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林业科学 ›› 2025, Vol. 61 ›› Issue (11): 102-115.doi: 10.11707/j.1001-7488.LYKX20240286

• 研究论文 • 上一篇    下一篇

核桃枝叶固废高效腐熟的菌剂筛选及堆肥过程变化

李琰1,2,孙永江1,齐建勋2,史玉洁1,2,宋健3,陈永浩2,翟长远3,张俊佩4,侯智霞1,*(),张赟齐2   

  1. 1. 林木资源高效生产国家重点实验室　省部共建森林培育与保护教育部重点实验室　蓝莓研究与发展中心　北京林业大学　北京100083
    2. 农业农村部华北地区园艺作物生物学与种质创制重点实验室　北京市落叶果树工程技术研究中心　北京市农林科学院林业果树研究所　北京100093
    3. 北京市农林科学院智能装备技术研究中心　北京 100097
    4. 林木遗传育种全国重点实验室　国家林业和草原局林木培育重点实验室　中国林业科学研究院林业研究所　北京 100091
  • 收稿日期:2024-05-17 修回日期:2024-11-17 出版日期:2025-11-25 发布日期:2025-12-11
  • 通讯作者: 侯智霞 E-mail:hzxn2004@163.com
  • 基金资助:
    国家重点研发计划项目（2022YFD1000102）；北京市农林科学院科研创新平台建设项目（PT2024-7）；北京市农林科学院科技创新能力建设专项（KJCX20230118）。

Screening of Efficient Composting Agents for Juglans regia Cultivation Residues and Changes in Composting Process

Yan Li1,2,Yongjiang Sun1,Jianxun Qi2,Yujie Shi1,2,Jian Song3,Yonghao Chen2,Changyuan Zhai3,Junpei Zhang4,Zhixia Hou1,*(),Yunqi Zhang2   

  1. 1. National Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forest Tree Resources　Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of Education　Blueberry Research and Development Center　Beijing Forestry University　Beijing 100083
    2. Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China)　Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Beijing Engineering Research Center for Deciduous Fruit Trees　Institute of Forestry and Pomology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences　Beijing 100093
    3. Intelligent Equipment Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences　Beijing 100097
    4. State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding　Key Laboratory of Silviculture of National Forestry and Grassland Administration Research Institute of Forestry,Chinese Academy of Forestry　Beijing 100091
  • Received:2024-05-17 Revised:2024-11-17 Online:2025-11-25 Published:2025-12-11
  • Contact: Zhixia Hou E-mail:hzxn2004@163.com

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摘要：

目的: 探索核桃枝叶堆肥的适宜性和可行性，筛选适宜的堆肥工艺，为核桃枝叶废弃物资源化利用、果园绿色生态化管理提供科学依据。方法: 以核桃枝叶废弃物和鸡粪为堆肥原料，对不同物料比（核桃枝叶废弃物∶鸡粪分别为3∶7、4∶6和5∶5）处理分别添加有效微生物菌剂、三安菌剂和不添加菌剂，在堆肥过程中，测定各处理物料的理化指标、细菌群落多样性及组成，并评价各堆肥产品的腐熟度，最终明确核桃枝叶废弃物的适宜堆肥工艺。结果: 1） 添加菌剂均比未添加菌剂处理更早进入高温阶段，且堆体含水率下降幅度、电导率值、全氮、全磷和全钾以及总养分含量也更高；到堆肥终点时，枝叶废弃物∶鸡粪为4∶6并添加有效微生物菌剂处理（BEM）的总养分含量达61.93±2.36 g·kg–1，相比堆肥初始期增加57.68%，均显著高于其他各处理。2） 整个堆肥过程中，各处理的变形菌、放线菌、厚壁菌和拟杆菌的相对丰度均较高，细菌群落多样性在堆肥前期和后期呈增加趋势；到堆肥终点时，添加有效微生物菌剂的处理，其放线菌和变形菌相对丰度更高，腐熟物料的效果更好。3） 不同堆肥时期各处理的细菌属组成差异明显，前期藤黄色单胞菌属、极小单胞菌属、B-42菌属、乔治菌属的相对丰度较高，后期链霉菌属、马杜拉放线菌属、类土地杆菌属的相对丰度增加，到堆肥终点时的BEM处理的马杜拉放线菌属相对丰度高达40.00%。4） 综合物?化?生的多指标体系以及根据国家有机肥料标准，各处理组在45天均能腐熟，BEM处理的堆肥效果最好；若不添加任何菌剂，当物料比为3∶7时，其养分含量和腐熟度更高。结论: 核桃枝叶废弃物可作为堆肥原料，45天左右能腐熟，当物料比为4∶6并接种0.2%的有效微生物菌剂时，腐熟效果最佳，可用于有机肥还田。

关键词: 核桃枝叶废弃物, 微生物菌剂, 细菌群落多样性, 细菌群落组成, 堆肥腐熟度

Abstract:

Objective: The amount of Juglans regia (walnut) branches and leaves waste is large every year, and its arbitrary stacking is not conducive to the daily management of the orchard. This study aims to explore the suitability and feasibility of walnut branches and leaves composting, and screen suitable composting processes, so as to provide scientific basis for the resource utilization of organic waste and green ecological management of orchards. Method: Walnut branch and leaf waste and chicken manure were used as composting materials. Different composting material ratios (walnut branch and leaf waste: chicken manure ratio of 3∶7, 4∶6, and 5∶5, respectively) were set up, and effective microorganisms (EM), San'an microorganisms (SM), or no external microorganisms were added to each composting material ratio. During the composting process, the physico-chemical properties, bacterial community diversity and composition of samples from each treatment were measured, and the maturity of each composting treatment also was evaluated to ultimately determine the appropriate composting process. Result: 1) The treatment with addition of microbial agent entered the high-temperature stage earlier than the treatment without microbial agent added, and the decrease in moisture content, the EC value, total nutrient, total phosphorus, and total potassium content, as well as the total nutrient mass fraction of the heap were also higher. At the end of composting, the total nutrient content of BEM treatment reached 61.93±2.36 g·kg–1,with an increase of 57.68% compared to the initial stage of composting, and was significantly higher than that of other treatments. 2) During the entire composting process, the relative abundance of Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, and Bacteroidetes in each treatment was relatively higher. The diversity of bacterial communities showed an increasing trend at the early and late stages of composting. At the end of composting, the relative abundance of Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria treated with EM was higher; 3) There were significant differences in the bacterial genera composition among different treatments at different stages. At the early stage, the relative abundance of Luteimonas, Pusilimonas, B-42, and Georgenia was higher. In the later stage, the relative abundance of Streptomyces, Actinomadura, and Parapedobacter increased. By the end of composting, the relative abundance of Actinomadura in BEM treatment reached as high as 40.00%. 4) According to the multiple indicators of physical, chemical, and biological parameters and the national organic fertilizer standard, the composting of all treatment groups was able to mature within 45 days. The BEM treatment achieved the best composting performance. Without external microbial agents added, the nutrient content and maturity were higher when the material ratio was 3∶7. Conclusion: Walnut branch and leaf waste can be used as composting raw materials, which can be decomposed in about 45 days. The optimal composting process is a material ratio of 4∶6 and inoculation with 0.2% EM.

Key words: walnut branches and leaves waste, microbial agent, bacterial community diversity, bacterial community composition, composting maturity

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