关键词: 森林景观评价, 心理物理学方法, 美景度, 林外景观, 林内景观

Abstract:

Four evaluation methods of forest landscapes derived from psychophysics are presented.They are, (1) Shafer and others(1969) summed rankings given to scenes to achieve a scenic beauty value.Their work has been innovative and has been the basis of other studies attempting to evaluate the effects of landscape elements on preference.However, the predicted variable (Y_i) is only an ordinal value and the model lacks intuitive appeal since some of the independent variables seem illogical (e.g., area of any kind of water×area of intermediate vegetation).(2) Brush and Briggs simply averaged ratings assigned to landscape scenes(1979, 1980).The predicted variable (Y_i) is also an ordinal value, and they have not taken the effect of observer judgmental criteria into account.(3) Daniel and Boster (1976) emphasized that scenic beauty judgments depend jointly on the perceived properties of the landscape and the judgmental criteria of the observer, so they transformed ratings to obtain Scenic Beauty Estimates (SBE's), which theoretically express scenic beauty on an interval scale.(4) Buhyoff and Leuschner (1978) and Buhyoff and Wellman (1980) used a scaling of paired comparisons and rank orderings based on Thurstone's Lawof Comparative Judgment. The comparison between SBE method and LCJmethod is given with respect to their theoretical derivations and their empirically generated scenic beauty metrics.The SBE and LCJmethods are similar theoretically in the they both assess distributional overlap through confusion in an attempt to determine landscape similarity.The difference is howthey measure confusion and howthey define the distributional overlap of interest.The SBE and LCJmethods are of empirically convergent validity.The greatest advantage of SBE method is that it allowa larger sample and is much less time consuming, while the pair comparison LCJprocedure provides the most information and highest precision. Discussions upon some basic issues are presented.e.g., the convergence of conclusions achieved from field evaluation and offce-based evaluation, the measures to ensure the validity of sampled photoes and forests, the judgmental convergence among different type of observers, the effect of regional familiarity and psychological factors upon the judgment of landscape scenic beauty. The application of psychophysical methods in forest landscape estimation during past 30 years is introduced through integrating some typical study.It is divided into two parts—out-forest landscape evaluation and in-forest landscape evaluation, meanwhile, the most commonly used forest landscape elements are listed, and the relationship between some elements and scenic beauty are summarized. Finally, the limitations of application of psychophysical method are analyzed, the main points are that it scarcely cover evaluation of the multiple tree species forests, the variation of forest seasonal appearance, the integration of forest and non-forest landscape elements, the non-tree vegetations

Key words: Forest landscape evaluation, Psychophysical methods, Scenic beauty, Out-forest landscape, In-forest landscape