林木花芽分化研究进展

doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.20200914

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

花芽分化是林木开花结实的关键阶段之一，其状况直接影响种实的产量和质量。研究并揭示林木花芽分化规律，在此基础上采取科学措施调控林木花芽分化，是保障林木种实优质高产的重要基础。花芽分化包括生理分化和形态分化，其过程是内外因素共同作用、相互协调的结果。影响花芽分化的内因主要有植物激素和树体营养等。植物激素包括赤霉素和生长素等，其中赤霉素最为重要，赤霉素抑制大多数阔叶树种的花芽分化，但促进针叶树的花芽分化；树体营养包括碳水化合物、蛋白质、脂肪和矿质养分等，其中以碳水化合物最为重要，碳水化合物充足有利于花芽分化。影响花芽分化的外因包括水分、温度和光照等。通常认为，适度的干旱和充足的光照能促进林木的花芽分化；温度对林木花芽分化的影响也很显著，但不同树种对温度的要求不同。与花芽分化相关的假说包括碳氮比学说和激素平衡等。目前，花芽分化的分子调控已经取得多项进展，包括成花基因(FT)、抑花基因(TFL1)在内的众多基因的作用机制。掌握林木花芽分化规律及调控机制有助于制定合理的技术措施进行花期、花量调控，提高林木结实数量和质量。本文综述近年来在花芽分化的解剖学观察、花芽分化期、影响花芽分化的内外因素、花芽分化的调控机制等领域的研究进展，并对花芽分化的研究方向进行展望。

关键词: 花芽分化, 解剖结构, 影响因素, 分子调控

Abstract:

Flower bud differentiation is one of the key stages in the process of tree flowering and fruiting,and it directly affects the quantity and quality of fruits and seeds. Studying and revealing the rule of flower bud differentiation,and controlling flower bud differentiation with scientific measures are important bases for ensuring the quality and high yield of tree seeds. Flower bud differentiation includes physiological and morphological differentiation,and the processes are the results of the interaction and coordination of internal and external factors. The internal factors include plant hormones and nutrition. Among plant hormones,the GA is the most important factor. GA inhibits the flower bud differentiation of most broadleaf tree species while it enhances the flower bud differentiation of conifers. Carbohydrate,protein,lipid and mineral elements are nutrients closely related to flower bud differentiation. The most important nutrient is carbohydrate. Flower bud differentiation can be promoted in the condition of high concentration of carbohydrate. The external factors include water,temperature and light. It is generally recognized that moderate drought and sufficient sunlight can promote flower bud differentiation. Temperature has a great influence on flower bud differentiation but different species have different requirements for temperature. The theories related to flower bud differentiation include C/N ratio and hormone balance. At present,significant progress has been achieved on molecular regulation of flower bud differentiation. Mode of action of some important genes such as FT and TFL1 has been revealed. Understanding the mechanism of flower bud differentiation is helpful to make reasonable cultivation measures to regulate flowering period and quantity,and improve fruiting quality. This article reviewed the research progress on anatomical observation,the period of flower bud differentiation,factors influencing flower bud differentiation and related theories of flower bud differentiation in recent years. The future research prospect was also discussed in this paper.

Key words: flower bud differentiation, anatomical structure, influencing factors, molecular regulation

中图分类号:

S718.43

陈晨,喻方圆. 林木花芽分化研究进展[J]. 林业科学, 2020, 56(9): 119-129.

Chen Chen,Fangyuan Yu. Research Progress on Flower Bud Differentiation of Trees[J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2020, 56(9): 119-129.

图/表 1

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树种 Species	花芽分化期^① Flower bud differentiation period	分化持续时间 Differentiation duration/d	文献 References
杉木Cunninghamia lanceolata	雄花Staminate：	30~40	俞新妥等(1981)
	6月下旬—8月上旬L, Jan.-F, Aug.	30~40
	雌花Pistillate：	40~50
	9月上旬—10月下旬F.Sep.-L, Oct.	40~50
日本柳杉Cryptomeria japonica	雄花Staminate：	90~100	孙时轩(1992)
	6月下旬—9月下旬L.Jun.-L, Sep.	90~100
	雌花Pistillate：	70~80
	7月中旬—9月下旬M, Jul.-L, Sep.	70~80
马尾松Pinus massoniana	雄花Staminate：	60~70	汪企明(1994)
	6月下旬—8月上旬L, Jun.-F.Aug.	60~70
	雌花Pistillate：	60~70
	6月下旬—8月上旬L, Jun.-F, Aug.	60~70
甜樱桃Prunus avium	7月初—8月底Early Jul.-Late Aug.	40~50	Engin et al.(2007)
扁桃P. persica	7月初—9月底Early Jul.-Late Sep.	70~80	Engin et al.(2007)
南京椴Tilia miqueliana	3月底—5月初Late Mar.-Eorly May	35~40	高芬等(2008)
芒果Mangifera indica	10月底—次年2月上旬Late Oct.-F, Feb. of next year	90~110	Wilkie et al.(2008)
光皮树Swida wilsoniana	2月下旬—4月底L, Feb-Late Apr.	60~70	何见等(2009)
油茶Camellia oleifera	5月上旬—9月中下旬F, May-L, Sep.	130~140	王湘南等(2011)
桂花Osmanthus fragrans	6月上中旬—9月上旬F, M, Jun.-L, Sep.	80~90	王英等(2016)
薄壳山核桃Carya illinoensis	3月中下旬—5月上旬M, L, Mar.-F, May	50~60	常君等(2019)

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