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林业科学 ›› 2015, Vol. 51 ›› Issue (7): 69-83.doi: 10.11707/j.1001-7488.20150708

• 论文与研究报告 • 上一篇    下一篇

日本松干蚧(同翅目:松干蚧科)发育过程中形态、习性及天敌

刘卫敏1, 谢映平1, 薛皎亮1, 张艳峰1, 田芬1, 杨钤1, 吴俊2, 唐喜军3, 耿以龙4, 张英伟5, 赵常胜6   

  1. 1. 山西大学生命科学学院 太原 030006;
    2. 浙江省金华市林业局 金华 321000;
    3. 青岛园林技术学校 青岛 266061;
    4. 山东省青岛市林业局 青岛 266061;
    5. 辽宁省抚顺市林业局 抚顺 113006;
    6. 吉林省伊通满族自治县林业局 四平 130700
  • 收稿日期:2014-01-28 修回日期:2014-07-29 出版日期:2015-07-25 发布日期:2015-08-14
  • 通讯作者: 谢映平
  • 基金资助:

    国家自然科学基金项目(31070584); 高等学校博士学科点专项科研基金项目(20101401110008); 山西省研究生创新项目(20103010)。

Morphology, Behavior and Natural Enemies of Matsucoccus matsumurae (Homoptera: Matsucoccidae) during Development

Liu Weimin1, Xie Yingping1, Xue Jiaoliang1, Zhang Yanfeng1, Tian Fen1, Yang Qian1, Wu Jun2, Tang Xijun3, Geng Yilong4, Zhang Yingwei5, Zhao Changsheng6   

  1. 1. College of Life Science, Shanxi University Taiyuan 030006;
    2. Jinhua Forestry Bureau, Zhejiang Province Jinhua 321000;
    3. School of Qingdao Horticulture and Forestry Technology Qingdao 266061;
    4. Qingdao Forestry Bureau, Shandong Province Qingdao 266061;
    5. Fushun Forestry Bureau, Liaoning Province Fushun 113006;
    6. Yitong Forestry Bureau, Jilin Province Siping 130700
  • Received:2014-01-28 Revised:2014-07-29 Online:2015-07-25 Published:2015-08-14

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摘要：

[目的] 研究日本松干蚧各龄期在我国3个气候区的发生时间、形态特征、生活习性及天敌昆虫,为有效监测日本松干蚧发育和种群动态、确定最佳的防治时期提供依据。[方法] 根据日本松干蚧在我国的分布现状,选择辽宁省抚顺市(LNFS)、山东省青岛市(SDQD)和浙江省金华市(ZJJH)作为3个气候区的代表,于2011—2013年,在日本松干蚧危害的林区布点,采用野外连续调查和室内显微镜检相结合的方法进行研究。[结果] 1) 日本松干蚧在3个气候区1年都发生2代,以1龄寄生若虫越冬,但各虫态的发育历期明显不同,ZJJH种群3月上旬开始出蛰,SDQD和LNFS种群4月下旬—5月上旬才出蛰,LNFS种群在10月份进入越冬期,而ZJJH种群在12月才开始越冬。2) 日本松干蚧雌雄两性在不同发育阶段具有不同的形态特征和泌蜡特点,初孵化的1龄若虫具有发达的触角和足,虫体表面未分泌蜡质; 1龄若虫固定寄生后,开始分泌白色蜡丝,隐蔽于树皮缝隙下; 2龄若虫的触角、眼和足均消失,虫体表面具有薄的蜡质层,称"珠形期"; 春季2龄若虫大量取食后,虫体膨大部分暴露,可见虫体表面蜡质,为"显露期"; 雄性3龄若虫具有发达的触角和足,初期爬行灵活,寻找化蛹场所,随后虫体表面的蜡腺分泌白色蜡丝,形成蜡茧; 在蜡茧内经历预蛹和蛹期2个阶段; 雄成虫头部具有1对长的触角和1对复眼,胸部具1对前翅,后翅退化为平衡棒,腹部的第7腹节背面有成簇的柱状管腺分泌白色的长蜡丝,腹部末端具交配器; 雌成虫与3龄雄若虫形态相似,但胸部和腹部肥大; 雌成虫初期体表泌蜡不明显,交尾后,分泌蜡丝形成卵囊。3)日本松干蚧的天敌昆虫已记录14科59种,其中半翅目的花蝽科、脉翅目的草蛉科和鞘翅目的瓢虫科是主要类群。[结论] 本研究首次系统描述了日本松干蚧各龄期的发育过程和形态特征变化,特别是2龄若虫珠形期和显露期的特点,3龄雄若虫分泌蜡丝、结茧和化蛹过程,雄成虫的羽化、求偶和交配行为,雌成虫的分泌卵囊和产卵行为; 日本松干蚧各虫态在3个气候区发育历期不同,出蛰和越冬时间不同,是由当地气温变化决定的; 春季2龄若虫显露期到雄性3龄若虫和雌成虫的活动期是防治的关键期; 天敌活动春季以瓢虫为主,夏季和秋季以花蝽和草蛉为主。

关键词: 日本松干蚧, 生物学特性, 形态学和发育, 天敌昆虫, 生物防治

Abstract:

[Objective] The Japanese pine bast scale, Matsucoccus matsumurae (Kuwana) (Homoptera: Matsucoccidae), is an important invasive species and a destructive pest of pine forests in China. In this paper, the occurrence time, morphological characteristics, living habits and natural enemies of M. matsumurae at different developmental stages in three climatic regions in China were investigated to provide a basis for well monitoring the development and population dynamics, and determining the most appropriate control period. [Method] Three representative climate zones associated with the distribution status of M. matsumurae in China were chosen, i.e. Jinhua in Zhejiang Province (ZJJH), Qingdao in Shandong Province (SDQD) and Fushun in Liaoning Province (LNFS). The sampling sites were set in the forests infested by M. matsumurae. Continuous surveys in the forest and microscopic examination in a laboratory were conducted from 2011 to 2013. [Result] 1) M. matsumurae reproduced two generations a year in the three climatic zones and overwintered at the 1st-instar nymph period, but their developmental durations in the three climatic zones were different. In ZJJH, the post-hibernation nymphs emerged in early March, while, the post-hibernation nymphs emerged in late April or early May in SDQD and LNFS. The populations of LNFS began to overwinter in October, but the populations of ZJJH did not overwinter until December. These differences were related to the local temperature. 2) The morphological and wax secretion characteristic of the females and males of M. matsumurae were varied at different developmental stages. Newly hatched 1st-instar nymphs possessed developed antennae and legs, but did not secret wax substance on their surface. After settling under the bark crack, the 1st-instar nymphs began to secrete white wax substances on their surface. The 2nd-instar nymphs without antennae, eyes and legs were called "pearl-shape stage". After a period of feeding in spring, the insect body became enlarged and exposed to outside of the bark. The insects with white wax secretions were easily visible and were called "patent period". The 3rd-instar nymphs possessed developed antennae and legs, and could crawl freely to search for pupation place. Then the nymphs secreted white wax filaments from the wax glands on the body surface to form wax cocoon. In the wax cocoon, the insects underwent two stages, prepupa and pupa. The male adults had a pair of antennae and compound eyes on head, and a pair of fore wings, while the hind wings degraded into poisers at thorax. There was a cluster of long wax filaments secreted from a group of columnar tubular ducts at the tergum of abdominal segment VII, and a copulatory organ at the posterior of the abdomen. The female adults were similar to the 3rd-instar nymph in morphology, but their thorax and abdomen were larger. At the initial stage, the female adults were not covered by obvious wax secretion, after mating, they secreted wax filaments to form egg sacs. 3) There were 59 species in 14 families of the predators of M. matsumurae listed in China, of which, Anthocoridae in Hemiptera, Chrysopidae in Neuroptera and Coccinellidae in Coleoptera were preponderant.[Conclusion] The present study described the developmental process and morphological changes of M. matsumurae in all instars, especially, the characteristics of the pearl-shape stage and patent period of the 2nd-instar nymphs, wax filament secretion, cocoon construction and pupation of the male 3rd-instar nymphs, eclosion, courtship and mating behavior of the male adults, egg sac formation and oviposition of the female adults. It was found that the developmental duration of each stage of M. matsumurae in the three climatic regions was different. The time for post-hibernant and overwintering varied dependent on the local temperature changes. The critical period for controlling the insect is from the emergence period of the 2nd-instar nymphs to the active period of the male 3rd-instar nymphs and the female adults. The preponderant natural enemies of M. matsumurae were lady beetles in spring, and flower bugs and lacewing flies in summer and autumn.

Key words: Matsucoccus matsumurae(Kuwana), biological characteristic, morphology and development, natural enemy, biocontrol

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