中亚热带喀斯特森林树木功能型的生态位特征

doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.LYKX20220401

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

目的: 分析中亚热带喀斯特森林树木功能型的生态位特征，推断不同功能型树木对资源的利用程度和种间竞争差异，为喀斯特地区的植被恢复与重建提供理论指导。方法: 以中亚热带喀斯特常绿落叶阔叶混交林为研究对象，在样地调查基础上根据冠层高度、种群大小、耐荫性和种子传播方式将被选的40种树木划分为不同功能型，通过计测生态位宽度和生态位重叠指数分析不同功能型树木的生态位特征。结果: 喀斯特森林树木的生态位宽度普遍较低，表现为常见种>偶见种>稀有种，且三者的生态位宽度间差异显著；重力传播种的生态位宽度显著低于动物和风力传播种，不同耐荫性和冠层高度功能型间的生态位宽度无显著差异；40种树木种对间的生态位重叠指数同样较低，常见种的生态位重叠指数显著高于偶见种和稀有种，上层种显著高于下层种，喜光种显著高于耐荫种，而重力传播种则显著低于动物和风力传播种；常见种与偶见种间的生态位重叠指数显著高于常见种与稀有种以及偶见种与稀有种间，动物与风力传播种间的生态位重叠指数显著高于动物与重力种间以及风力与重力种间，而中生与耐荫种间的生态位重叠指数则显著低于喜光与中生种以及喜光与耐荫种间。结论: 中亚热带喀斯特常绿落叶阔叶混交林中多数树种占据较小的生态位空间并可能存在较低的种间竞争作用，不同树木功能型生态位宽度和生态位重叠指数的差异可能与生境异质性和物种性状差异等存在密切联系。在进行退化生境植被重建时，可根据不同功能型树木的生态位特征合理构建群落的组成与结构，促进森林植被快速恢复。

关键词: 喀斯特森林, 树木功能型, 生态位宽度, 生态位重叠, 物种共存

Abstract:

Objective: By analyzing the niche characterization of tree functional types (TFTs) in a central subtropical karst forest, we can infer the differences in resource utilization and interspecific competition among different TFTs, providing theoretical guidance for vegetation restoration and reconstruction in karst areas. Method: Based on plot surveys in the subtropical karst evergreen-deciduous broadleaved mixed forest in central subtropical China, the 40 tree species were selected and classified into different functional types according to canopy height, population size, shade tolerance, and seed dispersal mode. The niche characterization of the tree species in different functional types were analyzed by measuring niche breadth and niche overlap index. Result: The niche breadths of tree species in the karst forest are generally low, with the ranking of common species > occasional species > rare species, and there are significant differences among them. The niche breadths of gravity dispersed species are significantly lower than those of animal dispersed and wind dispersed species, while there are no significant differences in niche breadths between different TFTs with different shade tolerance and canopy height. The niche overlaps among the 40 tree species are also low, with significantly higher overlap between common species compared to occasional and rare species, and significantly higher overlap for overstory species compared to understory species. Light demanding species have significantly higher overlaps compared to shade tolerant species, while gravity dispersed species have significantly lower overlaps compared to animal dispersed and wind dispersed species. The overlaps between common and occasional species are significantly higher than those between common and rare species, as well as those between occasional and rare species. The overlaps between animal dispersed and wind dispersed species are significantly higher than those between animal dispersed and gravity dispersed species, as well as those between wind dispersed and gravity dispersed species. However, the overlaps between mid-tolerant and shade tolerant species are significantly lower than those between light demanding and mid-tolerant species, as well as those between light demanding and shade-tolerant species. Conclusion: Most tree species in the subtropical karst evergreen and deciduous broad-leaved mixed forest occupy relatively small niche spaces and may have lower interspecific competition. The differences in niche breadth and overlap among different TFTs may be closely related to habitat heterogeneity and species trait differences. When conducting vegetation restoration in degraded habitats, the composition and structure of the community should be reasonably constructed based on the niche characterization of different TFTs, thereby promoting recovery of forest vegetation.

Key words: karst forest, tree functional type, niche breadth, niche overlap, species coexistence

中图分类号:

胡刚,庞庆玲,胡聪,徐超昊,张忠华. 中亚热带喀斯特森林树木功能型的生态位特征[J]. 林业科学, 2024, 60(1): 1-11.

Gang Hu,Qingling Pang,Cong Hu,Chaohao Xu,Zhonghua Zhang. Niche Characterization of Tree Functional Types in a Central Subtropical Karst Forest[J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2024, 60(1): 1-11.

图/表 5

表1

喀斯特森林40种树木的功能型划分、重要值和生态位宽度"

编号 No.	种名Species	种群大小 Population size	冠层高度 Canopy height	耐荫性 Shade tolerance	种子散布方式 Seed dispersal mode	重要值 Important value	生态位宽度 Niche breadth
1	黄杞 Engelhardtia roxburghiana	常见 Common	中层 Midstory	喜光Light demanding	风力Wind	3.45	3.95
2	西南米槠 Castanopsis carlesii var. spinulosa	常见 Common	上层 Overstory	中生Midtolerant	动物Animal	9.31	3.80
3	鹿角杜鹃 Rhododendron latoucheae	常见 Common	中层 Midstory	耐荫Shade tolerant	风力Wind	3.88	3.37
4	香叶树 Lindera communis	常见 Common	下层 Understory	耐荫Shade tolerant	重力Gravity	2.44	3.26
5	齿叶黄皮 Clausena dunniana	常见 Common	下层Understory	耐荫Shade tolerant	动物Animal	1.75	3.16
6	圆果化香 Platycarya longipes	常见 Common	上层Overstory	喜光Light demanding	风力Wind	3.51	3.37
7	灰石栎Lithocarpus henryi	常见 Common	上层Overstory	喜光Light demanding	动物Animal	2.17	3.04
8	红翅槭 Acer fabri	常见 Common	中层Midstory	耐荫Shade tolerant	风力Wind	1.17	3.27
9	青冈 Cyclobalanopsis glauca	常见 Common	上层Overstory	喜光Light demanding	动物Animal	1.46	3.07
10	榕叶冬青 Ilex ficoidea	常见 Common	中层Midstory	耐荫Shade tolerant	动物Animal	1.89	2.41
11	云贵鹅耳枥 Carpinus pubescens	常见 Common	上层Overstory	喜光Light demanding	风力Wind	2.13	2.62
12	紫弹朴 Celtis biondii	常见 Common	上层Overstory	喜光Light demanding	动物Animal	0.83	2.94
13	赤杨叶 Alniphyllum fortunei	常见 Common	上层Overstory	喜光Light demanding	风力Wind	0.72	1.77
14	江南越橘Vaccinium mandarinorum	常见 Common	下层Understory	耐荫Shade tolerant	动物Animal	0.61	2.76
15	细枝柃Eurya loquaiana	偶见 Occasional	下层Understory	中生Midtolerant	动物Animal	0.4	2.45
16	椤木石楠 Photinia davidsoniae	偶见 Occasional	中层Midstory	中生Midtolerant	重力Gravity	0.51	2.08
17	粗糠柴 Mallotus philippensis	偶见 Occasional	下层Understory	中生Midtolerant	重力Gravity	0.35	1.88
18	褐毛杜英 Elaeocarpus duclouxii	偶见 Occasional	上层Overstory	中生Midtolerant	重力Gravity	0.39	2.17
19	小叶柿 Diospyros dumetorum	偶见 Occasional	下层Understory	中生Midtolerant	动物Animal	0.32	2.38
20	鸡仔木Sinoadina racemosa	偶见 Occasional	中层Midstory	喜光Light demanding	风力Wind	0.54	1.88
21	栓叶安息香 Styrax suberifolius	偶见 Occasional	上层Overstory	喜光Light demanding	重力Gravity	0.26	1.82
22	白蜡树 Fraxinus chinensis	偶见 Occasional	上层Overstory	喜光Light demanding	风力Wind	0.36	1.44
23	小花梾木 Swida parviflora	偶见 Occasional	下层Understory	中生Midtolerant	重力Gravity	0.16	1.47
24	矩叶卫矛Euonymus oblongifolius	偶见 Occasional	下层Understory	耐荫Shade tolerant	风力Wind	0.16	1.77
25	野漆树 Toxicodendron succedaneum	偶见 Occasional	中层Midstory	中生Midtolerant	重力Gravity	0.18	1.15
26	短序荚蒾 Viburnum brachybotryum	偶见 Occasional	下层Understory	耐荫Shade tolerant	重力Gravity	0.11	0.91
27	桂楠 Phoebe kwangsiensis	偶见 Occasional	下层Understory	耐荫Shade tolerant	重力Gravity	0.15	1.54
28	异叶梁王茶 Nothopanax davidii	稀有 Rare	下层Understory	中生Midtolerant	重力Gravity	0.1	0.81
29	大叶冬青 Ilex latifolia	稀有 Rare	上层Overstory	中生Midtolerant	动物Animal	0.06	0.69
30	红楠 Machilus thunbergii	稀有 Rare	中层Midstory	中生Midtolerant	重力Gravity	0.06	0.63
31	黄连木Pistacia chinensis	稀有 Rare	上层Overstory	喜光Light demanding	重力Gravity	0.19	1.05
32	山合欢Albizia kalkora	稀有 Rare	下层Understory	喜光Light demanding	重力Gravity	0.18	1.02
33	广西大头茶 Gordonia kwangsiensis	稀有 Rare	下层Understory	耐荫Shade tolerant	风力Wind	0.09	0
34	毛桂 Cinnamomum appelianum	稀有 Rare	下层Understory	耐荫Shade tolerant	重力Gravity	0.05	0.69
35	云和新木姜子 Neolitsea aurata var. paraciculata	稀有 Rare	中层Midstory	中生Midtolerant	重力Gravity	0.06	0.59
36	凹叶冬青Ilex championii	稀有 Rare	上层Overstory	中生Midtolerant	重力Gravity	0.04	0
37	大叶桂樱 Laurocerasus zippeliana	稀有 Rare	中层Midstory	喜光Light demanding	动物Animal	0.03	0
38	短萼海桐 Pittosporum brevicalyx	稀有 Rare	下层Understory	耐荫Shade tolerant	重力Gravity	0.03	0
39	灰叶安息香 Styrax calvescens	稀有 Rare	下层Understory	耐荫Shade tolerant	重力Gravity	0.03	0
40	硬毛山香圆 Turpinia affinis	稀有 Rare	下层Understory	中生Midtolerant	重力Gravity	0.03	0

表1

图1

图2

图4

图3

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