厚竹出退笋规律及退笋过程中营养成分的变化

doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.20191204

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

目的: 调查厚竹出退笋规律，探讨厚竹退笋过程中营养品质的变化特点，为合理利用退笋、提高厚竹林的综合效益提供理论依据。方法: 观察厚竹竹笋的高生长过程，统计出笋量和退笋量，测量竹笋高度，总结厚竹出退笋规律；并采用常规化学成分分析方法测定退笋不同阶段营养成分的含量，原子吸收分光光度法测定矿质元素含量，全自动氨基酸分析仪测定氨基酸含量，分析退笋过程中营养成分的变化规律。结果: 1）2015年、2017年和2018年厚竹出笋量分别为1 171、818和575株，出笋规律呈正态分布曲线，且从出笋初期至末期退笋率升高。退笋高度主要集中在50 cm以内，其中30 cm高度以下的退笋占比分别高达69.81%、83.60%、86.09%，且在相同时间内，退笋高生长量低于正常笋。2）与正常笋相比，厚竹退笋的粗蛋白、可溶性糖和淀粉的含量均下降，而灰分、酸性洗涤纤维则高于正常笋，脂肪含量与健壮笋无显著差异（P>0.05）；厚竹不同矿质元素含量由高到低依次为：P > Mg > Ca > Zn > Mn > Fe > Cu，其中P含量表现为正常笋高于退笋，其余均是退笋显著高于正常笋（P < 0.05），且随退败程度加深呈增加趋势；厚竹退笋与正常笋都含有17种氨基酸，退笋氨基酸总含量显著低于正常笋，且随退败程度加深呈下降趋势，退笋中期和后期氨基酸总量无显著差异。但退笋中主要鲜味类氨基酸含量比例增加。结论: 厚竹每年大量出笋，大小年差异没有毛竹明显，更适于培育优质竹林，具有较高的经济价值。厚竹退笋率整体较高，退笋高度集中分布在50 cm以内。厚竹退笋主要集中在高生长初期。厚竹退笋仍富含蛋白质、氨基酸、矿质元素等物质，具较高的食用价值，及时开发利用退笋可提高竹林生产效益。

关键词: 厚竹, 生长规律, 退笋, 营养成分

Abstract:

Objectve: This study aims to investigate the pattern of shoot emergence and degradation and the characteristics of nutrient quality changes during degradation of Phyllostachys edulis' Pachyloen', so as to provide a theoretical basis for the rational utilization of degraded bamboo shoots. Method: In this study, we monitored the height growth of P. edulis' Pachyloen' shoots, and counted the number of emergence and degraded shoots and analyzed the pattern of the shoot emergence and degradation. In addition, the contents of nutrients (basic nutrients were determined by ordinary chemical composition analysis method, mineral elements were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry, amino acids were determined by automatic amino acid analyzer) were measured and the change pattern of nutrients was analyzed during the degradation of bamboo shoots. Result: 1) There were 1171, 818 and 575 shoots, respectively in 2015, 2017 and 2018. The annual shoot emergence of P. edulis' Pachyloen' presented a normal distribution curve, and the percentage of degraded shoots increased from the early stage to the late stage of shooting. The height of degraded shoots was mainly below 50 cm, among which the proportion of degraded shoots below 30 cm was 69.81%, 83.60% and 86.09%, respectively in 2015, 2017 and 2018. The height growth of degraded shoots was lower than that of normal shoots in the same time, indicating that the physiological metabolism in degraded shoots is slow. 2) The contents of crude protein, soluble sugar and starch in degraded shoots were lower than those in normal shoots, while the contents of ash and acid detergent fiber were higher than those in normal shoots. The contents of different mineral elements ranged from high to low were:P > Mg > Ca > Zn > Mn > Fe > Cu. There were 17 kinds of amino acids in both degraded and normal shoots, and the total amino acid contents of degraded shoots was significantly lower than that of normal shoots, and decreased with the degree of degradation. Besides, there was no significant difference in the total amount of amino acids between the middle and late stages of degradation. Conclusion: P. edulis' Pachyloen' emerged many shoots every year, and there was no obvious difference in the shoot number between on-year and off-year, indicating that it is more suitable for cultivating high-quality bamboo forest and has higher value of economy. The percentage of degraded shoots of P. edulis' Pachyloen' was generally high, and the degradation mainly occurred within 50 cm in shoot height, which is consistent to that of P. edulis. The results indicated that the shoots of P. edulis' Pachyloen' degraded mainly in the early stage of height growth. The findings can be used as a theoretical basis for the cutting height of degraded shoots. P. edulis' Pachyloen' degraded shoots are still rich in proteins, amino acids, mineral elements, and so on, thus it has high edible value, and timely utilization of degraded shoots can effectively improve bamboo production value.

Key words: Phyllostachys edulis' Pachyloen', growth regulation, degraded shoot, nutrient components

中图分类号:

S714

陈阿丽,赵婉琪,阮羽清,国春策,张文根,施建敏,杨光耀,于芬. 厚竹出退笋规律及退笋过程中营养成分的变化[J]. 林业科学, 2019, 55(12): 32-40.

Ali Chen,Wanqi Zhao,Yuqing Ruan,Chunce Guo,Wengen Zhang,Jianmin Shi,Guangyao Yang,Fen Yu. Pattern of Emergence and Degradation of Phyllostachys edulis' Pachyloen' Shoot and the Changes of Nutrient Composition during Degradation[J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2019, 55(12): 32-40.

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年份 Year	指标 Index	出笋阶段Sprouting period			总计 Total
年份 Year	指标 Index	初期 Early stage	盛期 Peak stage	末期 Late stage	总计 Total
2015	出笋量Bamboo shoots	474	544	153	1 171
	退笋量Degraded bamboo shoots	249	329	115	693
	退笋率Percentage	52.53%	60.48%	75.16%	59.18%
2017	出笋量Bamboo shoots	305	445	68	818
	退笋量Degraded bamboo shoots	147	243	49	439
	退笋率Percentage	48.20%	54.61%	72.06%	53.67%
2018	出笋量Bamboo shoots	234	302	39	575
	退笋量Degraded bamboo shoots	125	189	31	345
	退笋率Percentage	53.42%	62.58%	79.49%	60.00%

年份 Year	指标 Index	退笋高度Height of degraded shoots/cm				总计 Total
年份 Year	指标 Index	0~10	11~30	31~50	> 50	总计 Total
2015	退笋数Number	71	114	47	33	265
2015	退笋率Percentage	26.79%	43.02%	17.74%	12.45%	100%
2017	退笋数Number	156	211	59	13	439
2017	退笋率Percentage	35.54%	48.06%	13.44%	2.96%	100%
2018	退笋数Number	138	159	36	12	345
2018	退笋率Percentage	40%	46.09%	10.43%	3.48%	100%

氨基酸 Amino acid	正常笋 Normal shoots	初期退笋 Early degraded shoots	中期退笋 Midterm degradedshoots	后期退笋 Later degraded shoots
天冬氨酸(Asp)	2.35±0.02	3.89±0.04	3.39±0.04	4.07±0.04
苏氨酸(Thr)^*	0.93±0.01	0.79±0.01	0.77±0.01	0.79±0.00
丝氨酸(Ser)	1.00±0.01	0.90±0.01	0.90±0.01	0.92±0.01
谷氨酸(Glu)	2.98±0.02	2.13±0.02	2.10±0.03	1.95±0.01
甘氨酸(Gly)	1.03±0.02	0.79±0.01	0.78±0.01	0.75±0.00
丙氨酸(Ala)	1.50±0.02	1.27±0.02	1.19±0.01	1.22±0.00
胱氨酸(Cys)	0.09±0.01	0.06±0.00	0.07±0.00	0.08±0.00
缬氨酸(Val)^*	1.33±0.00	1.09±0.01	1.06±0.02	1.04±0.01
蛋氨酸(Met)^*	0.31±0.01	0.22±0.00	0.19±0.01	0.23±0.01
异亮氨酸(Ile)^*	0.95±0.01	0.77±0.01	0.75±0.01	0.72±0.00
亮氨酸(Leu)^*	1.59±0.01	1.19±0.00	1.17±0.03	1.13±0.01
酪氨酸(Tyr)	6.02±0.00	5.25±0.08	4.40±0.04	3.91±0.05
苯丙氨酸(Phe)^*	0.85±0.01	0.68±0.02	0.65±0.01	0.59±0.00
赖氨酸(Lys)^*	1.13±0.01	0.81±0.01	0.84±0.01	0.88±0.01
组氨酸(His)	0.43±0.00	0.39±0.00	0.39±0.00	0.39±0.00
精氨酸(Arg)	1.26±0.01	0.96±0.02	0.93±0.01	0.90±0.01
脯氨酸(Pro)	0.94±0.01	0.83±0.02	0.77±0.01	0.78±0.01
必需氨基酸(EAA)	7.09±0.03	5.55±0.05	5.43±0.08	5.38±0.00
非必需氨基酸(NAA)	17.60±0.08	16.47±0.22	14.92±0.14	14.97±0.02
总计(TAA)	24.69±0.11	22.02±0.28	20.35±0.22	20.35±0.02

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