石羊河流域下游干涸湖底不同下垫面的风沙流输沙通量

doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.20211202

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

目的: 以青土湖干涸湖底为对象，选择典型风沙区不同下垫面开展风沙流输沙通量观测，分析风沙流输沙通量空间差异性及风沙流颗粒物粒径分布特征，以期揭示湖底盐碱沉积物风沙流输沙通量特征，为湖底盐碱化荒漠的有效治理提供参考依据。方法: 以青土湖为研究区，利用风沙流流量计测定9种下垫面的风沙流输沙通量并研究其与风速的关系，分析风沙流颗粒物粒径分布特征。结果: 不同下垫面的地表 0~50 cm高度范围内风沙流平均输沙通量表现为湖底滩地>湖底盐爪爪群落>流动白刺灌丛>盐碱沙地梭梭林>荒地盐爪爪群落>半固定白刺灌丛>流动沙地梭梭林>稳定白刺灌丛>固定白刺灌丛；不同下垫面风沙流平均输沙通量均与大于5.0 m·s^-1平均风速正相关且符合指数函数关系，但相关性有差异；湖底风沙流颗粒物以细砂粒为主，颗粒物平均粒径最大的为湖底滩地，最小的为荒地盐爪爪群落。结论: 在9种下垫面中，湖底滩地、湖底盐爪爪群落、流动白刺灌丛地表输沙通量较大，是湖底重要的风沙运动区，应积极采取工程和生物措施，控制沙源流动；荒地盐爪爪群落地表风沙流颗粒物粒径小，在强风作用下更易被吹起，增加空气气溶胶含量，污染大气环境，建议栽植耐盐碱的灌木植物来提高植被盖度，降低地表风速，减少起尘量；其余5种下垫面类型地表植被盖度较高或地表结皮较为稳定，输沙通量较小，可采取封禁保护，让其自然恢复。

关键词: 石羊河, 干涸湖底, 风沙流, 输沙通量

Abstract:

Objective: Different underlying surfaces in typical aeolian sand areas were selected in the dry-up Qingtu Lake to carry out the observation of sediment transport flux of wind-sand flow, the spatial differences of sediment transport flux and the particle size distribution characteristics of wind-sand flow were analyzed, in order to characterize sediment transport flux of saline alkali sediments and to provide a basis for the effective management of saline alkali desertification at the bottom of the lake. Method: Wind-sand flow meter was used to measure the sediment transport flux of wind-sand flow on the nine underlying surfaces in Qingtu Lake and its relationship with wind speed was studied, and the size distribution pattern of wind-sand flow particles was analyzed. Result: The average sediment transport flux of wind-sand flow in the range of 0-50 cm on different underlying surfaces showed as follows: lake shoal>Kalidium foliatum community in lake bed > moving Nitraria tangutorum shrub >Haloxylon ammodendron forest in saline sandy > K. foliatum community in the wasteland> semi-fixed N. tangutorum shrub >H. ammodendron forest in shifting sandy land> stable N. tangutorum shrub>fixed N. tangutorum shrub. The average sediment transport flux of wind-sand flow of different underlying surfaces were positively correlated with the average wind speed greater than 5.0 m·s^-1 in an exponential function with different extents of correlation. The particle size of wind-sand flow at the bottom of the lake was fine sand, the largest average particle size was the lake shoal, and the smallest was the K. foliatum community in the barren land. Conclusion: Among the 9 underlying surfaces, the sediment transport flux of lake shoal, K. foliatum community in lake bed and moving N. tangutorum shrub was larger, indicating that they are important area of wind sand movement at the bottom of the lake. Engineering and biological measures should be actively taken to control the flow of sand sources in the area. The particle size of wind-sand flow on the ground surface of K. foliatum community in the barren land was small, easier to be blown up by strong wind, increasing the content of air aerosol and pollution of the atmospheric environment. It was recommended to grow salt and alkali resistant shrubs to improve vegetation coverage, reduce surface wind speed and reduce dust emission. For the other 5 underlying surface types, the surface vegetation coverage was higher or the surface crust was relatively stable and the sediment transport flux was small, therefore closure of the sites can be adopted to allow natural restoration.

Key words: Shiyang River, bottom of dry lake, wind-sand flow, sediment transport flux

中图分类号:

S157

郭树江,杨自辉,王强强,王多泽,王飞,樊宝丽,张逸君,李易珺,安富博. 石羊河流域下游干涸湖底不同下垫面的风沙流输沙通量[J]. 林业科学, 2021, 57(12): 13-21.

Shujiang Guo,Zihui Yang,Qiangqiang Wang,Duoze Wang,Fei Wang,Baoli Fan,Yijun Zhang,Yijun Li,Fubo An. Sediment Transport Fluxes of Wind-Sand Flows on Different Underlying Surfaces of Dry Lake in the Lower Reaches of Shiyang River Basin[J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2021, 57(12): 13-21.

图/表 6

表1

样地基本情况"

编号 No.	样地类型 Plot type	经度 Longitude(E)	纬度 Latitude(N)	主要植物种 Main plant species
a	流动白刺灌丛 Moving Nitraria tangutorum shrub	103°34′31.14″	39°09′16.42″	白刺(Nitraria tangutorum)、盐生草(Halogeton glomeratus)、猪毛菜(Salsola collina)、沙蓬(Agriophyllum squarrosum)、驼蹄瓣(Zygophyllum fabago)
b	半固定白刺灌丛 Semi-fixed N. tangutorum shrub	103°33′42.8″	39°09′5.54″	白刺(N. tangutorum)、盐生草(H. glomeratus)、猪毛菜(S. collina)、沙蓬(A. squarrosum)、驼蹄瓣(Z. fabago)、芦苇(Phragmites australis)
c	固定白刺灌丛 Fixed N. tangutorum shrub	103°36′1.51″	39°09′41.8″	白刺(N. tangutorum)、黑果枸杞(Lycium ruthenicum)、盐爪爪(K. foliatum)、盐生草(H. glomeratus)、驼蹄瓣(Z. fabago)、芦苇(P. australis)、戟叶鹅绒藤(Cynanchum sibiricum)
d	稳定白刺灌丛 Stable N.tangutorum shrub	103°38′9.39″	39°08′18.99″	白刺(N. tangutorum)、碟果虫实(Corispermum patelliforme)、雾冰藜(Bassia dasyphylla)、盐生草(H. glomeratus)、猪毛菜(S. collina)、驼蹄瓣(Z. fabago)、芦苇(P. australis)、画眉草(Eragrostis pilosa)、砂蓝刺头(Echinops gmelinii)、戟叶鹅绒藤(C. sibiricum)
e	流动沙地梭梭林 Haloxylon ammodendron forest in shifting sandy land	103°38′17.05″	39°10′25.03″	梭梭(H. ammodendron)、沙蓬(A. squarrosum)、碟果虫实(C. patelliforme)、雾冰藜(B. dasyphylla)
f	盐碱沙地梭梭林 H. ammodendron forest in saline sandy	103°36′41.77″	39°04′28.55″	梭梭(H. ammodendron)、盐生草(H. glomeratus)、猪毛菜(S. collina)
g	湖底盐爪爪群落 Kalidium foliatum community in lake bed	103°39′37.36″	39°11′7.67″	盐爪爪(K. foliatum)
h	荒地盐爪爪群落 K. foliatum community in the wasteland	103°36′42.95″	39°04′17.89″	盐爪爪(K. foliatum)、黑果枸杞(L. ruthenicum)、雾冰藜(B. dasyphylla)、猪毛菜(S. collina)、盐生草(H. glomeratus)、芦苇(P. australis)
i	湖底滩地 Lake shoal	103°40′20.67″	39°12′29.31″	白刺(N. tangutorum)、阿拉善碱蓬(Suaeda przewalskii)

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下垫面类型 Underlying surface type	拟合函数 Fitting function	R²
流动白刺灌丛Moving N. tangutorum shrub	y = 2E-07e^3.18x	0.92^*
半固定白刺灌丛Semi-fixed N. tangutorum shrub	y = 2E-11e^4.20x	0.83^*
固定白刺灌丛Fixed N. tangutorum shrub	y = 1E-07e^2.27x	0.62
稳定白刺灌丛Stable N. tangutorum shrub	y = 2E-08e^2.74x	0.69^*
流动沙地梭梭林H. ammodendron forest in shifting sandy land	y = 1E-14e^5.03x	0.93^*
盐碱沙地梭梭林H. ammodendron forest in saline sandy	y = 4E-08e^3.16x	0.95^**
湖底盐爪爪群落K. foliatum community in lake bed	y = 4E-08e^3.38x	0.93^**
荒地盐爪爪群落K. foliatum community in the wasteland	y = 1E-06e^2.72x	0.86^*
湖底滩地Lake shoal	y = 0.000 4e^2.07x	0.75^*

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