Objective: To explore the effects of micro-topography on distribution and growth of 2 Korean pine forms (coarse bark and fine bark), in order to provide a theoretical basis for forest managers to conduct practise management by adapt trees to site conditions. Method: Based on the dynamic monitoring sample plot in the mixed broadleaved-Korean pine forest in Fenglin National Nature Reserve in Heilongjiang Province, the Korean pine trees with DBH≥10 cm in the sample plot were checked and the 2 Korean pine forms, were distinguished, and the topography and the soil environment of the sample trees were investigated and analyzed. Chi-square test was used to analyze the distribution differences between the 2 Korean pine forms on different micro-topography; single factor analysis of variance and LSD multiple comparison were used to analyze the distribution and growth differences of different diameter grades; t-test was used to analyze the distribution and growth differences on the same micro-topography; hierarchical segmentation method was used to analyze the contribution of micro-topography and soil factors to the distribution and growth of Korean pine. Result: 1) In the sample plot, the course bark Korean pine was dominated by large and medium diameter classes with normal distribution curves, while the fine bark Korean pine was dominated by medium and small diameter classes with inverted "J"curves. 2)The coarse bark Korean pine was distributed in the micro-topography with slope degree>6°, sunny and semi-sunny slopes, upper slope position and convex topography, and the fine bark Korean pine was distributed in the micro-topography with slope degree>15°, sunny and semi-sunny slopes, middle slope position and convex topography. 3) In the same micro-topographic grade, the distribution of the fine bark Korean pine with a small diameter (10 cm < DBH < 30 cm) was significantly higher than that of the coarse bark Korean pine (P < 0.05), and that of the coarse bark Korean pine with large diameter (DBH≥50 cm) was significantly higher than that of the fine bark Korean pine (P < 0.05), while there was no significant difference between the two Korean pine forms in the middle diameter class (30 cm≤DBH < 50 cm) (P>0.05); 4) The 5-year increment of basal area at DBH was significantly different between the 2 Korean pine forms at different levels of slope degrees and slope orientation (P < 0.01), and the growth was the highest at semi-shady slope with a smaller slope degree, but there was no significant difference between the 2 Korean pine forms at the same micro-topographic grade (P>0.05). 5) Topography and soil factors had similar interpretation rates of the distribution and growth, with higher interpretation rates of concavity, slope orientation and slope degree among the topographic factors, and higher interpretation rates of bulk density, mass water content and soil total phosphorus content among the soil factors. Conclusion: In the studied area, the micro-topographic conditions of the 2 Korean pine forms were similar, both prefer high slope degree, sunny slope and semi-sunny slope, medium or upper slope positions and convex micro-topography, and the growth of the 2 Korean pine forms was affected by slope degree and slope orientation, the increment of basal area at DBH is large on the micro-topography with small slope degree and semi-shady slope.

Objective: The community structure and diversity of arbor species in unmanaged Phyllostachys edulis forest (old and dead bamboos were removed without other reclamation interference) with low ecological function were studied, aiming to provide a basis for making scientific tending measures and promoting the succession of the unmanaged P. edulis forest to the mixed forest of bamboo and tree. Method: Two types of unmanaged(8 a and 20 a)P. edulis forests were chosen in Changshan County, southwest Zhejiang Province. The sample plot survey method was used and 3 sample plots in size of 20 m × 20 m were set in each type of P. edulis forests. The composition and quantity of P. edulis and arbor species in each type of the P. edulis forests were investigated. The importance value, community similarity coefficient and common biodiversity were used to analyze the arbor species composition, community structure and diversity of two types of the P. edulis forests. Result: The total number of living trees in the P. edulis forest unmanaged for 20 a were significantly higher than that in the P. edulis forest unmanaged for 8 a, with an increase of 245.9%. There were 14 species and 10 families such as Fagaceae and Theaceae in the P. edulis forest unmanaged for 8 a, the dominant species was Lithocarpus harlandii. There were 14 species and 7 families such as Fagaceae and Theaceae in the P. edulis forest unmanaged for 20 a, the dominant species was Schima superba. With the increasing number of unmanaged years, the important values of S. superba, L. glaber and Castanopsis sclerophylla in the community increased significantly and gradually occupied a dominant position in the tree community, while the important values of Quercus serrata and Machilus thunbergii decreased significantly. Compared with the P. edulis forest unmanaged for 8 a, the proportion of arbor species with height of 2.0 m and above and ground diameter of 2.1 cm and above in the P. edulis forest unmanaged for 20 a increased significantly, and Fagaceae species such as L. glaber and C. sclerophylla were better in height growth and radial growth. The diversity characteristics of arbor species in different succession stages were quite different. With the increase of the number of unmanaged years, the richness and diversity of arbor species in tree layer were significantly improved, and the diversity index of arbor species in shrub layer was not significantly different; The species richness and diversity of arbor species in herb layer decreased significantly. Conclusion: The dominance of arbor species in the forest increased in the natural succession process of the unmanaged P. edulis forest. The arbor species such as S. superba and L. glaber gradually dominated in the arbor species community in southwest Zhejiang Province. Some recommended precious tree species in Zhejiang (such as M. thunbergii and Cyclobalanopsis gracilis) have no obvious competitive advantage in the unmanaged P. edulis forest. In order to promote positive succession of bamboo-tree mixed forest to evergreen top community and the ecological function of the unmanaged or even abandoned P. edulis forest, it is necessary to carry out appropriate manual measures such as remove old and dead bamboo, reduce the density of bamboo, and carry out positive intervention on target or precious tree species.

Objective: This study aims to provide theoretical support for the evaluation of the subsequent environmental security as well as the industrialization of transgenic BpGLK Betula pendula 'Dplecprlicp', by studying the soil physicochemical properties, the enzyme activity and the community composition of the rhizosphere soil microorganism of transgenic BpGLK B. pendula 'Dplecprlicp'. Method: Two-year-old BpGLK transformed B.pendula 'Dplecprlicp' (RE1-RE5) were used to study the stability of exogenous genes. The growth characteristics, physicochemical properties and enzyme activity of rhizosphere soil were determined. High-throughput sequencing technology was used to analyze the community characteristics of soil bacteria and fungi. Result: The Bar gene and BpGLK interference fragment were still integrated in the genome of transgenic B. pendula 'Dplecprlicp' strains. As for the growth traits, RE strains were relatively higher or significantly higher than WT strain (RE3 excepted). The soil pH, contents of organic carbon, total nitrogen and available nitrogen of RE strains were lower or significantly lower than those of WT strain. The contents of available phosphorus, total potassium and available potassium in RE strains were significantly higher than those in WT strain (except RE1) (P < 0.05). RE strains had lower or significantly lower soil urease and sucrase activities than WT strain, while RE strains had significantly higher neutral protease activity than WT strain. The analysis of the community richness and diversity indicated that there was no significant difference in the bacteria community between RE strains and WT strain. The fungi richness of RE strains was higher or significantly higher than that of WT strain. However, there was no significant difference in fungi diversity between RE strains and WT strain. As for Saccharimonadales, Acidothermus and other 8 genera of bacteria, RE strains were significantly higher than WT strain, while Candidatus_ Soliactor and other 4 genera were significantly lower than WT strain. In the fungal community, Tomentella was the dominant group in the rhizosphere soil of RE strains. Conclusion: The growth of two-year-old transgenic BpGLK B.pendula 'Delecprlicp' outperforms that of wild-type strain. No adverse effects of transgenic activities on physicochemical properties, enzyme activity and microbial community composition of rhizosphere soil have been found in this experiment.

Objective: The purpose of this study is to clarify the differences in leaf morphological structure and photosynthetic characteristics between Jatropha nigroviensrugosus cv. Yang and J. curcas, which have two different leaf types, and also to explore the reasons for the high yield of J. nigroviensrugosus cv. Yang and provide a reference for genetic improvement and efficient cultivation of Jatropha. Method: The leaf phenotype parameters, leaf anatomical structure parameters, spectral reflection characteristics, chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics and diurnal changes of photosynthetic parameters observed and measured in order to explore the effects of different leaf morphological structures on the photosynthetic capacity of J. nigroviensrugosus cv. Yang and J. curcas. Result: 1) Except the petiole length, the leaf length, leaf width and leaf area of J. nigroviensrugosus cv. Yang were significantly lower than those of J. curcas. 2) The contents of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll in J. nigroviensrugosus cv. Yang were significantly higher than those in J. curcas, but there was no significant difference in the content of soluble sugar between them. 3) The volume of mesophyll cells of J. nigroviensrugosus cv. Yang was significantly smaller than that of J. curcas, and the arrangement of mesophyll cells of them was different. 4) The reflectance of leaves of J. nigroviensrugosus cv. Yang was significantly lower than that of J. curcas in the green band and near infrared band. 5) There was no significant difference between the maximum photochemical efficiency (F_v/F_m) and the potential activity (F_v/F₀) of PSⅡ reaction center. Both the parameters Y (Ⅱ) reaction center and F_v′/F_m′ of J. nigroviensrugosus cv. Yang were higher than those of J. curcas. The diurnal variation trends of the electron yield Y(NPQ) of PSⅡ-regulated energy dissipation and the electron yield Y(NO) of PSⅡ non-regulatory energy dissipation of the two were the same, but J. nigroviensrugosus cv. Yang had a higher Y(NPQ) and a lower Y(NO) than J. curcas, which indicating that the photoprotective mechanism of J. nigroviensrugosus cv. Yang is better than that of J. curcas. Their quenching parameters (q_P) and parameters Y (NPQ) were approximately the same and their energy dissipation NPQ and Y (NO) had similar trend. It was seen that the photoprotection mechanism of J. nigroviensrugosus cv. Yang was better than that of J. curcas. From 8:00 to 16:00, net photosynthetic rate (P_n), stomatal conductance (G_s) and transpiration rate (Tr) of J. nigroviensrugosus cv. Yang were all higher than those of J. curcas. During the period of 16:00—18:00, the photosynthetic parameters of J. curcas. showed a downward trend, while those of J. nigroviensrugosus cv. Yang showed an upward trend. Conclusion: Compared with J. curcass, J. nigroviensrugosus cv. Yang has a smaller leaf area, higher chlorophyll content, and better light interception, absorption and light energy conversion. Under the condition of strong light, the light damage adjustment ability and photosynthesis ability of the leaves of J. nigroviensrugosus cv. Yang are better than that of. J. curcas, that is, the morphological structure of J. nigroviensrugosus cv. Yang is more conducive to the photosynthesis of plants.

Objective: The purpose of this study is to analyze whether changes in the twig-leaf size relationships could reduce the drought stress of Populus euphratica with heteromorphic leaves, which could provide reference for clarifying the formation mechanism of heteromorphic leaves and the conservation of P. euphratica individuals. Method: Three main heteromorphic leaves, i.e., ovate, nearly ovate and lanceolate leaf, of P. euphratica in the Ebinur Lake Wetland National Nature Reserve in the Xinjiang, China, were taken as the research object. The cross-sectional area of twigs, the total leaf area on the twigs, the hydraulic and anatomical traits were determined experimentally in 18 P. euphratica individuals, and then the standardized major axis regression (SMA) was used to compare the difference in the relationship of size between twig and leaf among three heteromorphic leaves. Multi-correlation analysis was conducted to test the effects of the twig-leaf size relationships on the hydraulic and anatomical traits. Result: 1) There was a significant isometric growth relationship between the cross-sectional area of twigs and the total leaf area. The regression slope of twig-leaf size relationships ranged from 0.65 to 1.06; which had no significant difference compared with 1 (P> 0.05). 2) The SMA results showed that there was a common slope (a = 0.83) for the regression of the total leaf area to twig cross-sectional area among heteromorphic leaves. Under the condition of common slope, the intercept (b) differed among the three heteromorphic leaves: ovate (1.41) > nearly ovate (1.35) > lanceolate leaf (1.25). 3) There were significant differences in leaf length, leaf width, leaf length-width ratio, maximum transpiration rate, Huber value, stomatal size and density, and palisade tissue thickness among the three heteromorphic leaves (P < 0.05), while pre-dawn leaf water potential and specific conductivity of twigs were not different (P> 0.05). 4) The twig-leaf size relationship was significantly correlated with Huber value, stomatal size and density, palisade tissue thickness, maximum transpiration rate and pre-dawn leaf water potential (P < 0.05). Conclusion: The isometric growth relationship between twig and leaf is an adaptive strategy of P. euphratica to maintain the balance between water transport and mechanical support. Under the condition of the same cross-sectional area of twigs, the total area of ovate leaf was higher than that of nearly ovate, and even higher than that of lanceolate leaf. The change of the twig-leaf size relationship of P. euphratica could improve the hydraulic properties, thereby increase the water transport capacity and reduce the drought stress.

Objective: Insect neuropeptides F (NPF) regulates physiological functions, such as feeding, development and reproduction, of insects by binding to its specific receptors. In this study, the effects of NPF and the NPF receptor (NPFR) genes on feeding, growth and reproduction of Hyphantria cunea were explored by cloning and functional analysis of NPF and NPFR, which would provide a theoretical foundation for further pest control targeting NPF and NPFR genes. Method: The full-length cDNA of NPF and NPFR were cloned from H. cunea. The expression levels of NPF/NPFR in different developmental stages and tissues were determined by RT-qPCR. The RNAi technique was used to analyze the regulatory effects of NPF/NPFR on feeding, growth development, reproduction and hunger tolerance. Result: The open reading frame (ORF) of NPF and NPFR was 246 bp and 1 176 bp, encoding 81 and 391 amino acids, respectively. The expression patterns at different developmental stages showed that NPF and NPFR had the highest expression levels in the 4^th instar larvae and male adults, and they were 79.62- and 2.96-fold higher than those in the control, respectively. Tissue specific expression analysis showed that the expression of HcNPF and HcNPFR were the highest in midgut, which were 3.18- and 27.09-fold higher than that in head, respectively. Compared control group injected with dsRed, dsRNA in the treatment group injected with HcNPF and HcNPFR was effectively silenced, and the silencing efficiency was 32.71% and 88.64% at 96 h larval stage, and 85.68% and 93.01% at pupal stage, respectively. The NFP and NPFR gene silencing reduced the food intake of larvae. The feeding of larvae treated by dsNFP was 12.77% lower than that of dsRed control group at 96 h, and the feeding of larvae treated by dsNPFR was 21.83% lower than that of dsRed control group at 144 h. The accumulative rate of body weight was 30.89% and 13.54% lower than that of the control at 192 h, respectively. The average egg production of adults in the silencing group (dsNFP and dsNPFR) after mating was significantly lower than that of the dsRed control group, which was 29.09% and 40.22% of that in the dsRed control group, respectively. Under starvation stress, the mortality of dsNPF and dsNPFR treatment were significantly higher than that of the control group, and all larvae died at 96 h and 102 h, while the mortality of dsRed were 55.00% and 58.33% at 96 h and 102 h, respectively. Conclusion: The full length of HcNPF and HcNPFR has been obtained, and the expression of HcNPF and HcNPFR is specific in different developmental stages and tissues. The feeding amount and acumulative growth rate of body weight are decreased by silencing HcNPF and HcNPFR, and the silenced larvae are more sensitive to starvation stress. In summary, HcNPF and HcNPFR play important roles in feeding, growth and reproductive of H. cunea, NPF and NPFR can be used as molecular targets for friendly control of H. cunea.

Objective: China's mechanized afforestation equipment was often ignored in soil and water conservation, vegetation protection and operation energy consumption, resulting in large surface soil breaking area, simple and extensive operation and other problems. This paper proposed a series 2-DOF tree planting and digging mechanism for big seedlings, which could realize continuous dynamic driving and interrupt digging hole afforestation. Method: According to the afforestation technical regulations and the mechanism motion rules, the kinematic model of series multi closed chain mechanism was established. Taking the driving speed, the running speed of floating cylinder and the running speed of digging cylinder as independent variables and aiming at five indexes to evaluate the shape of hole, the single factor motion performance simulation test based on ADAMS software was carried out. The motion track of digging parts was analyzed by high-speed photography. Based on the simulation test results, the field experimental research was carried out. Taking the factors in the simulation test as independent variables and taking longitudinal length of the upper end of the planting hole, the front inclination angle of the upper part of the hole and the rear inclination angle of the upper part of the hole as response values. Using three dimensional optical phase measurement technology and Box-Behnken were used for central composite design, and the interaction between various factors was analyzed. The optimization solver in Design-Expert software was used to solve the problem under the optimization criterion. Result: 1) The longitudinal length of the upper part of the hole and the inclination angle of the hole increased with the increase of the driving speed. Effect of floating cylinder running speed on the front inclination angle α, the front inclination angle of upper part of the hole αㄥ, the longitudinal length of the upper part of the hole had a great influence, and had no obvious influence on the rear inclination angle. The parameters of hole shape decreased with the increase of the running speed of digging cylinder. In the experiment, the front inclination angle of the hole was significantly greater than the rear inclination angle, and the change of independent variable had little effect on the longitudinal length of the bottom of the hole. The running speed of floating cylinder had the greatest contribution to change the longitudinal length of the upper part of the hole, followed by the running speed of digging cylinder. 2) The high-speed photography analysis result showed that the motion trajectory of the digging cutter head was consistent with the simulation trajectory, the mechanism had the characteristics of deceleration digging, and the obvious soil return phenomenon occured at the rear of the hole when the inclination angle was small. 3) The regression model of the test target was established, and the interaction of various factors on the response value was consistent with the analysis of variance. The optimization solution showed that the best operating parameters were the driving speed of 108 mm·s^-1, the running speed of floating cylinder of 19 mm·s^-1 and the running speed of digging cylinder of 80 mm·s^-1. The verification test showed that the longitudinal length of the upper part of the hole L₁ was 669 mm and the rake angle of the upper part of the hole α′ was 33.1°, and the caster angle of the upper part of the hole β′ was 24.5°. Conclusion: All indexes met the relevant requirements of afforestation regulations. This study provides a new method for big seedling mechanized afforestation and a reference for the development of ecoplanter.

Objective: The externalities of water conservation forest and the "one size fits all" ecological compensation standards have not effectively encouraged farmers' protection behavior of water conservation forests in reservoir confluence area. Analysis on the impact of forest ecological property right on farmers' protection behavior of water conservation forests is important for sustainable utilization of water resources and urban water security to explore. Method: Following the logic that subdivision of property rights is the effective way to implement complex property rights, this paper subdivided the forest property right into economic property right and ecological property right, and incorporated ecological property right into the property right structure of collective forest rights. The analytical framework of collective forest rights was constructed from two aspects: integrity and stability of property right. Based on this analytical framework, the Double-Hurdle model was used to analyze the influence of forest ecological property right on farmers' continuous participation in forest protection with the micro-data of 708 households in the confluence area of the Heihe Reservoir. Result: The farmers' protection behavior of water conservation forests was measured by afforestation investment, and the result showed that the key factor affecting the farmers' protection behavior was whether it was "profitable". Under the condition that the use right and disposal right of forest land are strictly limited, how much ecological property right income can be obtained has an important impact on farmers' protection behavior of water conservation forests. In the property right structure of collective forest rights, only the income right of ecological products affects farmers' willingness to invest in forestry, but the other items of property rights do not significantly affect their willingness. If the farmers have willingness to invest, the forest land use right, economic products income right and ecological products income right all positively influence their forestry investment intensity, however the disposal right negatively influences their investment intensity. As for the stability of property rights, the lower the expectation of forestland expropriation risk is, the higher the possibility of investment in forestry and the higher the level of investment. Because the redistribution of forestland usually avoids the harvest period, the redistribution of forestland only negatively affect the investment level, and has no significant effect on the investment intention. The integrity and stability of collective forest right not only have an important impact on Farmers' afforestation investment, but also have an important impact on the sustainability of behavior. The impact direction and significance level are basically consistent with the impact of property rights on the investment intensity. Conclusion: Under the condition that the use right and disposal right of forest land are strictly limited, gains from ecological property rights are the main motivation for farmers to participate in the protection of water conservation forests. The ecological property right of water conservation forest has a positive effect on farmers' forest protection behavior and the sustainability of their behavior. On this basis, this paper points out that the principle solution is to improve the collective forest right system in the reservoir confluence area and the market-oriented ecological compensation mechanism for water conservation forests.

Objective: The formation of the property rights transaction system is essential for realizing forestry property rights transactions. Studying its influence on farmers' forest land circulation behavior is of great significance and value for promoting the standardized operation of the forest land circulation market and moderate-scale management of forest land. Method: This study set out from three levels: the formal system of property rights trading platform, the informal system of non-governmental circulation intermediary, and the intervention of village cadres in between, and constructed an analysis framework of the impact of property rights trading system on farmers' forest land circulation. This paper investigated the influence mechanism and differentiation characteristics of the property rights transaction system on farmers' forest land transfer behavior under different location conditions by Probit and Tobit models from the survey data of farmers. Result: 1) From the point of view of circulation behavior and circulation scale, the establishment of property rights trading platform and village cadre intervention could significantly improve the activity of the forest land circulation market and, at the same time, could promote farmers' forest land transfer-in behavior and increase the transfer-in area. Still, establishing a property rights trading platform would inhibit farmers' forest land transfer-out. A non-governmental circulation intermediary could significantly activate the forest land circulation market, and at the same time, it could speed up the transfer-out of farmers' forest land. 2) Regional heterogeneity influenced the property rights transaction system on forest land circulation. Establishing a property rights trading platform could activate the farmers' forest land circulation around the county. In contrast, the existence of non-governmental circulation intermediary could promote the farmers around or far away from the county to transfer out their forest land simultaneously. Still, the impact on farmers far away from the county was more significant than that around the county. Whether farmers are around or far away from the county seat, their forest land circulation behavior and the decision-making of the circulation scale were positively influenced by the intervention of village cadres to varying degrees. Conclusion: Attention should be paid to the transfer-in effect of the formal system in forest land scale management. Establishing a property rights trading platform and the intervention of village cadres will provide forest land conditions for industrial and commercial capital to go to the countryside to engage in forest land scale management and further digging the dividends of forest land confirmation. At the same time, we can't ignore the positive role played by the informal system in promoting forest land transfer-out, especially in remote areas. At present, it is still necessary to further improve the market environment of forestry property rights trading, speed up the establishment of an effective forest land trading platform, constantly standardize the development of non-governmental circulation intermediaries, give full play to the positive role of village cadres in promoting forest land circulation, and guide the scientific and orderly circulation of forest land according to local conditions.

Objective: To explore the measurement method of forest ecological service value in the value-based forest resources balance sheet system, to propose new solutions to the difficulties in measuring the ecological service value of forest resources in the current forest resources balance sheet compilation process, and to provide suggestions and consultation solutions for improving the compilation of value-based forest resources balance sheet. Method: Firstly, the coefficient adjustment method is used to measure the adjustment coefficients of water conservation, soil conservation, and carbon sequestration and oxygen release with GZS as the reference, and the total ecological service value of forest resources in CDS is measured by combining the corresponding ecological service value of forest resources in GZS. Then, the values measured by the adjustment coefficient method were compared with the actual values, the error range was measured, and its reasonableness was analyzed. Result: The value of CDS forest resources ecosystem water conservation measured by the coefficient adjustment method is 5.997 billion yuan, with an error of 557 million yuan; the value of soil conservation is 2.191 billion yuan, with an error of 492 million yuan; carbon sequestration and oxygen release is 7.477 billion yuan, with an error of 590 million yuan; purifying the atmosphere is 3.074 billion yuan, with an error of 416 million yuan; the total value of ecological services of forest resources 18.739 billion yuan, error 1.071 billion yuan, overall error 6.10%, the error range is acceptable. Conclusion: First, the adoption of the coefficient adjustment method to assess the ecological service value of forest resources can effectively overcome the problems of high cost and poor timeliness of traditional measurement methods, greatly reduce the requirements for indicator collection by introducing adjustment coefficients, and effectively save local governments' expenses on accounting for the ecological service value of forest resources. Secondly, the assessment results of the ecological service value of forest resources using the coefficient adjustment method are basically consistent with the results measured according to the Specification for the Assessment of Forest Ecosystem Service Functions (LY/T 1721—2008), which can reflect the value amount of ecological service benefits of forest resources within a reasonable error range and meet the requirements for the preparation of forest resources balance sheet. Finally, the coefficient adjustment method for assessing the ecological service value of forest resources, which is proposed for the preparation of forest resources balance sheet, can also serve for the assessment of ecological service value of other natural resources in theory, thus providing a theoretical basis for exploring the measurement of ecological service value of other natural resources.

Poplar (Populus spp.) is one of the most important tree species used for land greening and industrial timber production in China, and efficiently and precisely breeding new cultivars with rapid growth, high quality and strong stress tolerance will be an important direction for the future theoretical and technological development in poplar breeding. The Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation system has been the critical technology for shortening breeding cycle and increasing breeding efficiency. A large number of researches have been conducted on developing the Agrobacterium-mediated genetic stable transformation system for poplar since it was proved to be a native host of Agrobacterium in 1980s. We performed a comprehensive analysis of existing literatures, reviewed the historical process of constructing Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation system in different poplar species, summarized the main factors affecting transformation efficiency, and also discussed some future perspectives in this area. This review will provide useful information for further improving the poplar transformation efficiency and present reference protocols for establishing transformation systems in recalcitrant plant species and elite cultivars widely applied in production.

The larvae of the Coleoptera beetle live inside the wood, digging through the wood to obtain food, which can damage the wooden components of wooden structures or ancient buildings and even cause the collapse of buildings in a short time. Therefore, damage of Coleoptera longhorned beetles highly concerned by the ancient building protection, survey, and maintenance department. Systematic research on the longhorned beetles that endanger the wooden components of antient buildings has important guiding significance for the special survey of biological diseases and the design of preventive protection schemes in the protection and investigation of wooden structures of ancient buildings. This article inquired about the reports of longhorn beetles in ancient buildings and residential houses all over the country, summarized the species, distribution, living habits, and host wood species of longhorn beetles that endangered the wooden components of ancient buildings in China, and sorted out the damage identification technology and damage classification of longhorn beetles, analyzed damage risk and preventive measures of longhorn beetles in wooden buildings or ancient buildings. The main conclusion are as follows: 1) the main species of longcorned beetles that damage the wood components of buildings in China are Trichoferus campestris, Eurypoda antinata, Stromatic longicorne and Chlorophorus didema. 2) All the wooden components of ancient buildings in China are at the damage risk from longcorned beetles. 3) The important measures to prevent the damage of longcorned beetles on buildings are wood protection before the processing of wood components, including log peeling, drying treatment, preventive treatment and other measures. 4)Ancient buildings should be regularly inspected and monitored for pests, so that pests can be found and eliminated timely.

Objective: A systematical analysis was conducted on the advanced model of VCS market operation for 16 years, and summarize practical experiences in VCS market. Moreover, a series of problems exposed in the development process of the VCS market are deeply considered to form inspirations for the trading market of China's national voluntary emission reduction of greenhouse gas, in the hope of providing a theoretical basis for formulating relevant policies by the national competent authorities. Method: Based on the inductive analysis method, historical research method and comprehensive analysis method, the operation mechanism of the Verified Carbon Standard (VCS) market as an important component of the global voluntary carbon market was explored in terms of organizational framework, institutional system, project development process, registration and trading rules. Result: It was found that the VCS market has accumulated rich practical experiences in implementing gradual institutional changes, following the principle of openness and transparency, improving the environmental integrity of carbon credit, focusing on the synergy of projects, and building standardized digital technology applications for trading platforms. At the same time, the inconsistency of project prediction methods and the used tools appeared in the development process of the market has led to the problem of baseless carbon credit. The defective supervision mechanism of Verra has resulted in exaggeration of carbon credit and the lack of information disclosure on carbon credit of Verra has led to the asymmetry of market information, these problems are more worthy of consideration and prevention. Conclusion: 1) The inspirations of the VCS market to the construction of CCER market can be summarized into five aspects: First, paying attention to the updating of project rules and improve the quality of carbon credit; Second, strengthening the management of validation and certification bodies to improve the quality of carbon verification; Third, establishing an open and transparent project information disclosure system; Fourth, encouraging the development of CCER projects with synergistic benefits; Fifth, establishing a standardized CCER market and developing a carbon pricing mechanism. 2) 5 suggestions were made for CCER market construction: First, we should give play to the top-level design role of the national competent authorities and accelerate the introduction of relevant policies, systems and regulations; Second, unifying the CCER trading rules of the pilot carbon market, establishing a standardized market trading platform, encouraging and attracting financial institutions and the public for wide participation, and enhancing the vitality of the CCER market; Third, enhancing the function and role of forestry carbon sequestration project in realizing carbon neutrality and ecological civilization construction, emphasizing the additionality and credibility of the project; Fourth, strengthening the staff team building in CCER market; Fifth, strengthening international cooperation and integrating into the global voluntary carbon market system in line with international rules. Sixth, establishing an internationally recognized CCER standard system. The above inspirations and suggestions will be the direction and driving forces for CCER market construction in the future.

Objective: This study aims to understand the species diversity status of the mammalian and avian species in the Burhan Buda Mountain area in the central part of Qinghai Province,which belongs to the category of non-protected areas,and to provide reference for further research on species distribution on the plateau and for formulating wildlife protection and resource management plans. Method: A total of 23 infrared camera locations were deployed in the altitude range of 3 000-4 500 m in the Burhan Buda Mountain,from May to October 2017 and March to May 2019. Result: In this study,an intensive survey was conducted,with an effort of 4 703 camera days,and a total of 2 868 effective independent photographs were taken,in which 22 species of mammals belonging to 5 orders and 10 families,25 species of birds belonging to 5 orders and 12 families,and 4 domestic animal species were identified. Based on the RAI (relative abundance index),the four most abundant mammal species successively were Pseudois nayaur (6.44),Marmota himalayana (5.12),Lepus oiostolus (2.59),and Vulpes ferrilata (2.17),and the four most abundant bird species successively were Tetraogallus tibetanus (4.72),Phoenicurus ochruros (3.36),Alectoris magna (3.15) and Phoenicurus erythrogastrus(2.59). Among the detected species,there were 5 species listed as Class Istate key protected wild animals and 15 species as ClassⅡ state key protected wild animals in China. There were 6 species classified as endangered species,2 species classified as vulnerable species,and 12 species classified as near threatened species in the Red List of China's Vertebrates. There were 5 species endemic to China,including 3 species of mammals,Gervus albirostris,Cervus elaphus and Procapra picticaudata,and two avian species of Pseudopodoces humilis and Alectoris magna. Conclusion: The preliminary results reflect the current status of the mountain mammalian and avian species resources in the central of Qinghai Province,and provide a data basis for further study on long-term monitoring of biodiversity,management of grazing land and human-animal conflicts in the traditional plateau grazing areas of non-protected areas.