林业科学 ›› 2021, Vol. 57 ›› Issue (5): 13-24.doi: 10.11707/j.1001-7488.20210502
陆海飞1,2,刘望舒1,徐建民1,*,李光友1,范春节1,梁国坚1,张磊3
收稿日期:
2020-11-09
出版日期:
2021-05-25
发布日期:
2021-07-09
通讯作者:
徐建民
基金资助:
Haifei Lu1,2,Wangshu Liu1,Jianmin Xu1,*,Guangyou Li1,Chunjie Fan1,Guojian Liang1,Lei Zhang3
Received:
2020-11-09
Online:
2021-05-25
Published:
2021-07-09
Contact:
Jianmin Xu
摘要:
目的: 对广西中南部丘陵山地尾巨桉无性系人工林进行立地类型划分并进行立地质量评价,为尾巨桉纸浆原料林集约化可持续经营提供科学依据。方法: 采用典型抽样方法,调查1~15年生尾巨桉人工林20 m×20 m的样地94块,采用数量化理论Ⅰ分析林木生长与立地因子的关系,通过层次聚类、降趋对应分析和冗余分析,划分尾巨桉人工林立地类型并进行立地质量评价。结果: 影响广西中南部立地质量的主要因子依次为坡度、土壤类型、土层厚度、土壤密度、坡位和腐残质层厚度;采用坡度、土壤类型和土层厚度3个主导立地因子的组合,划分为11个立地类型,并依据基准年龄6年时的优势木高将其分为Ⅰ~Ⅲ地位级,3个地位级的林分蓄积量达到数量成熟的年龄分别是9、8、7年;Ⅰ地位级为坡度小、赤红壤或砖红壤、土层深厚的高质量立地,基准年龄6年时林分平均高、平均胸径和年均蓄积量分别为22.6 m,14.3 cm和32.09 m3·hm-2a-1;Ⅱ地位级为缓坡、砖红壤或红壤、土层厚度中等的立地,基准年龄6年时林分平均树高、平均胸径和年均蓄积量分别为19.1 m,12.7 cm和21.39 m3·hm-2a-1;Ⅲ地位级为斜坡或陡坡、红壤或黄壤、土层浅薄质量低的立地,基准年龄6年时林分平均树高、平均胸径和年均蓄积量分别为16.7 m,10.4 cm和12.54 m3·hm-2a-1;尾巨桉人工林树高、胸径与土壤全氮、全钾、水解性氮、有效磷、有效钾、有效硼及有机质含量呈极显著正相关(P < 0.01),与pH值、土壤密度呈显著负相关(P < 0.01)。结论: 在适地适树、科学营林的原则下,在营造广西中南部丘陵山地尾巨桉人工林时,应重视立地类型的划分,针对不同地位级的林地应采取测土配方施肥,适当增施氮、磷、钾和硼肥,可显著提高林地生产潜力。
中图分类号:
陆海飞,刘望舒,徐建民,李光友,范春节,梁国坚,张磊. 广西中南部尾巨桉人工林立地类型划分及立地质量评价[J]. 林业科学, 2021, 57(5): 13-24.
Haifei Lu,Wangshu Liu,Jianmin Xu,Guangyou Li,Chunjie Fan,Guojian Liang,Lei Zhang. Site Classification and Quality Evaluation of Eucalyptus urophylla×E. grandis Plantation in the South Central Guangxi, China[J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2021, 57(5): 13-24.
表1
广西中南部尾巨桉人工林土壤类型及其化学指标"
土壤类型 Soil type | pH | 有机质 Soil organic matter/ (g·kg-1) | 全氮 Total nitrogen/ (g·kg-1) | 全磷 Total phosphorus/ (g·kg-1) | 全钾 Total potassium/ (g·kg-1) | 水解性氮 Hydrolyzable nitrogen/ (mg·kg-1) | 有效磷 Available phosphorus/ (mg·kg-1) | 有效钾 Available potassium/ (mg·kg-1) | 有效锌 Available zinc/ (mg·kg-1) | 有效硼 Available boron/ (mg·kg-1) | 有效铜 Available copper/ (mg·kg-1) |
赤红壤 Latosolic red soil | 4.57±0.16 | 38.28±3.22 | 1.61±0.20 | 0.62±0.04 | 7.52±0.72 | 114.9±7.14 | 3.41±0.37 | 73.5±4.47 | 2.21±0.25 | 0.39±0.14 | 0.74±0.13 |
砖红壤 Laterite | 4.27±0.06 | 33.21±2.65 | 1.31±0.14 | 0.40±0.05 | 6.12±0.54 | 108.60±5.98 | 2.76±0.34 | 50.37±4.12 | 2.05±0.19 | 0.37±0.08 | 0.71±0.16 |
红壤 Red soil | 4.16±0.08 | 30.33±2.24 | 1.17±0.12 | 0.34±0.03 | 5.62±0.46 | 94.43±5.64 | 1.92±0.27 | 46.75±4.55 | 1.65±0.16 | 0.20±0.06 | 0.87±0.18 |
黄壤 Yellow soil | 3.89±0.07 | 16.47±1.76 | 0.78±0.11 | 0.28±0.04 | 2.47±0.19 | 55.26±4.76 | 1.79±0.23 | 25.33±2.89 | 0.64±0.11 | 0.11±0.03 | 1.19±0.14 |
表2
尾巨桉人工林不同林龄优势木树高的变异系数①"
项目 Item | 林龄Age/a | ||||||||||||||
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | |
平均树高 Mean tree height/m | 5.4f | 11.4e | 13.7d | 18.2c | 19.8b | 21.4a | 22.3a | 23.1a | 23.8a | 24.6a | 25.2a | 25.9a | 26.6a | 27.1a | 27.7a |
树高标准差 SD of tree height/m | 1.25 | 1.94 | 2.09 | 2.17 | 2.28 | 2.31 | 2.42 | 2.52 | 2.59 | 2.63 | 2.68 | 2.78 | 2.86 | 2.92 | 3.01 |
树高变异系数 CV of tree height (%) | 23.15 | 17.02 | 15.29 | 11.92 | 11.52 | 10.80 | 10.85 | 10.91 | 10.88 | 10.69 | 10.63 | 10.73 | 10.75 | 10.77 | 10.87 |
表3
广西中南部尾巨桉人工林原始数据分类"
项目 Item | 平方和 Sum of square | 自由度 Degree of freedom | 均方 Mean square | F | P |
地貌Landforms | 1.26 | 2 | 0.63 | 2.33 | 0.034 |
海拔Altitude | 0.82 | 3 | 0.27 | 1.14 | 0.027 |
坡度Slope | 42.44 | 3 | 14.15 | 7.43 | 0.011 |
坡位Slope position | 5.25 | 2 | 2.63 | 1.38 | 0.031 |
土层厚度Soil thickness | 18.19 | 2 | 9.10 | 4.77 | 0.017 |
坡向Slope aspect | 1.77 | 3 | 0.59 | 2.31 | 0.042 |
土壤类型Soil type | 26.52 | 3 | 8.84 | 4.64 | 0.015 |
土壤密度Soil density | 8.75 | 3 | 2.92 | 1.53 | 0.038 |
腐殖质层厚度Humus thickness | 3.86 | 2 | 1.93 | 1.01 | 0.043 |
残差Residual | 76.32 | 58 | 1.32 | ||
模型Model | 712.62 | 23 | 30.98 | 16.26 | 0.029 |
校正计Correction | 788.94 | 81 | |||
截距Intercept | 2 165.03 | 1 | |||
校正计和截距合计Summary of correction and intercept | 2 953.97 | 82 |
表4
立地因子数量化回归分析①"
项目 Item | 类目 Category | 代码 Code | 得分 Score | 综合得分及所占比例 Comprehensive score and proportion | 偏相关系数 Coefficient of partial correlation |
常量项Constant | 13.925 | ||||
地貌 Landforms X1 | 台地Tableland | X11 | 0.546 | 0.715 (6.95%) | 0.175* |
丘陵Hills | X12 | 0.974 | |||
低山Low mountain | X13 | 0.259 | |||
海拔 Altitude X2/m | < 100 | X21 | 0.463 | 0.588 (5.71%) | 0.253* |
100 ~ 300 | X22 | 0.752 | |||
300 ~ 500 | X23 | 0.361 | |||
500 ~ 700 | X24 | 0.164 | |||
坡度 Slope X3 | 平缓坡Conservative slope | X31 | 2.124 | 2.107 (20.48%) | 0.179** |
缓坡Gentle slope | X32 | 1.073 | |||
斜坡Incline slope | X33 | 0.198 | |||
陡坡Steep slope | X34 | 0.017 | |||
坡位 Slope position X4 | 上坡Upper slope | X41 | 0 | 0.864 (8.39%) | 0.255* |
中坡Middle slope | X42 | 0.735 | |||
下坡Lower slope | X43 | 0.864 | |||
土层厚度 Soil depth X5 | 薄Thin(< 40 cm) | X51 | 1.091 | 1.793 (17.42%) | 0.367** |
中Medium (40~80 cm) | X52 | 2.235 | |||
厚Thick(> 80 cm) | X53 | 2.884 | |||
坡向 Slope aspect X6 | 阳坡Sunny slope | X61 | -1.575 | 0.743 (7.22%) | 0.177* |
半阳坡Half-sunny slope | X62 | -1.136 | |||
半阴坡Half-shady slope | X63 | -0.861 | |||
阴坡Shady slope | X64 | -0.832 | |||
土壤类型 Soil type X7 | 赤红壤Latosolic red soil | X71 | 1.497 | 1.833 (17.81%) | 0.472** |
砖红壤Laterite | X72 | 0.675 | |||
红壤Red soil | X73 | 0.214 | |||
黄壤Yellow soil | X74 | -0.336 | |||
土壤密度 Soil density X8 | > 1.4 g·cm-3 | X81 | -0.448 | 0.895 (8.69%) | 0.181* |
1.2 ~ 1.4 g·cm-3 | X82 | 0.364 | |||
1.0 ~ 1.2 g·cm-3 | X83 | 0.137 | |||
< 1.0 g·cm-3 | X84 | -0.531 | |||
腐殖质层厚度 Humus thickness X9 | 薄Thin(< 2.0 cm) | X91 | 0 | 0.752 (7.31%) | 0.269* |
中Medium(2.0 ~ 4.0 cm) | X92 | 0.614 | |||
厚Thick(> 4.0 cm) | X93 | 0.752 |
表5
广西中南部6年生尾巨桉人工林立地类型划分"
序号 No. | 坡度 Slope | 土壤类型 Soil type | 土层厚度 Thickness of soil/cm | 优势木平均树高 Mean height of dominant trees/m |
1 | 平缓坡Conservative slope | 赤红壤Latosolic red soil | >80 | 23.8 |
2 | 平缓坡Conservative slope | 砖红壤Laterite | >80 | 22.4 |
3 | 平缓坡Conservative slope | 红壤Red soil | 40 ~ 80 | 19.5 |
4 | 缓坡Gentle slope | 红壤Red soil | 40 ~ 80 | 18.5 |
5 | 缓坡Gentle slope | 赤红壤Latosolic red soil | >80 | 21.5 |
6 | 缓坡Gentle slope | 砖红壤Laterite | 40 ~ 80 | 19.2 |
7 | 缓坡Gentle slope | 砖红壤Laterite | >80 | 21.1 |
8 | 斜坡Incline slope | 黄壤Yellow soil | < 40 | 16.8 |
9 | 斜坡Incline slope | 红壤Red soil | < 40 | 17.2 |
10 | 陡坡Steep slope | 黄壤Yellow soil | < 40 | 16.3 |
11 | 陡坡Steep slope | 红壤Red soil | < 40 | 16.6 |
表6
广西中南部6年生尾巨桉人工林立地评价"
地位级 Site class | 立地类型 Site type | 优势木高实测值 Measured value of dominant tree height/m |
Ⅰ地位级 Class I site | 1:平缓坡、赤红壤、厚土层Conservative slope, latosolic red soil, thick soil layer | 23.8 |
2:平缓坡、砖红壤、厚土层Conservative slope, laterite, thick soil layer | 22.4 | |
5:缓坡、赤红壤、厚土层Gentle slope, latosolic red soil, thick soil layer | 21.5 | |
7:缓坡、砖红壤、厚土层Gentle slope, laterite, thick soil layer | 21.1 | |
Ⅱ地位级 Class Ⅱ site | 3:平缓坡、红壤、中厚土层Conservative slope, red soil, middle and thick soil layer | 19.5 |
6:缓坡、砖红壤、中厚土层Gentle slope, laterite, middle and thick soil layer | 19.2 | |
4:缓坡、红壤、中厚土层Gentle slope, red soil, middle and thick soil layer | 18.5 | |
Ⅲ地位级 Class Ⅲ site | 9:斜坡、红壤、薄土层Incline slope, red soil, thin soil layer | 17.2 |
8:斜坡、黄壤、薄土层Incline slope, yellow soil, thin soil layer | 16.8 | |
11:陡坡、红壤、薄土层Steep slope, red soil, thin soil layer | 16.6 | |
10 : 陡坡、黄壤、薄土层Steep slope, yellow soil, thin soil layer | 16.3 |
表7
广西中南部尾巨桉树高和胸径与土壤理化指标的RDA值"
参数 Statistic | 轴1 Axis 1 | 轴2 Axis 2 | 轴3 Axis 3 | 轴4 Axis 4 |
特征值Eigenvalues | 0.635 | 0.326 | 0.021 | 0.018 |
解释的变化(累计)Explained variation (cumulative) | 63.5% | 96.1% | 98.2% | 100.0% |
近似典型相关Pseudo-canonical correlation | 0.864 | 0.779 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
解释的拟合变化(累积)Explained fitted variation (cumulative) | 87.2 | 100.0 | ||
轴1显著性检验(F检验)Permutation test on first axis (F test) | F=21.47 | P=0.011 | ||
所有轴显著性检验(F检验) Permutation test on all axis (F test) | F=7.82 | P=0.013 |
图2
尾巨桉人工林树高、胸径与土壤理化指标之间的RDA分析 H:优势木树高Height of dominant trees;DBH:胸径Diameter at breast height;pH:土壤pH值Soil pH value;SOM:土壤有机质含量Soil organic matter content;BD:土壤密度Soil density;TN:土壤总氮含量Soil total nitrogen content;TP:土壤全磷含量Soil total phosphorus content;TK:土壤全钾含量Soil total potassium content;HN:土壤水解性氮含量Soil hydrolyzable nitrogen content;AP:土壤有效磷含量Soil available phosphorus content;AK:土壤有效钾含量Soil available potassium content;ACu:有效铜含量Available Cu content;AZn:有效锌含量Available Zn content;AB:有效硼含量Available boron content."
表8
滇南地区3个地位级间土壤理化指标的关系①"
地位级 Site class | 全氮含量 Total nitrogen content/ (g·kg-1) | 全钾含量 Total potassium content/ (g·kg-1) | 水解性氮含量 Hydrolyzable nitrogen content/ (mg·kg-1) | 有效磷含量 Available phosphorus content/ (mg·kg-1) | 有效钾含量 Available potassium content/ (mg·kg-1) | 有效硼含量 Available boron content/ (mg·kg-1) | 有机质含量 Soil organic matter content/ (g·kg-1) | pH | 土壤密度 Soil density/ (g·cm-3) |
Ⅰ地位级 Class I site | 1.37±0.13 a | 9.11±0.79 a | 102.53±7.56 a | 3.42±0.38 a | 62.72±5.74 a | 0.74±0.03 a | 34.82±3.79 a | 4.25±0.02 a | 1.11±0.03 c |
Ⅱ地位级 Class Ⅱ site | 1.24±0.11 b | 6.25±0.84 b | 91.21±6.83 a | 2.14±0.35 b | 42.57±4.68 b | 0.38±0.02 b | 30.71±3.65 a | 4.19±0.02 b | 1.25±0.04 b |
Ⅲ地位级 Class Ⅲ site | 0.89±0.09 c | 3.56±0.45 c | 68.7±6.52 b | 1.78±0.27 c | 29.75±4.41 b | 0.27±0.02 c | 23.21±3.08 b | 4.16±0.01 b | 1.32±0.02 a |
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