreme preciptation duration indices	CWD	持续湿润日数 Number of sustained wet days	每月日降水≥1mm的最长连续日数 Maximum number of consecutive days with daily precipitation ≥1mm per month	d

表2

图1

表3

表4

表5

图2

图3

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类别Category	tau值tau value	趋势Trend	区域占比Area proportion(%)	主要分布地区Main distribution areas
kNDVI Kendall tau	tau<0.5	显著下降 Significantly decline	3.84	IID2
	0.5<tau<0	轻微下降Slightly decline	10.53	IA1、IIB2、IID2
	0<tau<0.5	轻微上升 Slightly increase	33.57	IIA3、IIC3、IIC4、
	0.5<tau	显著上升 Significantly increase	52.06	IIB1、IIB3、IIC1、IIC2、IIC3、IID1、IIIB3
AR（1） Kendall tau	τtau<0.5	显著下降 Significantly decline	16.35	IIC2、IIC3
	0.5<tau<0	轻微下降 Slightly decline	41.11	IIA3、IIB1、IIC1、IIC2、IIC3
	0<tau<0.5	轻微上升 Slightly increase	33.21	IA1、IIB2、IIC3、IIC4、IID1、IID2
	0.5<tau	显著上升 Significantly increase	9.34	IIC4、IID2、IIIB3

极端气温指数 Extreme temperature index	相关系数 Correlation coefficient	面积占比 Area proportion(%)	主要分布地区 Main distribution areas
TNn	?1<r≤?0.5	31.85	IA1、IIC3、IID1、IID2
	?0.5<r≤0	33.29	IA1、IIC3、IIC4、IID1、IIIB3
	0<r≤0.5	23.91	IIA3、IIB1、IIB3、IIC2
	0.5<r≤1	10.95	IIB2、IIC2
TNx	?1<r≤?0.5	32.26	IIB1、IIC1、IIC2、IIC3
	?0.5<r≤0	27.22	IA1、IIA3
	0<r≤0.5	23.57	IIB2、IIC4、IID1
	0.5<r≤1	16.95	IID2
TN10p	?1<r≤?0.5	14.07	IID2
	?0.5<r≤0	26.78	IIA3、IIB2、IIB3、IIC4
	0<r≤0.5	29.39	IA1、IID1
	0.5<r≤1	29.76	IIC1、IIC2、IIC3
TN90p	?1<r≤?0.5	29.97	IIC2、IIC3、IID1
	?0.5<r≤0	28.93	IA1、IIA3、IIB1、IIC3、IID1
	0<r≤0.5	23.19	IIB2、IIC4、IID1
	0.5<r≤1	17.91	IID2
TXn	?1<r≤?0.5	33.57	IA1、IIA3、IIC3
	?0.5<r≤0	32.73	IIB1、IID1、IID2、IIIB3
	0<r≤0.5	22.73	IIC2、IIC4
	0.5<r≤1	10.97	IIB2、IIB3、IIC3
TXx	?1<r≤?0.5	37.92	IIA3、IIC1、IIC2
	?0.5<r≤0	28.20	IA1、IIB1、IIC1、IIC3、IIIB3
	0<r≤0.5	18.51	IIB2、IIB3、IIC4
	0.5<r≤1	15.37	IIB2、IID2
TX10p	?1<r≤?0.5	11.81	IIB3、IIC4
	?0.5<r≤0	22.54	IIB2、IID2、IIIB3
	0<r≤0.5	34.01	IA1、IIB1、IID1
	0.5<r≤1	31.64	IIA3、IIC1、IIC2、IIC3
TX90p	?1<r≤?0.5	36.90	IA1、IIA3、IIC1、IIC2、IIC3
	?0.5<r≤0	31.77	IIB1、IID1、IID2、IIIB3
	0<r≤0.5	21.15	IIC4
	0.5<r≤1	10.18	IIB2、IIB3

极端降水指数 Extreme precipitation index	相关系数 Correlation coefficient	面积占比 Area proportion(%)	主要分布地区 Main distribution areas
CDD	?1<r≤?0.5	14.45	IID2
	?0.5<r≤0	25.93	IIB1、IIB3、IIC4、IID1、IIIB3
	0<r≤0.5	37.26	IA1、IIB2、IIC1
	0.5<r≤1	22.36	IIC2、IIC3
CWD	?1<r≤?0.5	30.94	IIA3、IIC2、IIC3、IID1、IIIB3
	?0.5<r≤0	32.65	IA1、IIB1、IIB2、IIB3、IIC1、IIC4、
	0<r≤0.5	22.42	IID2
	0.5<r≤1	13.99	IIC3
R10mm	?1<r≤?0.5	29.26	IIA3、IIB1、IIC1、IIC2、IIC3
	?0.5<r≤0	33.25	IID2、IIIB3
	0<r≤0.5	24.53	IIC3、IIC4、IID1
	0.5<r≤1	12.96	IA1、IIC3
R20mm	?1<r≤?0.5	25.91	IIA3、IIC1
	?0.5<r≤0	34.67	IA1、IIB1、IIB2、IIC2、IIC3
	0<r≤0.5	26.64	IIB3、IID1、IID2、IIIB3、IIC4、IIIB3
	0.5<r≤1	12.78	IIC3
RX1day	?1<r≤?0.5	28.68	IIA3、IIC1、IIC2
	?0.5<r≤0	30.14	IIB1、IIB2、IIB3、IIC4
	0<r≤0.5	25.46	IA1、IIC3、IID1、IID2
	0.5<r≤1	15.72	IID1、IIIB3
RX5day	?1<r≤?0.5	28.99	IIA3、IIB1、IIC1、IIC2
	?0.5<r≤0	33.95	IIB2、IIB3、IIC4、IIC3、IID2
	0<r≤0.5	24.25	IA1、IID1、IID2
	0.5<r≤1	12.81	IIC3
SDII	?1<r≤?0.5	25.80	IIA3
	?0.5<r≤0	32.51	IIB1、IIC1、IIC2、IID2、IIIB3
	0<r≤0.5	26.06	IIB2、IIB3、IIC4、IIC3
	0.5<r≤1	15.63	IA1、IID1

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