基于可行能力理论的国有林区主观福祉影响因素实证分析—全面停止天然林商业性采伐的视角

doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.20201017

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

目的: 掌握全面停止天然林商业性采伐背景下国有林区主观福祉的基本现状，解析国有林区职工主观福祉的影响因素，为检验生态工程实施效果、制定生态政策和权衡林业民生提供决策参考。方法: 基于657份国有林区民生改革监测数据，采用交叉列联表分析国有林区主观福祉的基本特征，以阿玛蒂亚·森可行能力理论为框架构建国有林区职工主观福祉影响因素理论模型，运用有序Logit模型实证分析各维度影响因素对国有林区职工收入满意度和生活满意度的引致作用，并应用边际效应分析方法探究各因素的影响程度。结果: 1）总体上，国有林区主观福祉水平不高，低于中国农民和城镇居民的主观福祉水平；2）全面停止天然林商业性采伐对两大森工集团职工收入有差异化影响，基础设施建设滞后制约国有林区主观福祉提升；各森工集团人均收入水平几近相同，但消费水平差距显著，兼业人数逐渐增多；3）受教育程度、家庭总收入、社会保障、政策公平和扶持政策对国有林区职工收入满意度有显著影响；性别、婚姻、健康状态、家庭总收入、住房条件、交通建设、是否兼业和社会保障对国有林区职工生活满意度有显著影响。结论: 国有林区主观福祉低于中国农民和城镇居民的主观福祉水平，两大森工集团各维度福祉存在差异。全面停止天然林商业性采伐未带来国有林区微观主体主观福祉变动，收入也并非影响国有林区职工主观福祉的唯一因素；防护性保障成为影响国有林区职工主观福祉的核心维度，社会保障对国有林区职工主观福祉尤为关键。个体特征、经济条件和居住环境是影响国有林区职工主观福祉的重要因素。未来提高国有林区职工防护性保障水平、夯实基础设施建设有利于提升国有林区幸福感。

关键词: 全面停止天然林商品性采伐, 国有林区, 主观福祉, 影响因素

Abstract:

Objective: This paper was implemented to grasp the situations and determinants of the subjective well-being in state-owned forest area under full stop commercial logging, in order to provide a decision reference for testing the effects of ecological project, improving ecological policy and weighing the residents' livelihood of forestry. Method: Based on 657 monitoring data from state-owned forest reform, the basic characteristics of subjective well-being in state-owned forested area by using cross-linked tables were analyzed. Based on the capability approach of Amartya Sen, a theoretical model of influencing factors of subjective well-being in state-owned forest area was constructed. The factors influencing income satisfaction and life satisfaction of state-owned forest area were analyzed using ordered Logit model. The marginal effect analysis method was used to explore the influence degree of each factor. Result: Firstly, subjective well-being of state-owned forest area was not high, and lower than the subjective well-being of Chinese farmer and citizen. Secondly, the policy had different impacts on workers' income, the lag of infrastructure construction restricted the improvement of subjective well-being. The per-capital income level of forest area was similar, but the consumption level was significant, the number of part-time jobs was increasing. Thirdly, education, income, social security, policy equity and support policies had significant effects on income satisfaction in state-owned forest area. Gender, marriage, health, income, living condition, traffic, part-time job and social security had significant effects on life satisfaction in state-owned forest areas. Conclusion: The level of subjective well-being of state-owned forest area is under farmer and resident, and there are some differences in each dimension of subjective well-being in different forest areas. Full Stop Commercial Logging did not bring the changes of subjective well-being of workers' in state-owned forest area. Income is not the only way of subjective well-being in state-owned forest area, the protective guarantee becomes the core dimension that affects the subjective well-being of workers in state-owned forest area, social security is crucial to the subjective well-being of state-owned forest area, social equity is the leading factor to improve income satisfaction. Individual characteristics, economic conditions and living environments are three important factors to subjective well-being. In the future, the level of protective guarantee of workers and the solid foundation of infrastructure construction in state-owned forest area should be put forward to improve the subjective well-being.

Key words: full stop commercial logging, stated-owned forested area, subjective well-being, determinants

中图分类号:

F322

邹玉友,李金秋,田国双. 基于可行能力理论的国有林区主观福祉影响因素实证分析—全面停止天然林商业性采伐的视角[J]. 林业科学, 2020, 56(10): 154-164.

Yuyou Zou,Jinqiu Li,Guoshuang Tian. Empirical Analysis on Determinants of Subjective Well-Being in Stated-Owned Forest Area Based on Capability Approach: from the Perspective of Full Stop Commercial Logging[J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2020, 56(10): 154-164.

图/表 6

表1

表2

表3

表4

变量定义与描述性统计①"

变量Variables	变量定义Variable-definition	最小值 Min.	最大值 Max.	均值 Mean	标准差 Standard deviation
主观福祉Subjective well-being
收入满意度 Income satisfaction	非常不满意=1，不太满意=2，一般满意=3，比较满意=4，非常满意=5 Very dissatisfied=1, less satisfied=2, middle =3, more satisfied=4, very satisfied=5	1	5	3.097	0.912
生活满意度 Life satisfaction	非常不满意=1，不太满意=2，一般满意=3，比较满意=4，非常满意=5 Very dissatisfied=1, less satisfied=2, middle =3, more satisfied=4, very satisfied=5	1	5	3.117	0.894
个体特征Householder characteristics
性别Sex	男=0,女=1 Male=0, female=1	0	1	0.227	0.419
年龄Age	受访者实际年龄Actual age/year	21	74	45.73	10.261
受教育程度Education	小学=1,初中=2,高中=3,中专=4,大专=5 Primary school=1，junior school=2，high school=3，polytechnic shhool=4，college=5	1	5	3.236	1.03
婚姻Marriage	未婚及其他=0,已婚=1 Unmarried and other=0，married=1	0	1	0.883	0.342
健康状态Health	非常差=1,较差=2,一般=3,较好=4,非常好=5 Very low=1，low=2，middle=3，good=4，very good=5	1	5	3.609	0.901
经济条件Economic condition
家庭总收入 Family total income	实际收入Actual income/10⁴yuan	0.69	35.80	6.153	3.776
家庭总支出 Family total expenditure	实际支出Actual expenditure/10⁴yuan	0.51	57.83	5.617	4.279
居住环境Living condition
住房条件 Living condition	非常不满意=1，不太满意=2，一般=3，比较满意=4，非常满意=5 Very dissatisfied=1, less satisfied=2, middle =3, more satisfied=4, very satisfied=5	1	5	3.482	0.842
交通建设 Traffic construction	非常不满意=1，不太满意=2，一般满意=3，比较满意=4，非常满意=5 Very dissatisfied=1, less satisfied=2, middle =3, more satisfied=4, very satisfied=5	1	5	2.336	0.923
防护性保障Protective protection
是否必要停伐Stop cutting	否=0，是=1 No=0，Yes=1	0	1	0.812	0.391
是否兼业Part-time job	否=0，是=1 No=0，Yes=1	0	1	0.118	0.322
社会保障Social security	非常不满意=1，不太满意=2，一般满意=3，比较满意=4，非常满意=5 Very dissatisfied=1, less satisfied=2, middle =3, more satisfied=4, very satisfied=5	1	5	2.816	0.605
社会公平Social equity
政策公平Policy fairness	非常不公平=1，不太公平=2，一般公平=3，比较公平=4，非常公平=5 Very unfair=1，less unfair=2，middle=3，fairer=4，very fair=5	1	5	2.527	0.762
扶持政策Support policy	非常不满意=1，不太满意=2，一般满意=3，比较满意=4，非常满意=5 Very dissatisfied=1, less satisfied=2, middle =3, more satisfied=4, very satisfied=5	1	5	3.649	0.976
就业公平 Employment equity	非常不公平=1，不太公平=2，一般公平=3，比较公平=4，非常公平=5 Very unfair=1，less unfair=2，middle=3，fairer=4，very fair=5	1	5	2.441	0.804

表4

表5

表6

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指标 Index	类别 Classification	频数 Frequency	百分比 Percent(%)
分布 Distribute	龙江Longjiang	418	63.62
分布 Distribute	吉林Jilin	239	36.38
性别 Sex	男Male	508	77.32
性别 Sex	女Female	149	22.68
婚姻 Marriage	未婚Unmarried	77	11.71
婚姻 Marriage	已婚Married	580	88.28
年龄 Age/year	< 30	50	7.61
	30~40	101	15.37
	40~50	254	38.66
	>50	252	38.33
教育程度 Education	小学Primary school	18	2.73
	初中Junior school	153	23.28
	高中High school	224	34.09
	中专Polytechnic school	180	27.39
	大专及以上College	82	12.48
健康状态 Health	非常差Very low	9	1.36
	较差Low	57	8.68
	一般Middle	220	33.49
	比较好Good	267	40.64
	非常好Very good	104	15.83

指标Index	吉林森工Jilin			龙江森工Longjiang			均值 Mean
指标Index	林场Farm	局址Bureau	均值Mean	林场Farm	局址Bureau	均值Mean	均值 Mean
收入Income	6.76	7.01	6.86	5.82	5.77	5.80	6.19
就业Employment	6.77	7.02	6.87	6.59	6.84	6.67	6.75
医疗Medical treatment	6.04	6.27	6.13	5.43	5.45	5.44	5.69
社会保障Social security	6.01	6.12	6.06	5.42	5.29	5.38	5.63
社会稳定Social stability	5.94	6.27	6.08	4.78	4.77	4.78	5.25
教育水平Education	5.94	5.96	5.95	5.41	5.02	5.28	5.52
道路Road	5.47	5.55	5.50	4.28	4.04	4.20	4.67
用水Water	5.73	5.67	5.71	4.61	4.92	4.71	5.07
用电Power	5.77	5.69	5.74	4.59	4.79	4.66	5.05
通网Internet	5.47	5.76	5.59	4.48	4.46	4.47	4.88
总体满意度Total satisfaction	5.99	6.13	6.05	5.14	5.14	5.14	5.47

指标Index	项目Classification	吉林森工Jilin		龙江森工Longjiang
指标Index	项目Classification	林场Farm	局址Bureau	林场Farm	局址Bureau
人均收入 Per capital income/(yuan·a^-1)	最大值Max.	179 000.00	92 100.00	109 150.00	68 200.00
	最小值Min.	1 400.00	4 280.00	2 333.33	1 240.00
	平均值Mean	20 988.77	20 716.42	21 162.77	21 848.34
人均消费 Per capital expenditure/(yuan·a^-1)	最大值Max.	89 150.00	56 650.00	65 366.67	93 370.00
	最小值Min.	3 998.00	5 950.00	2 233.33	3 300.00
	平均值Mean	21 557.43	20 599.78	17 563.72	20 428.94
居住面积 Living space/m²	最大值Max.	101.75	80.90	96.00	78.00
	最小值Min.	6.67	9.50	6.67	9.25
	平均值Mean	25.96	25.90	26.44	27.49
就业情况Employment	未就业Unemployed	4	6	39	39
	就业Employed	136	92	239	101
	兼业Part-time job	6	9	101	50

变量Variables	模型A(收入满意度)Model A(income satisfaction)				模型B(生活满意度)Model B(life satisfaction)
变量Variables	系数 Coefficient	标准误 Standard error	Z统计值 Z statistics	概率Prob.	系数 Coefficient	标准误 Standard error	Z统计值 Z statistics	概率Prob.
性别Sex	0.111	0.193	0.579	0.563	-0.409^**	0.189	-2.174	0.030
年龄Age	0.002	0.009	0.259	0.795	0.012	0.009	1.253	0.210
受教育程度Education	0.147^*	0.089	1.660	0.097	0.133	0.089	1.499	0.134
婚姻Marriage	-0.042	0.257	-0.167	0.867	-0.505^**	0.257	-1.964	0.050
健康状态Health	-0.091	0.097	-0.937	0.349	0.219^**	0.098	2.238	0.025
家庭总收入Family total income	-0.779^*	0.413	-1.888	0.059	1.512^***	0.415	3.639	0.000
家庭总支出Family total expenditure	0.184	0.367	0.503	0.615	0.063	0.367	0.173	0.863
住房条件Living condition	-0.123	0.093	-1.332	0.183	0.559^***	0.097	5.787	0.000
交通建设Traffic construction	0.000	0.098	0.002	0.998	0.175^*	0.101	1.736	0.083
是否必要停伐Stop cutting	-0.291	0.202	-1.442	0.149	-0.018	0.202	-0.091	0.928
是否兼业Part-time job	-0.051	0.255	-0.201	0.841	0.489^**	0.249	1.963	0.050
社会保障Social security	0.938^***	0.137	6.844	0.000	-0.385^***	0.132	-2.928	0.003
政策公平Policy fairness	0.353^**	0.151	2.333	0.020	-0.177	0.151	-1.178	0.239
扶持政策Support policy	0.484^***	0.086	5.608	0.000	0.040	0.084	0.481	0.631
就业公平Employment equity	0.075	0.135	0.556	0.578	0.004	0.138	0.031	0.975
Cut(1)	-4.873	1.834	-2.656	0.008	6.479	1.884	3.440	0.000
Cut(2)	-2.883	1.829	-1.577	0.115	7.935	1.885	4.209	0.000
Cut(3)	-0.013	1.822	-0.007	0.994	10.661	1.907	5.589	0.000
Cut(4)	1.519	1.825	0.832	0.406	12.780	1.928	6.629	0.000
伪R² Pseudo R²	0.105				0.078
对数似然值Log likelihood	-726.161				-735.110
LR统计量LR statistic	170.041				123.662
LR统计概率Prob(LR)	0.000				0.000

主观福祉 Subjective well-being	变量Variables	Y_i=1	Y_i=2	Y_i=3	Y_i=4	Y_i=5
收入满意度 Income satisfaction	受教育程度Education	-0.006 083 5	-0.014 062 3	-0.004 171 8	0.014 060 1	0.010 257 5
	家庭总收入Income	0.032 145 9	0.074 306 1	0.022 044 1	-0.074 294 6	-0.054 201 5
	社会保障Social security	-0.038 711 5	-0.089 482 6	-0.026 546 5	0.089 468 7	0.065 271 8
	政策公平Policy fairness	-0.014 558 8	-0.033 653 0	-0.009 983 7	0.033 647 8	0.024 547 7
	扶持政策Support policy	0.019 965 6	0.046 151 1	0.013 691 5	-0.046 143 9	-0.033 664 3
生活满意度 Life satisfaction	性别Sex	0.019 969 1	0.033 958 4	0.021 112 5	-0.053 344 8	-0.021 695 2
	婚姻Marriage	0.024 613 5	0.041 856 5	0.026 022 9	-0.065 751 8	-0.026 741 1
	健康状态Health	-0.010 644 6	-0.018 101 7	-0.011 254 1	0.028 435 7	0.011 564 8
	家庭总收入Family total income	-0.073 665 3	-0.125 271 4	-0.077 883 2	0.196 787 0	0.080 032 8
	住房条件Living condition	-0.027 246 5	-0.046 334 0	-0.028 806 6	0.072 785 5	0.029 601 7
	交通建设Traffic construction	-0.008 519 7	-0.014 488 1	-0.009 007 5	0.022 759 1	0.009 256 1
	是否兼业Part-time job	-0.023 841 5	-0.040 543 7	-0.025 206 7	0.063 689 5	0.025 902 4
	社会保障Social security	0.018 752 6	0.031 889 8	0.019 826 4	-0.050 095 2	-0.020 373 6