林业科学 ›› 2021, Vol. 57 ›› Issue (1): 178-190.doi: 10.11707/j.1001-7488.20210119
宫峥嵘1,3,王一峰1,王瀚1,李唯1,2,耿明建3,*,张文明4,5,刘露6
收稿日期:
2020-01-08
出版日期:
2021-01-25
发布日期:
2021-03-10
通讯作者:
耿明建
基金资助:
Zhengrong Gong1,3,Yifeng Wang1,Han Wang1,Wei Li1,2,Mingjian Geng3,*,Wenming Zhang4,5,Lu Liu6
Received:
2020-01-08
Online:
2021-01-25
Published:
2021-03-10
Contact:
Mingjian Geng
摘要:
核桃是世界上栽培最广泛的坚果树种和重要的木本油料作物,近年来,我国核桃栽培规模快速扩大,但单位面积产量相对较低,养分管理措施不利是主要原因之一。本文通过综合国内外公开报道的核桃生产文献,梳理其矿质营养研究成果,以明确核桃生长的适宜土壤环境和矿质营养特征,厘清核桃必需矿质元素的营养功能及丰缺效应,为通过高效养分管理和施肥实践促进我国核桃产业提质增效提供参考。核桃对土壤环境适应性较强,强酸、强碱和盐害土经过改良也可丰产。核桃生产对矿质养分的需求较高,成年树体大量元素含量高低依次为钙、氮、钾、镁、磷、硫。以仲夏叶片含量为指标整理成年核桃主要矿质元素的丰缺标准,描述养分胁迫产生的生理性病症及其发生时期。氮、磷、钾缺乏会显著影响幼树生长,一些非生理性病害增多可能与磷、钙营养异常有关,核桃对硼和氯敏感,过量易产生毒害。已有证据显示,氮、钾、钙、硼、锌、铜与核桃产量品质形成联系紧密,磷、镁、铁、锰的产量品质效应量化尚待进一步明确。在分析核桃矿质营养研究难点、归纳发达国家工作经验基础上,提出我国核桃矿质营养研究与实践中需要加强和改进的方向。
中图分类号:
宫峥嵘,王一峰,王瀚,李唯,耿明建,张文明,刘露. 核桃矿质营养研究进展[J]. 林业科学, 2021, 57(1): 178-190.
Zhengrong Gong,Yifeng Wang,Han Wang,Wei Li,Mingjian Geng,Wenming Zhang,Lu Liu. Research Progress on Mineral Nutrition of Walnut[J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2021, 57(1): 178-190.
图1
核桃矿质营养缺乏或毒害的叶部症状 A.氯毒害症状: 叶尖和叶缘呈现“烧焦”状的干枯坏死Chloride toxicity: terminal and marginal scorch appear with scalding type of necrosis. B.缺钾症状: 叶缘失绿并向上内卷, 对应叶背呈灰白色Potassium deficiency: leaf is pale along margin with grayish cast on underside, margin folding upwards. C.严重缺钾症状: 叶缘完全内卷并坏死Severe potassium deficiency: leaf margin is folded upward,with margin often necrotic. D.不同程度的缺镁症状:失绿黄化由叶尖、叶缘开始,逐步向叶柄部延伸,绿色部分呈倒“V”状,最终黄化部分干枯坏死Magnesium deficiency(varying degrees): distinct marginal chlorosis develops with an inverted “V”-shaped green area left along base of midrib, chlorotic area eventually becomes scorched. E.硼毒害症状:叶尖、叶缘呈显著干枯状,毗邻的绿色部有零星黄化斑点。因与氯毒害症状相似,要进一步分析验证Boron toxicity: terminal and marginal scorch are evident, some chlorotic mottling is visible in the green part of the blade adjacent to scorch. Because it is difficult to distinguish from chloride toxicity, leaf analysis is essential. F.严重硼毒害症状:叶缘卷曲枯死扩大到内缘叶脉之间Severe boron toxicity: leaves are distorted from tissue necrosis that has developed along the margin and into the interveinal areas. G.供铁正常叶片(左)与缺铁黄化症叶片(右)对比, 整个复叶除小叶叶脉外均呈黄绿色Entire leaf is pale yellow in contrast with iron-sufficient leaf shown on left, entire leaflets are very chlorotic with darker green veins. H、I.缺锌症状:春季展叶期延迟,发生“小叶病”,簇生状叶片偏小、脉间斑驳状失绿、叶缘呈特殊波状,缺锌严重时,顶端新梢坏死Zinc deficiency: in the spring, leafing out is delayed, symptoms include little-leaf, mottling, wavy margin of leaflets, and irregular interveinal chlorosis, some shoot dieback can occur in severe deficiencies. J.缺铜症状:叶片枯萎掉落,新梢皱缩,表皮逐渐出现深褐色的坏死破损Copper deficiency: shoot die back and shriveling with leaf scorch and defoliation, shoots develop small dark brown lesions on bark near shoot tip. K.缺锰症状:叶色暗淡,脉间由主脉到叶缘失绿黄化,除非严重缺锰,叶片形状变化不大Manganese deficiency: leaf is pale, interveinal chlorosis extends from midrib to leaf margin, leaf size is not reduced unless deficiency is very severe.(Batchelor et al., 1945; Braucher et al., 1941; Brown et al., 1998; Chapman, 1966; Childers, 1966; Miller et al., 1945; Prakash, 2013; Ramos, 1985; Strand et al., 2003)"
图2
单株成年核桃各构成组分比例 A、B、C.按照‘温185’核桃(5年)单株各组分所占质量之比绘制, 硫的占比根据叶片含量推算(g) According to the mass ratio of each component of 5-year-old ‘Wen 185’ (5 a)walnut individual plant, and the proportion of sulfur is calculated from leaf content(g). D.按照市售核桃种仁干样中矿质营养含量绘制According to the mineral nutrient content in the commercial dried walnut kernel samples(mg·kg-1).(梁智等,2012; Olsen, 2006; Rodushkin et al., 2008)"
表1
核桃品种‘Serr’和‘Hartley’叶片氮含量及核桃坚果产量对缺氮和恢复供氮响应的差异①"
年度 Year | ‘Serr’(8 a) | ‘Hartley’(10 a) | |||||||||
叶片N Leaf N (%DW) | 产量Yield (kg·plant-1) | 叶片N Leaf N (%DW) | 产量Yield (kg·plant-1) | ||||||||
+ N | - N | + N | - N | + N | - N | + N | - N | ||||
1984② | - | - | 11.3 | 10.4 | - | - | - | - | |||
1985 | 3.05 | 2.29 | 24.5 | 9.5 ⑤ | 2.79 | 2.52 | 38.6 | 33.1 | |||
1986 | 2.79 | 2.04 | 15.0 | 5.9 ⑤ | 2.83 | - | 44.0 | 40.8 | |||
1987 | 2.61 | 2.57 ③ | 52.6 | 34.5 ⑤ | 2.73 | 2.20 | 34.0 | 29.5 | |||
1988 | 2.75 | 2.78 | 40.4 | 37.2 | 2.76 | 2.30 | 33.1 | 24.5 ⑤ | |||
1989 | 2.90 | -⑥ | 47.2 | -⑥ | 2.79 | 2.76 ④ | 41.3 | 36.7 | |||
1990 | 2.62 | -⑥ | 26.3 | -⑥ | 2.82 | 2.90 | 49.0 | 45.8 |
表3
成年核桃仲夏叶片锌营养临界标准"
来源 Sources | 缺乏 Deficiency | 偏低 Below normal | 适宜 Normal | 偏高 Above normal | 过量 Excess |
< 18 | |||||
11~22 | 16~30 | ||||
15~18 | 20~200 | 380 | |||
20~200 | |||||
< 10 | 25~100 | ||||
< 10 | 10~15 | 16~60 | 61~100 | > 100 | |
< 15 |
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