森林生态产品价值实现对县域发展差距的影响: 以浙江省山区26县为例

doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.LYKX20220782

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

目的: 在推进全体人民共同富裕的现代化背景下, 研究森林生态产品价值实现对浙江省山区26县县域发展差距的影响机制, 以期为森林资源富集山区县制定生态产品价值实现促进共同富裕的政策策略提供科学依据。方法: 基于浙江省山区26县2001—2020年的面板数据, 构建多维县域发展水平评价指标体系, 测度县域发展水平和县域发展差距, 借助遥感和地理信息系统技术、InVEST模型、Super-SBM模型以及双向固定效应模型, 量化分析森林生态产品价值实现效率对县域发展差距的影响及其作用机制。结果: 1) 2001—2020年浙江省山区26县县域发展水平整体呈现逐年增长的态势, 县域发展差距呈先扩大后缩小的"倒U型"特征。2)2001—2020年浙江省山区26县森林生态产品价值实现效率总体上显著上升, 生态发展类县实现效率略高于跨越发展类县。3)森林生态产品价值实现效率提高能够有效缩小县域发展差距, 对于跨越发展类县的效应要略优于生态发展类县。4)森林生态产品价值实现效率能够通过提高林业二三产业产值、技术应用水平、人力资本等路径缩小县域发展差距。结论: 2001—2020年浙江省山区26县森林生态产品价值实现效率和县域发展水平均呈现显著提升的变化趋势, 产业发展、技术进步和人力资源水平等因素在不同程度上影响森林生态产品价值实现促进县域均衡协调发展。因此, 各县域单元需要从创新森林生态产业融合发展模式、提升技术应用和运营管理能力以及增强县域间优势互补和抱团发展等方面发力, 全面提高"绿水青山"资源优势向"金山银山"发展优势转化的效率, 推动山区县协调发展, 率先打造高质量发展建设山区县共同富裕示范样板。

关键词: 县域发展差距, 森林生态产品, 价值实现效率

Abstract:

Objective: Within the context of promoting common prosperity for all people, the impacts of value realization of forest ecological products on the development gaps of 26 mountainous counties of Zhejiang Province were studied in order to provide a scientific basis for formulating policies for common prosperity in mountainous counties with rich forest resources. Method: Based on the panel data of 26 mountainous counties of Zhejiang Province from 2001 to 2020, a system of indicators for multi-dimensional assessment of development level at counties was developed to measure the development levels of counties and the development gaps among counties.A quantitative analysis of the impacts of value realization efficiency of forest ecological products on development gaps among counties were conducted by means of remote sensing and geographic information system technologies, InVEST model, Super-SBM model and two-way fixed effect model. Result: 1) The overall development level of the 26 mountainous countiesshowed an increasing trend from 2001 to 2020, and the development gaps among the counties showed an expansion first and followed by a narrowing, featured as an 'inverted U curve'.2) From 2001 to 2020, the value realization efficiency of forest ecological products in the 26 mountainous counties increased significantly, and slightly higher in counties based on ecological development than those based on leap development.3) The improvement of the value realization efficiency of forest ecological products can effectively narrow the development gaps among counties, and slightly better in counties based on leap development than those based ecological development.4) The value realization efficiency of forest ecological products can narrow the county development gaps by improving the output value of forestry secondary and tertiary industries, the level of technology application and human capital. Conclusion: The value realization efficiency of forest ecological products and county development level in the 26 mountainous counties of Zhejiang Province showed a significant upward trend from 2001 to 2020.Factors such as industrial development, technological progress and qualification of human resources affected the value realization of forest ecological products and the performance of promoting balanced and coordinated development of counties.Therefore, each county unit needs to make efforts from the aspects of innovating the integrated development model of forest ecological industry, improving the ability of technology application and operation management, and enhancing the complementary advantages and holistic development among counties, so as to comprehensively improve the efficiency of transforming the resource advantages of "lucid water and lush mountains" to invaluable assets, promote the coordinated and high-quality development of mountainous counties, and take the lead in building a demonstration model of common prosperity in mountainous counties with high-quality development.

Key words: county development gap, forest ecological products, value realization efficiency

中图分类号:

S757

徐彩瑶,王宁,孔凡斌,沈月琴. 森林生态产品价值实现对县域发展差距的影响: 以浙江省山区26县为例[J]. 林业科学, 2023, 59(1): 12-30.

Caiyao Xu,Ning Wang,Fanbin Kong,Yueqin Shen. Impact of Value Realization of Forest Ecological Products on County Level Development Gaps: A Case Study of 26 Counties in Mountainous Regions of Zhejiang Province[J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2023, 59(1): 12-30.

图/表 14

图1

表1

表2

表3

图2

表4

2001—2020年浙江省山区26县县域发展水平①"

山区县 Mountainous counties	2001	2005	2010	2015	2016	2019	2020	类型 Type
淳安县Chun’an	0.108 3	0.118 2	0.145 6	0.222 3	0.295 2	0.267 1	0.347 1	2
永嘉县Yongjia	0.107 5	0.117 0	0.155 4	0.207 2	0.242 8	0.256 2	0.269 9	1
平阳县Pingyang	0.112 3	0.121 2	0.153 3	0.220 6	0.255 3	0.279 4	0.282 7	1
苍南县Cangnan	0.315 7	0.324 4	0.353 9	0.427 9	0.454 8	0.448 6	0.482 5	1
文成县Wencheng	0.106 8	0.105 9	0.136 9	0.204 1	0.322 8	0.281 3	0.287 9	2
泰顺县Taishun	0.122 1	0.122 3	0.144 9	0.195 2	0.281 7	0.265 3	0.304 1	2
武义县Wuyi	0.129 9	0.145 5	0.208 8	0.293 2	0.299 2	0.317 1	0.277 5	1
磐安县Pan’an	0.124 3	0.131 5	0.185 1	0.261 2	0.318 3	0.297 5	0.315 9	2
柯城区Kecheng	0.190 4	0.127 4	0.176 7	0.226 3	0.250 1	0.255 0	0.384 2	1
衢江区Qujiang	0.088 8	0.093 5	0.124 2	0.147 3	0.157 4	0.168 2	0.263 3	1
江山市Jiangshan	0.099 8	0.104 8	0.145 0	0.202 0	0.262 3	0.263 5	0.285 1	1
常山县Changshan	0.137 9	0.137 5	0.180 3	0.222 6	0.316 3	0.297 3	0.322 0	2
开化县Kaihua	0.116 4	0.113 6	0.153 8	0.205 6	0.287 3	0.265 3	0.304 1	2
龙游县Longyou	0.103 1	0.115 4	0.161 7	0.227 0	0.260 6	0.261 3	0.304 1	1
三门县Sanmen	0.106 8	0.111 5	0.155 2	0.215 8	0.296 5	0.288 3	0.303 8	1
天台县Tiantai	0.142 2	0.158 4	0.183 8	0.240 7	0.336 7	0.358 5	0.347 9	1
仙居县Xianju	0.117 5	0.138 5	0.154 5	0.207 6	0.328 2	0.319 8	0.309 7	1
莲都区Liandu	0.231 0	0.197 5	0.303 0	0.402 6	0.364 0	0.394 7	0.359 6	1
龙泉市Longquan	0.160 3	0.171 6	0.216 3	0.266 3	0.317 7	0.299 7	0.316 6	2
青田县Qingtian	0.100 2	0.126 6	0.209 1	0.249 0	0.369 6	0.395 6	0.358 1	1
云和县Yunhe	0.183 2	0.195 0	0.264 5	0.338 0	0.348 9	0.314 8	0.312 6	2
庆元县Qingyuan	0.207 4	0.231 9	0.258 1	0.305 4	0.388 7	0.366 9	0.387 0	2
缙云县Jinyun	0.121 9	0.132 5	0.184 1	0.245 8	0.307 6	0.286 8	0.303 7	1
遂昌县Suicang	0.146 0	0.141 2	0.176 2	0.224 8	0.276 4	0.271 8	0.307 7	2
松阳县Songyang	0.124 0	0.126 1	0.175 5	0.246 4	0.305 4	0.282 1	0.305 1	1
景宁县Jingning	0.121 8	0.120 8	0.144 0	0.198 7	0.300 4	0.277 2	0.324 5	2

表4

表5

2001—2020年浙江省山区26县县域发展差距"

山区县 Mountainous counties	2001	2005	2010	2015	2016	2019	2020	类型 Type
淳安县Chun’an	0.019 5	0.024 7	0.021 4	0.075 0	0.137 8	0.098 9	0.083 8	2
永嘉县Yongjia	0.018 7	0.023 5	0.031 3	0.059 8	0.085 4	0.088 0	0.006 6	1
平阳县Pingyang	0.023 5	0.027 7	0.029 2	0.073 3	0.097 9	0.111 2	0.019 5	1
苍南县Cangnan	0.226 9	0.230 8	0.229 8	0.280 5	0.297 4	0.280 4	0.219 2	1
文成县Wencheng	0.018 0	0.012 4	0.012 8	0.056 8	0.165 4	0.113 1	0.024 7	2
泰顺县Taishun	0.033 3	0.028 8	0.020 7	0.047 8	0.124 3	0.097 1	0.040 9	2
武义县Wuyi	0.041 1	0.051 9	0.084 6	0.145 9	0.141 8	0.148 9	0.014 2	1
磐安县Pan’an	0.035 5	0.037 9	0.061 0	0.113 8	0.160 8	0.129 2	0.052 6	2
柯城区Kecheng	0.101 7	0.033 9	0.052 6	0.079 0	0.092 7	0.086 8	0.120 9	1
衢江区Qujiang	0.000 0	0.000 0	0.000 0	0.000 0	0.000 0	0.000 0	0.000 0	1
江山市Jiangshan	0.011 0	0.011 3	0.020 9	0.054 7	0.104 9	0.095 3	0.021 8	1
常山县Changshan	0.049 1	0.044 0	0.056 1	0.075 3	0.158 9	0.129 1	0.058 7	2
开化县Kaihua	0.027 7	0.020 1	0.029 7	0.058 3	0.129 8	0.097 1	0.040 9	2
龙游县Longyou	0.014 4	0.021 8	0.037 5	0.079 7	0.103 2	0.093 1	0.040 9	1
三门县Sanmen	0.018 0	0.018 0	0.031 1	0.068 4	0.139 1	0.120 1	0.040 5	1
天台县Tiantai	0.053 5	0.064 8	0.059 7	0.093 4	0.179 3	0.190 3	0.084 7	1
仙居县Xianju	0.028 7	0.045 0	0.030 3	0.060 3	0.170 8	0.151 6	0.046 4	1
莲都区Liandu	0.142 2	0.103 9	0.178 9	0.255 2	0.206 6	0.226 5	0.096 3	1
龙泉市Longquan	0.071 5	0.078 0	0.092 2	0.119 0	0.160 2	0.131 5	0.053 4	2
青田县Qingtian	0.011 4	0.033 1	0.085 0	0.101 7	0.212 2	0.227 4	0.094 9	1
云和县Yunhe	0.094 4	0.101 5	0.140 3	0.190 7	0.191 4	0.146 6	0.049 3	2
庆元县Qingyuan	0.118 6	0.138 4	0.134 0	0.158 1	0.231 3	0.198 7	0.123 7	2
缙云县Jinyun	0.033 1	0.038 9	0.060 0	0.098 5	0.150 2	0.118 6	0.040 5	1
遂昌县Suicang	0.057 3	0.047 6	0.052 1	0.077 4	0.119 0	0.103 6	0.044 5	2
松阳县Songyang	0.035 2	0.032 6	0.051 4	0.099 0	0.148 0	0.113 9	0.041 9	1
景宁县Jingning	0.033 1	0.027 2	0.019 8	0.051 4	0.143 0	0.109 0	0.061 3	2

表5

表6

2001—2020年浙江省山区26县森林生态产品价值实现效率"

山区县 Mountainous counties	2001	2005	2010	2015	2016	2019	2020	类型 Type
淳安县Chun’an	14.125 2	3.946 3	3.261 6	2.218 1	1.820 1	1.759 8	1.950 2	2
永嘉县Yongjia	0.090 7	0.136 4	0.323 3	1.069 4	0.224 6	0.176 3	0.741 8	1
平阳县Pingyang	0.162 3	0.283 1	0.457 8	0.746 9	0.516 3	1.005 1	0.984 6	1
苍南县Cangnan	0.124 0	0.273 5	0.603 0	1.164 8	0.494 8	1.019 1	1.016 1	1
文成县Wencheng	0.044 0	0.083 6	0.178 3	0.138 9	0.081 2	0.068 2	0.271 3	2
泰顺县Taishun	0.095 1	0.141 8	0.251 1	0.340 3	0.277 3	0.210 9	0.729 6	2
武义县Wuyi	0.579 4	1.172 7	1.044 9	1.042 1	1.156 8	0.715 0	1.000 0	1
磐安县Pan’an	1.019 9	0.889 8	0.368 9	1.039 6	1.073 2	0.722 6	1.000 0	2
柯城区Kecheng	0.141 5	1.019 1	1.110 7	1.103 7	1.145 4	1.315 6	0.736 2	1
衢江区Qujiang	1.031 5	0.733 1	1.008 6	0.614 8	0.744 0	0.647 3	0.512 4	1
江山市Jiangshan	1.036 1	0.529 6	1.048 3	0.561 6	0.631 6	0.646 3	0.461 7	1
常山县Changshan	0.636 9	0.628 5	0.205 4	1.018 1	0.944 2	0.955 2	0.744 5	2
开化县Kaihua	0.586 0	0.375 4	0.242 7	0.430 2	0.668 8	0.547 8	0.404 5	2
龙游县Longyou	1.126 4	1.211 5	1.014 4	1.122 8	1.097 5	1.076 4	1.108 5	1
三门县Sanmen	1.389 9	0.367 2	2.183 7	1.252 2	1.240 3	1.030 0	1.063 3	1
天台县Tiantai	0.754 4	0.187 7	1.433 4	0.576 0	0.601 9	0.501 5	0.628 1	1
仙居县Xianju	0.239 3	0.190 8	1.351 7	0.415 3	0.428 8	0.387 7	0.247 8	1
莲都区Liandu	1.137 1	1.015 1	1.032 8	1.054 1	1.082 9	1.577 4	1.078 2	1
龙泉市Longquan	0.444 8	0.385 0	0.459 1	0.572 8	0.524 4	0.448 9	0.765 9	2
青田县Qingtian	0.218 8	0.196 2	0.246 9	0.373 9	1.958 9	0.291 4	0.722 8	1
云和县Yunhe	0.435 6	0.527 6	0.445 2	0.582 4	0.444 8	0.300 1	0.692 3	2
庆元县Qingyuan	0.234 5	0.259 3	0.407 9	0.768 9	0.522 7	0.470 9	0.767 4	2
缙云县Jinyun	0.444 3	0.339 3	0.406 7	0.647 4	0.516 8	0.552 4	0.893 4	1
遂昌县Suicang	0.381 9	0.367 1	0.471 1	0.680 5	0.526 8	0.429 0	0.754 0	2
松阳县Songyang	0.541 8	0.485 6	0.742 4	1.000 5	0.697 0	0.520 7	0.857 3	1
景宁县Jingning	0.385 9	0.307 1	0.401 1	0.491 3	0.406 3	0.282 8	0.663 6	2
平均值Average	1.054 1	0.617 4	0.796 2	0.808 7	0.762 6	0.679 2	0.799 8	—

表6

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图3

表8

表9

表10

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类别 Category	一级指标 Primary index	二级指标 Secondary index	三级指标 Tertiary index
投入指标 Input indicators	森林生态产品价值 The value of forest ecological products	物质供给产品 Provisioning servic	林产品Forest products
		调节服务产品 Regulating service	水源涵养Water conservation
			固碳Carbon fixation
			释氧Oxygen release
			空气净化Air purification
			土壤保持Soil conservation
		文化服务产品 Cultural service	森林休憩Forest rest
	劳动力 Labor	林业从业人数Number of forestry practitioners
	物质资本 Physical capital	林业固定资产投资完成额Amount of forestry fixed assets investment
产出指标 Output indicators	林业产业产值 Output value of forestry industry	林业第一/二/三产业产值 Output value of primary/secondary/tertiary forestry industry

目标 Object	一级指标 Level I indicators	二级指标 Secondary indicators	计算方法或指标说明 Calculation method or indicator description	属性 Attribute	权重 Weight
县域发展水平 County development level	经济发展水平 Economic development level	经济效益 Economic benefits	人均GDP(元) GDP per capita(yuan)	+	0.110 8
		人均财富 Per capita wealth	城乡居民储蓄存款年末余额(万元)/常住人口数(人) Year-end savings deposit balance of urban and rural residents (CNY 10 000) / Number of permanent Residents (person)	+	0.159 5
		基础设施 Infrastructure	公路运营里程(km)/土地面积(km²) Road mileage(km) / Land area (km²)	+	0.075 3
		人力资本 Human capital	第二三产业从业人员比重(%) Proportion of employees in secondary and tertiary industries (%)	+	0.020 2
	社会发展水平 Social development level	教育情况 Education	各类学校在校学生数/常住人口数(%) Number of students in schools / resident population (%)	+	0.024 5
		医疗条件 Medical conditions	每万人医疗床位数 Number of medical beds per 10 000 people	+	0.084 0
		文化建设 Cultural construction	人均公共图书馆图书藏量(册) Per capita public library book collection (volume)	+	0.109 1
		社会保障 Social security	基本养老保险参保人数/常住人口数(%) Basic pension insurance participation / resident population (%)	+	0.109 0
	生态环境质量 Eco-environmental quality	生境质量 Habitat quality	InVEST模型计算获得 Calculated by InVEST model	+	0.021 9
		水域分布 Distribution of waters	水域面积/土地面积(%) Water area / land area(%)	+	0.234 5
		污染状况 Pollution status	农用化肥施用量(吨) Agricultural fertilizer application (tons)	-	0.019 7
		绿化水平 Greening level	森林覆盖率(%) Forest coverage (%)	+	0.031 5

变量类型	变量名称	样本量	均值	标准差	最小值	最大值
Variables type	Variables name	Sample size	Mean	SD	Min	Max
被解释变量 Explained variables	县域发展差距 County development gap	520	0.076 8	0.060 5	0.000 0	0.297 4
核心解释变量 Key explanatory variables	森林生态产品价值实现效率 Value realization efficiency of forest ecological products	520	0.765 6	1.217 2	0.044 0	21.138 8
控制变量 Controlled variables	经济发展水平 Economic development level	520	10.034 8	0.780 5	8.203 9	12.425 2
	城镇化水平 Urbanization level	520	0.218 3	0.126 0	0.043 1	0.602 2
	政府财政支出规模 Local fiscal expenditure scale	520	0.200 0	0.116 9	0.000 0	0.713 3
	基础设施 Infrastructure	520	0.740 4	0.445 0	0.045 5	6.481 1
	对外开放程度 Opening-up Degree	520	0.163 8	0.139 6	0.000 1	0.894 0
机制变量 Intermediary variable	产业结构 Industrial structure	520	0.013 5	0.011 9	0.000 3	0.054 6
	技术水平 Technical level	520	11.958 3	0.727 4	10.539 3	14.005 6
	人力资本 Human capital	520	0.086 5	0.062 2	0	0.321 8

山区县 Mountainous county	跨越发展类 Spanning development counties			山区县 Mountainous county	生态发展类 Ecological development counties
山区县 Mountainous county	EFF	PTE	SE	山区县 Mountainous county	EFF	PTE	SE
缙云县Jinyun	0.512 7	0.557 5	0.919 1	文成县Wencheng	0.120 5	0.129 9	0.926 9
武义县Wuyi	0.953 3	1.032 1	0.917 5	庆元县Qingyuan	0.471 6	0.598 3	0.864 0
苍南县Cangnan	0.613 7	0.700 9	0.862 5	龙泉市Longquan	0.500 9	0.824 0	0.690 5
三门县Sanmen	1.105 5	1.504 4	0.745 2	遂昌县Suicang	0.486 7	0.687 9	0.785 2
天台县Tiantai	0.597 7	0.698 8	0.876 2	常山县Changshan	0.727 5	0.807 8	0.884 0
青田县Qingtian	0.382 0	0.420 6	0.948 0	淳安县Chun’an	4.205 7	4.815 7	0.846 5
江山市Jiangshan	0.771 6	0.874 5	0.892 2	磐安县Pan’an	0.876 6	0.930 2	0.942 1
平阳县Pingyang	0.551 6	0.609 7	0.900 9	泰顺县Taishun	0.274 0	0.303 5	0.929 4
松阳县Songyang	0.635 3	0.702 0	0.923 0	开化县Kaihua	0.466 7	0.524 3	0.907 3
柯城区Kecheng	1.064 0	4.086 9	0.483 9	景宁县Jingning	0.395 3	0.428 6	0.928 0
衢江区Qujiang	0.775 5	1.049 7	0.741 5	云和县Yunhe	0.448 5	0.540 7	0.869 7
仙居县Xianju	0.467 4	0.504 9	0.924 5	平均值Average	0.815 8	0.962 8	0.870 3
莲都区Liandu	1.065 4	1.143 7	0.944 5
永嘉县Yongjia	0.293 4	0.321 1	0.939 4
龙游县Longyou	1.142 8	1.162 3	0.983 7
平均值Average	0.728 8	1.024 6	0.866 8

变量 Variables	基准回归模型 OLS	个体固定效应 Individual fixed effect	双向固定效应 Two-way fixed effect
变量 Variables	(1)	(2)	(3)
森林生态产品价值实现效率 Value realization efficiency of forest ecological products	-0.017 1^*** (0.005 1)	-0.018 5^*** (0.004 8)	-0.017 1^** (0.001 1)
城镇化水平 Urbanization level	0.126 7^*** (0.024 2)	0.058 0^** (0.023 0)	0.127 0 (0.036 7)
经济发展水平 Economic development level	0.025 4^*** (0.004 8)	0.025 3^*** (0.008 2)	0.025 4^** (0.001 1)
基础设施 Infrastructure	-2.89e-05 (0.005 9)	0.010 1^** (0.004 0)	-2.89e-05 (0.002 4)
政府财政支出规模 Local fiscal expenditure scale	-0.027 6 (0.023 5)	0.026 4 (0.024 9)	-0.027 6^* (0.002 8)
对外开放程度 Opening-up degree	-0.017 4 (0.018 8)	0.005 8 (0.018 8)	-0.017 4 (0.003 8)
常数项Constant	-0.185 2^*** (0.040 9)	-0.176 0^** (0.071 4)	-0.185 0^* (0.019 5)
地区效应Regional effect		控制 Controlled	控制 Controlled
时间效应Time effect			控制 Controlled
F	26.24^***	27.31^***	35.88^***
R²	0.235 9	0.350 3	0.519 7