林业科学 ›› 2022, Vol. 58 ›› Issue (11): 71-82.doi: 10.11707/j.1001-7488.20221107
常旭东1,金光泽1,2,3,*
收稿日期:
2021-10-19
出版日期:
2022-11-25
发布日期:
2023-03-08
通讯作者:
金光泽
Xudong Chang1,Guangze Jin1,2,3,*
Received:
2021-10-19
Online:
2022-11-25
Published:
2023-03-08
Contact:
Guangze Jin
摘要:
目的: 探究地形因子和土壤因子对红松活立木腐朽的影响,进一步阐明腐朽木的分布规律,为保护和可持续利用森林资源提供理论依据和基础数据。方法: 依托黑龙江丰林国家级自然保护区30 hm2典型阔叶红松林动态监测样地,选取62个样方内共329株红松活立木,其中小树(10 cm≤ DBH < 30 cm)73株、成年树(30 cm≤ DBH < 50 cm)104株、老龄树(DBH ≥50 cm)152株,采用阻抗仪检测法判断样木是否出现腐朽,并对样树周围的土壤理化性质和地形因子进行测定分析。在单木水平上,应用曼-惠特尼秩和检验比较健康木与腐朽木立地土壤理化性质差异;在样方水平上,利用斯皮尔曼相关分析探究土壤因子与腐朽率的关联性,采用克鲁斯卡尔-沃利斯检验和Bonferroni法两两比较研究地形因子对腐朽率的影响,选用典范对应分析研究不同龄级红松活立木腐朽分布情况。结果: 1) 红松活立木平均腐朽率为35.87%,其中小树、成年树、老龄树的腐朽率分别为42.1%、39.2%、29.2%;2)腐朽木所处环境的土壤全碳含量显著低于健康木,铵态氮含量显著高于健康木(P < 0.05);3)土壤体积含水率及全氮、全碳、全磷含量与红松活立木腐朽率极显著(P < 0.01)负相关,全钾和速效磷含量与腐朽率显著(P < 0.05)负相关;4)红松活立木腐朽率在不同坡位以及坡向差异显著(P < 0.05),上坡腐朽率显著高于下坡(P < 0.05),半阴坡腐朽率显著低于半阳坡(P < 0.05);5)坡位和土壤磷含量是与不同生长阶段红松活立木腐朽率相关的最重要因素。健康小树多分布于硝态氮含量较高的土壤条件,而成年和老年红松腐朽木多分布于土壤铵态氮含量较高的立地条件。结论: 在小兴安岭地区,红松活立木腐朽率较高,其中上坡坡位及阴坡和半阳坡坡向的腐朽最严重;不同生长阶段的红松腐朽木均多分布在坡位较高、土壤养分和水分含量较低的立地条件,而土壤中的氮素形态对各龄级红松的腐朽作用存在差异,以上研究结果可为红松的保护和可持续利用提供科学依据和基础数据。
中图分类号:
常旭东,金光泽. 地形和土壤因子对红松活立木腐朽的影响[J]. 林业科学, 2022, 58(11): 71-82.
Xudong Chang,Guangze Jin. Effects of Topography and Soil Factors on the Decay of Living Trees of Korean Pine[J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2022, 58(11): 71-82.
表1
不同地形红松活立木腐朽情况"
坡位 Topographic position | 坡向 Aspect | 样方数 Quadrat numbers | 健康木株数 Number of healthy trees | 腐朽木株数 Noumber of decayed trees | 合计 Total | 腐朽率 Decay rate(%) |
上坡 Upper slope | 阳坡Sunny slope | 3 | 11 | 12 | 23 | 52.17 |
半阳坡Semi-sunny slope | 3 | 31 | 16 | 47 | 34.04 | |
半阴坡Semi-shady slope | 3 | 17 | 10 | 27 | 37.04 | |
阴坡Shady slope | 7 | 21 | 10 | 31 | 32.26 | |
中坡 Mesoslope | 阳坡Sunny slope | 3 | 18 | 11 | 29 | 37.93 |
半阳坡Semi-sunny slope | 3 | 16 | 13 | 29 | 44.83 | |
半阴坡Semi-shady slope | 4 | 18 | 6 | 24 | 25.00 | |
阴坡Shady slope | 7 | 13 | 8 | 21 | 38.10 | |
下坡 Lower slope | 阳坡Sunny slope | 4 | 15 | 11 | 26 | 42.31 |
半阳坡Semi-sunny slope | 4 | 15 | 9 | 24 | 37.50 | |
半阴坡Semi-shady slope | 11 | 19 | 5 | 24 | 20.83 | |
阴坡Shady slope | 10 | 17 | 7 | 24 | 29.17 | |
合计Total | 62 | 211 | 118 | 329 | 35.87 |
表2
不同龄级红松腐朽率分布及影响因子的CCA排序结果①"
影响因子Impact Factor | CCA排序轴 | |
Axi1 | Axi2 | |
全磷Total phosphorus | -0.905** | 0.426** |
坡位Slope position | -0.983** | 0.184 |
硝态氮Nitrate nitrogen | 0.772** | 0.636** |
全碳Total carbon | -0.956** | 0.295 |
体积含水率Soil volume moisture | -0.669** | 0.744** |
铵态氮Ammonium nitrogen | -0.838** | -0.545** |
全钾Total potassium | -0.093 | 0.996** |
速效磷Soil available phosphorus | -0.974** | 0.225* |
坡向Aspect | -0.94** | 0.34** |
pH | -0.309* | 0.951** |
特征值Eigenvalue | 0.09** | 0.056** |
累计贡献率Cumulative proportion(%) | 13.32 | 21.66 |
表3
限制性排序分析中单个解释变量的蒙特卡洛检验结果①"
影响因子 Impact Factor | 解释率 Explains(%) | P |
全磷Total phosphorus | 7.4 | 0.006** |
坡位Slope position | 6.8 | 0.002** |
硝态氮Nitrate nitrogen | 5.6 | 0.012* |
全碳Total carbon | 5.1 | 0.016* |
体积含水率Soil volume moisture | 4.4 | 0.026* |
铵态氮Ammonium nitrogen | 4.1 | 0.042* |
全钾Total potassium | 3.1 | 0.088 |
速效磷Soil available phosphorus | 2.9 | 0.118 |
坡向Aspect | 1.5 | 0.442 |
pH | 0.6 | 0.830 |
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