单叶蔓荆种子休眠特性与解除方法

doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.20201218

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

目的: 研究单叶蔓荆种子的休眠特性，并探索解除种子休眠的方法，为其人工规模化繁育提供理论依据。方法: 采用果实和种子吸水性的测定，内源萌发抑制物质部位及类型的生物学鉴定、物理手段（浓H₂SO₄、切割果皮）打破种皮机械阻碍，低温层积和植物激素GA₃处理降低抑制剂的浓度等不同方法，研究单叶蔓荆种子休眠的原因、可能存在的休眠类型以及解除种子休眠的方式。结果: 1）单叶蔓荆果皮厚，内果皮有完全木栓化的石细胞层，果实内种子空壳率为26%。单叶蔓荆果皮对果实及内部种子吸水有明显机械阻碍作用，种子没有吸水障碍。2）单叶蔓荆果皮的水浸提液和甲醇浸提液能显著抑制白菜种子萌发和幼苗生长，其中水浸提液的抑制作用比甲醇浸提液更明显；GA₃处理后的果皮水浸提液和甲醇浸提液与未浸泡GA₃时相比，使白菜种子萌发率、根长和苗高显著提高。种子水浸提液和甲醇浸提液对白菜种子萌发和幼苗生长均没明显抑制作用。以上结果说明，单叶蔓荆果皮中存在水溶性和醇溶性的种子萌发抑制物。3）低温层积90天、GA₃、GA₃+浓H₂SO₄、GA₃+切割果皮、GA₃+低温层积30天、GA₃+低温层积60天以及GA₃+低温层积90天均可破除单叶蔓荆种子的休眠，促进种子萌发。其中在GA₃+浓H₂SO₄处理下的种子发芽时间最短（14天即可发芽），发芽率最高（44%）。结论: 单叶蔓荆的果皮机械阻碍造成的物理休眠和果皮内源抑制物是影响种子休眠的主要因素。利用500 mg·L^-1GA₃+浓H₂SO₄处理能有效解除种子休眠，提高发芽率。

关键词: 单叶蔓荆, 种子休眠, 机械阻碍, 内源抑制物, GA₃

Abstract:

Objective: Vitex rotundifolia, sandy plant and halophyte, naturally grows on the sandy beach coast front with arid and barren soil. In order to adapt to the adverse environment of strong wind and sea immersion, the seeds of V. rotundifolia have developed a deep dormancy. This study aimed to explore the dormancy characteristics of V. rotundifolia seed and the methods of breaking the seed dormancy, so as to provide theoretical basis to the propagation from seeds and large-scale production. Method: In this study, water absorption of the fruit and seed was measured. The sites and types of endogenous germination inhibitors were biologically identified, the mechanical barrier of the seed coat was broken with physical means (concentrated H₂SO₄, cutting peel), and the inhibitor concentration was reduced by low temperature stratification and GA₃ treatment to study the possible types of and cause for dormancy, and methods of breaking dormancy of V. rotundifolia. Result: The results showed that:1) Vitex rotundifolia had a thick pericarp, and the endocarp had a completely corked stone cell layer with a seed empty shell rate of 26%. The peel had obvious mechanical hindrance to the water absorption, and the seed had no water absorption barrier. 2) The water extract and methanol extract of the peel were able to significant inhibit the seed germination and seedling growth of Chinese cabbage. The inhibitory effect of water extract on the seed germination and seedling growth of Chinese cabbage was more obvious than that of methanol extract under the same concentration, that is, the activity of the water-soluble germination inhibitor is greater than that of the alcohol-soluble germination inhibitor. The GA₃ treatment of peel water extract and methanol extract could significantly improve the seed germination rate, root length and seedling height of Chinese cabbage. The water extract and methanol extract of the seeds did not significantly inhibit the seed germination and seedling growth of Chinese cabbage, indicating that the presence of water-soluble and alcohol-soluble germination inhibitors in the pericarp of V. rotundifolia is the main cause of seed dormancy. 3) Seed dormancy was able to be broken down by low temperature stratification for 90 d, GA₃, GA₃+concentrated H₂SO₄, GA₃+cutting peel, GA₃+low temperature stratification for 30 d, GA₃+low temperature stratification for 60 d and GA₃+low temperature stratification for 90 d. The seed germination time under GA₃+concentrated H₂SO₄ treatment was the shortest(14 days), and the germination rate was the highest(44%). Conclusion: The mechanical barrier and the endogenous inhibitor of the peel are the main factors affecting the dormancy of Vitex rotundifolia. Treatment with 500 mg·L^-1GA₃+concentrated H₂SO₄ can effectively release seed dormancy and increase germination rate.

Key words: Vitex rotundifolia, seed dormancy, mechanical obstruction, endogenous inhibitor, GA₃

中图分类号:

S722.1⁺4

尹德洁,布凤琴,徐艳芳,黄彪,李成. 单叶蔓荆种子休眠特性与解除方法[J]. 林业科学, 2020, 56(12): 157-165.

Dejie Yin,Fengqin Bu,Yanfang Xu,Biao Huang,Cheng Li. Dormancy Characteristics and Breaking Methods of Vitex rotundifolia Seeds[J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2020, 56(12): 157-165.

图/表 7

表1

对单叶蔓荆果实的不同试验处理"

序号 No.	处理 Treatments
1	对照处理CK
2	1 mol·L^-1H₂SO₄浸泡15 min，用蒸馏水冲洗，并用纱布搓掉表面碳化物质Soaking for 15 min in 1 mol·L^-1 H₂SO₄, rinsing with distilled water, and removing the surface carbonized material with gauze
3	对果皮进行切割处理Cutting peel
4	500 mg·L^-1 GA₃溶液浸泡24 h Soaking in 500 mg·L^-1 GA₃ solution for 24 h
5	1:1.5的比例混合种子与湿沙，保持沙的含水率为60%并搅拌均匀，放置于4 ℃冰箱进行低温层积处理，层积天数为30天Mixing the seeds and wet sand in a ratio of 1:1.5, keeping the water content of the sand at 60% and stiring evenly, then placing it in a refrigerator at 4 ℃ for low-temperature stratification of 30 days
6	处理同5，层积天数为60天Processing the same as No.5, 60 days of stratification
7	处理同5，层积天数为90天Processing the same as No.5, 90 days of stratification
8	1 mol·L^-1浓H₂SO₄浸泡15 min，用蒸馏水冲洗，并用纱布搓掉表面碳化物质后，500 mg·L^-1 GA₃溶液浸泡24 h Soaking for 15 min in 1 mol·L^-1 H₂SO₄, rinsing with distilled water, soaking for 24 h with 500 mg·L^-1 GA₃ after removing the surface carbonized material with gauze
9	对果皮进行切割处理后，500 mg·L^-1 GA₃溶液浸泡24 h Soaking for 24 h with 500 mg·L^-1 GA₃ after cutting the peel
10	500 mg·L^-1 GA₃溶液浸泡24 h后，低温层积设置梯度30天(低温层积方法同5) Low-temperature stratification of 30 days after soaking for 24 h with 500 mg·L^-1 GA₃
11	500 mg·L^-1 GA₃溶液浸泡24 h后，低温层积设置梯度60天(低温层积方法同5) Low-temperature stratification of 60 days after soaking for 24 h with 500 mg·L^-1 GA₃
12	500 mg·L^-1 GA₃溶液浸泡24 h后，低温层积设置梯度90天(低温层积方法同5)Low-temperature stratification of 90 days after soaking for 24 h with 500 mg·L^-1 GA₃

表1

图1

图2

图3

表2

表3

表4

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浸提液 Extracts solvent	浓度Concentration/(g·mL^-1)	发芽率 Germination percentage(%)	主根长 Root length/cm	苗高 Seedling height/cm	内源萌发抑制活性 Germination inhibition activity
CK	—	63.33±2.60 a	2.13±0.37 a	2.87±0.39 a
水Water	0.01	23.00±2.00 b	1.35±0.060 b	2.08±0.45 a	63.68±3.16 b
	0.05	22.33±1.20 b	1.35±0.12 b	2.03±0.13 b	64.73±1.90 b
	0.1	19.67±3.48 c	1.33±0.41 b	1.99±0.081 b	68.95±5.50 a
甲醇Methanol	0.01	24.67±0.67 b	1.75±0.059 ab	2.45±0.094 ab	61.05±1.05 b
	0.05	23.98±1.20 b	1.39±0.18 b	2.07±0.16 b	62.13±1.90 b
	0.1	22.33±1.45 b	1.31±0.14 b	2.01±0.10 b	64.73±2.29 a

浸提液 Extracts solvent	浓度Concentration/(g·mL^-1)	发芽率 Germination percentage (%)	主根长 Root length/cm	苗高 Seedling height/cm
CK	—	63.33±2.60 a	2.13±0.37 a	2.87±0.39 a
水Water	0.01	46.25±1.36 b	1.54±0.090 b	2.26±0.29 ab
	0.05	38.74±0.97 b	1.48±0.15 b	2.20±0.37 b
	0.10	34.19±1.12 b	1.43±0.26 b	2.01±0.092 b
甲醇Methanol	0.01	51.82±2.73 b	1.87±0.13 ab	2.57±0.087 a
	0.05	42.59±1.72 b	1.69±0.17 b	2.21±0.19 ab
	0.10	38.65±0.65 b	1.57±0.078 b	2.18±0.13 ab

处理 Treatment	发芽开始天数 Days beginning/d	发芽率 Germination percentage(GR)(%)	发芽势 Germination potential(GP)(%)	发芽指数 Germination index (GI)	活力指数 Vitality index (Ⅵ)
CK	0	0	0	0	0
1 mol·L^-1H₂SO₄1 mol·L^-1H₂SO₄	0	0	0	0	0
切割果皮Cutting peel	0	0	0	0	0
低温层积30天Low temperature layering 30 d	0	0	0	0	0
低温层积60天Low temperature layering 60 d	0	0	0	0	0
低温层积90天Low temperature layering 90 d	25	16.00±1.15 d	12.00±1.15 c	3.20±0.17 f	1.28±0.086 g
GA₃	18	22.67±0.67 c	15.33±0.67 bc	6.84±0.17 c	4.96±0.058 c
GA₃+1 mol·L^-1浓H₂SO₄ GA₃+1 mol·L^-1 H₂SO₄	14	44.00±1.15 a	28.67±1.76 a	8.92±0.17 a	8.33±0.075 a
GA₃+切割果皮GA₃+ Cutting peel	15	33.33±1.76 b	20.00±2.31 b	6.13±0.17 d	3.50±0.18 d
GA₃+低温层积30天GA₃+low temperature layering 30 d	19	19.33±1.76 cd	14.00±1.15 c	4.17±0.27 e	1.75±0.055 f
GA₃+低温层积60天GA₃+low temperature layering 60 d	19	21.33±1.76 c	16.00±1.15 bc	4.34±0.097 e	2.16±0.21 e
GA₃+低温层积90天GA₃+low temperature layering 90 d	17	36.00±1.15 b	24.67±1.76 a	8.34±0.16 b	7.25±0.10 b

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