杨树人工林种间混交对生长性状和食叶害虫抗性的影响

doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.20210813

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

目的: 研究杨树人工林种间混交对自身生长性状和对食叶害虫抗性的影响，探索杨树人工林优质、高抗、高效的栽培方式，为丰富和提升人工林经济和生态价值提供理论依据。方法: 2016年在黑龙江选取3年生银中杨、小黑杨-14、小黑杨、迎春5号杨，以每种（品种）单独栽植及4种（品种）混合栽植进行造林，建立5个处理、4个重复区组共2 880株、占地18 150 m²的样地。2016―2019年连续4年抽样调查不同处理的树高、胸径和冠幅等生长指标。2017―2019年随机抽取不同栽植方式中各树种（品种）40棵样树，剪取4个方向、长度40 cm的枝条，将受杨树食叶害虫危害的叶片归为4类，按1/4、1/2、3/4、1这4个参数计算受害率。结果: 2016―2019年各处理的树高和胸径生长率存在显著差异，树种（品种）间的差异大于栽植方式影响。其中银中杨在混交林中的胸径生长率比纯林显著增加（P < 0.05），迎春5号杨在混交林中的胸径生长率比纯林显著减小（P < 0.05）。2017至2019年各处理间冠幅的生长率存在显著差异，各树种（品种）纯林冠幅生长率要大于混交林中对应树种（品种）的冠幅生长率，但差异不显著。各处理间叶片受害率存在显著差异，各树种（品种）的抗虫性强弱依次为银中杨>小黑杨>小黑杨-14>迎春5号杨。混交林中叶片受害率介于4个纯林树种（品种）之间，连续3年银中杨纯林与混交林叶片受害率相对稳定；小黑杨-14与小黑杨在2017、2018年的混交林中差异显著（P < 0.05）。结论: 杨树混交种间（品种）间差异显著大于栽植方式的影响，银中杨是4树种（品种）中的优势树种，迎春5号杨是相对弱势树种。混交林中杨树各树种（品种）间表现出加性效应，种间的生长竞争存在强者更强、弱者更弱现象。小黑杨-14与小黑杨在混交林中的抗虫表现有差异。混交林叶片受害率连续3年相对稳定，与优势树种银中杨纯林相似，其他3种（品种）杨树叶片受害率变化较大，迎春5号杨在混交林中叶片受害率最大。除银中杨外，混交林中各树种（品种）的叶片受害率低于纯林，表现出联合抗性的非加性效应。杨树人工林造林要加强树种或品种的多样化配置，最好是在优势树种（品种）间混种，这可以提升联合抗性，降低虫害的发生和危害率，提升林分质量和产量。

关键词: 混交人工林, 人工纯林, 生长, 叶片受害率, 栽植方式

Abstract:

Objective: In this paper, effects of poplar inter-species plantations on growth characteristics and resistance to defoliators were surveyed to explore the planting mode of poplar plantation with high quality, high resistance and high efficiency, so as to provide a theoretical basis for enriching and enhancing the economic and ecological value of poplar plantation. Method: In 2016, four dominant three-year-old poplar species (cultivar), namely Populus alba×P. berolinensis, P. simonii×P. nigra '14', P. simonii×P. nigra, and P. nigra×P. simonii 'Yingchun 5' were selected in Heilongjiang Province. The seedlings were planted with either individual species (cultivar) or 4 species (cultivars) mixed together for forestation. Total number of 2 880 three-year-old seedlings were planted with 5 treatments and 4 repeated areas covering an area of 6.7 hm². The height, DBH and crown width of poplar trees were measured from 2016 to 2019. From 2017 to 2019, 40 sample trees of each species (cultivar) in different planting modes were randomly selected, and the branches with a length of 40 cm in 4 directions were cut. The leaves damaged by defoliators were classified into 4 categories, and the damage rate was calculated according to 4 parameters: 1/4, 1/2, 3/4 and 1. Result: There were significant differences in tree height and DBH growth rate among treatments from 2016 to 2019. However the difference of growth rate among the species (cultivars) was greater than that affected by planting methods. DBH growth rate of Populus alba×P. berolinensis in mixed forest was significantly higher than that in pure forest (P < 0.05), and DBH growth rate of P. nigra×P. simonii 'Yingchun 5' in mixed forest was significantly lower than that in pure forest (P < 0.05). From 2017 to 2019, there was a significant difference in the growth rate of crown width among treatments. The crown width of each species (cultivar) in pure forest was larger than that of the corresponding species (cultivar) in mixed forest, but the difference was not significant. There was a significant difference in the leaf damage rate among treatments. The resistance to defoliators was in order of P. alba×P. berolinensis > P. simonii×P. nigra > P. simonii×P. nigra'14'> P. nigra×P. simonii 'Yingchun 5'. The leaf damage rate in mixed forest was between 4 pure forests. The leaf damage rate of P. alba×P. berolinensis in pure forest and mixed forest was relatively stable for three consecutive years; the difference was significant between P. simonii×P. nigra and P. simonii×P. nigra'14'in mixed forest in 2017 and 2018 (P < 0.05). Conclusion: In this study, it is illuminated that the difference in growth rate among poplar species (cultivar) is significantly greater than that influenced by planting modes. P. alba×P. berolinensis is the dominant species among the four species (cultivars), and P. nigra×P. simonii 'Yingchun 5' is the relatively weak one. The poplar species (cultivar) show additive effect in mixed forest. The growth competition among species (cultivar) exists the phenomenon that the strong is stronger and the weak is weaker. The defoliators resistance between P. simonii×P. nigra and P. simonii×P. nigra'14'is significantly different in mixed forest. The leaf damage rate in mixed forest is relatively stable for three consecutive years, which is similar to the dominant tree species, P. alba×P. berolinensis in pure forest. The leaf damage rate of the other three species (cultivars) changes greatly. P. nigra×P. simonii 'Yingchun 5' has the largest leaf damage rate in mixed forest. Except for P. alba×P. berolinensis, the leaf damage rate of each species (cultivar) in mixed forest is lower than that in pure forest, showing the non-additive effect of association resistance. According to the above conclusions, we suggest that poplar plantation should strengthen the diversified allocation of tree species or cultivars, and it is better to mix the dominant tree species (cultivars), which can improve the association resistance, reduce the incidence of diseases and defoliators, and improve the stand quality and production.

Key words: mixed plantation, pure plantation, growth, leaf damage, planting mode

中图分类号:

陈海波,郭丽,张真,孔祥波,张苏芳,刘福. 杨树人工林种间混交对生长性状和食叶害虫抗性的影响[J]. 林业科学, 2021, 57(8): 133-140.

Haibo Chen,Li Guo,Zhen Zhang,Xiangbo Kong,Sufang Zhang,Fu Liu. Effects of Poplar Inter-Species Mixed Plantations on Growth Characteristics and Resistance to Defoliators[J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2021, 57(8): 133-140.

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项目Item	银中杨 P. alba× P. berolinensis		小黑杨-14 P. simonii× P. nigra ‘14’		小黑杨 P. simonii× P. nigra		迎春5号杨 P. nigra×P. simonii ‘Yingchun 5’
项目Item	P	M	P	M	P	M	P	M
树高生长率 Growth rate of tree height	48.99±19.12 A	42.68±10.73 a	27.11±9.03 B	25.17±14.69 bc	28.91±7.25 B	30.59±6.81 b	21.48±16.72 B	19.08±5.77 c
胸径生长率 Growth rate of DBH	112.13±9.73 A	151.15±20.05^*a	93.22±10.66 B	102.86±8.62 b	134.55±7.58 A	118.72±9.14 b	86.94±12.29^*B	72.25±16.3 c
冠幅生长率Growth rate of crown breadth(2017—2019)	263.68±21.63 A	235.98±27.84 a	161.46±34.17 B	142.03±17.6 b	166.70±29.59 B	132.96±22.53 b	107.53±38.26^*C	71.71±18.88 c

年份Year	纯林Pure plantation				混交林 Mixed plantation
年份Year	银中杨 P. alba× P. berolinensis	小黑杨-14 P. simonii× P. nigra ‘14’	小黑杨 P. simonii× P. nigra	迎春5号 P. nigra×P. simonii ‘Yingchun 5’	混交林 Mixed plantation
2017	4.30±1.25 A	15.10±6.54 CD	10.57±2.72 BC	17.32±4.10 D	8.96±3.55 B
2018	3.39±1.26 A	9.27±3.65 CD	7.13±2.10 BC	11.33±3.95 D	6.71±5.55 B
2019	3.05±0.89 A	7.23±3.01 BC	5.82±2.33 B	8.34±3.51 C	6.10±4.62 B

年份Year	银中杨 P. alba× P. berolinensis	小黑杨-14 P. simonii× P. nigra ‘14’	小黑杨 P. simonii× P. nigra	迎春5号杨 P. nigra×P. simonii‘Yingchun 5’
2017	3.33±0.54 A	12.60±2.11 C	5.60±2.34 AB	14.31±6.60 C
2018	2.01±0.90 A	8.52±3.04 C	4.22±2.37 B	12.09±3.37 C
2019	2.48±0.77 A	5.77±2.75 BC	4.44±1.59 AB	11.72±4.70 C

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