Pine wilt disease (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus) is a major epidemic forest disease. North America is considered to be the origin of the disease, and Asia is the most serious region of pine wilt disease epidemic hazards, of which China is currently the most severely threatened country by pine wilt disease. The disease has caused a large area of pine tree death in more than a dozen provinces and regions in China. The 60 million hectares of pine forest is now facing the threat of the disease epidemic. At present, the prevention and control technology adopted in our country mainly centers on three key links, namely disease quarantine and epidemic monitoring, epidemic wood removal, and vector insect control. In addition, there is an active disease prevention measure, namely trunk injection. Based on the analysis of the existing prevention and control technologies, it is proposed that in the prevention and control measures, the three aspects of disease quarantine, epidemic monitoring, and epidemic wood eradication should be regarded as the core measures for the disease control, whether in areas where the disease has not yet occurred or in areas where it has already occurred. Other prevention and control measures, such as chemical control of vector insects, induction agent control and biological control, can be used as an auxiliary method for the prevention and control of pine wilt disease, selectively and purposefully. The trunk injection can be used in the protection of ancient trees or pine trees in important ecological areas. We must strive to breed local pine species that are resistant to pine wilt disease as soon as possible in a short period of time. This is an important long-term strategy for pine wilt disease prevention and control.

[Objective] The variation of daily forest floor evapotranspiration (DFFET) of a larch (Larix principis-rupprechtii) plantation and its response to environmental factors were studied in the small watershed of Diediegou at the northern part of Liupan Mountains, in the semi-arid northwestern China, for an accurate calculation and prediction of the forest evapotranspiration (ET), and for the fine forest management to solve the forest-water contradiction.[Method] A representative sample plot of larch plantation was selected, and the meteorological conditions both inside and outside the forest plot were monitored in August-October of 2013. The potential evapotranspiration (PET) was selected as a meteorological factor to reflect the integrated effects on DFFET by the various meteorological parameters. Within the plot, 11 micro-lysimeters were set up at representative sites, of which 6 were rain-proof treated to enlarge the soil moisture variation range for a better analysis of the soil moisture effect, while other 5 ones were treated under natural conditions. The DFFET and daily soil moisture in the lysimeter were monitored. Based on the analysis of the responses of DFFET to soil moisture and meteorological factors, a DFFET model was established to reflect the comprehensive effects of environmental factors.[Result] During the study period, the DFFET showed a large fluctuation range, and characterized by a gradual decrease with declining air temperature, solar radiation and rainfall. The DFFET was obviously influenced by many meteorological factors, but the main meteorological factors differed among months and weather types, from the saturation vapor pressure deficit in August to the solar radiation in September and the daily maximum temperature in October; and from the PET and solar radiation in cloudy days to the temperature in sunny days and the PET in rainy days. Besides the weather parameter of PET which can reflect the integrated impact of many meteorological factors, soil moisture is also an important factor influencing DFFET under both rain-proof and natural conditions. With rising PET and soil moisture, the DFFET increased rapidly at first and then slowly, but leveled off after a certain threshold (PET of 4.5 mm·d^-1, volumetric soil moisture of 35% or relative soil moisture of 0.56) was reached. The model of DFFET (ET_U, mm·d^-1) coupling the effects of PET (mm·d^-1) and volumetric soil moisture (VSM,%) was established and well fitted using field measured data, as:ET_U=(-0.045PET²+1.392PET)(1-EXP(-1.292VSM)), (R²=0.80).[Conclusion] The DFFET of the larch plantation in the semi-arid area of Liupan Mountains increased with rising PET and soil moisture, but with a gradually declining rate and finally stabilized after reaching their thresholds. Using a DFFET model considering the effects of both PET and soil moisture can improve the calculation and prediction accuracy..

[Objective] We constructed empirical models for leaf area(LA) of eight broadleaf species in Xiaoxing'an Mountains in order to provide technical support for rapid and accurate determination of LA and their dynamics of broadleaf plants with different leaf shapes.[Method] We took eight broadleaf species in a mixed broadleaved-Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis) forest in the Xiaoxing'an Mountains, including Betula platyphylla, Tilia amurensis, Acer mono, Acer tegmentosum, Betula costata, Fraxinus mandschurica, Ulmus japonica and U. laciniata, to measure their leaf length (L), width (W) and LA in the leaf growth periods (late May), stable period (middle July) and early leaf-fall period (early September). Based on the median of the ratio of L to W, the eight species was divided into two groups. A general LA empirical model for predicting different leaf growth periods of different species was constructed, and the prediction accuracy (FC) of the empirical model was evaluated. Finally, we tested the applicability of empirical models for predicting LA of other broadleaf plants by taking two shrubs as examples.[Result] The optimal model types for predicting LA of eight broadleaf species in different leaf growth periods were all power functions. For species group with ratio of L to W less than 1.5 (median), the empirical model for predicting LA was LA=0.618×L^1.197W^0.806 in May and July and FC was 81%-96%, and LA=0.581×L^1.332W^0.671 and FC was 83%-94% in September. For species group with ratio of L to W more than 1.5, the empirical model for predicting LA was LA=0.627×L^0.975W^1.063 in Mayand FC was 91%-95%, and LA=0.705×L^0.876W^1.146 and FC was 92%-96% in July,and LA=0.607×L^0.970W^1.076 and FC was 92%-95% in September. The FC of these models for predicting Corylus mandshurica (ratio of L to W lower than 1.5) and Syringa reticulata var. Amurensis (ratio of L to W larger than 1.5) in different leaf growth periods ranged from 88% to 94%.[Conclusion] For different leaf growth periods, different empirical models should be constructed to predict LA. It is feasible to classify a variety of broadleaf species according to the ratio of L to W, and the empirical models constructed based on trees can also effectively predict the LA of shrubs. The result can provide technical support for quick and efficient LA prediction of other broadleaf plants.

[Objective]In this study, we investigated the effects of nitrogen (N) deposition and drought stress on the growth of Phyllostachys edulis seedlings, and explored physiological response mechanism of the seedlings to drought stress under different N deposition levels, which would be expected to provide a theoretical basis and technical support for the management and cultivation of P. edulis under the background of atmospheric N deposition.[Method]Two water conditions (normal water supply W, drought stress D) and four nitrogen deposition levels (nitrogen-free CK, low-nitrogen LN, Medium-nitrogen MN and high-nitrogen HN) were set up in a two-factors completely randomized experimental design. The variations of total biomass, leaf electrolyte leakage rate, malondialdehyde content, osmotic regulation substance content, and protective enzyme activity of seedlings of P. edulis under different treatments were analyzed.[Result]Drought stress resulted in significant increases of relative conductivity (by 16.8%) and malondialdehyde (by 35.1%) content in leaves compared with normal water condition, and hence restrained seedling growth, especially seedling mass. However, at the same time the proline content and protective enzyme activities were significantly increased, which to a certain extent mitigated the damage of drought stress to seedling growth. The effects of different N deposition levels on above parameters varied with water conditions. Under normal water condition, seedling mass increased with N deposition levels, while the proline content, electrolyte leakage rate and malondialdehyde content decreased firstly and then increased. And the tendency became more obvious with the extension of experimental time. Nitrogen deposition significantly increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) activity, but had no effect on catalase (CAT) activity. Under drought stress, seedlings mass also increased with N deposition levels, but tended to decrease when the N deposition level was higher than 60 Kg ha^-1a^-1,The effects of N deposition on proline content, the electrolyte leakage rate and malondialdehyde content in leaves were similar to those under normal water condition, whereas the three protective enzymes activities increased firstly and then decreased with N deposition levels, resulting in the enzyme activities in seedlings under the D-HN treatments the lowest.[Conclusion]Drought stress inhibited the growth of P. edulis seedlings. The N deposition levels of 30 kg·hm^-2a^-1 and/or 60 kg·hm^-2a^-1 increased the activities of protective enzymes, decreased the degree of membrane lipid peroxidation, alleviated the inhibition of drought stress on the growth of P. edulis seedlings, and thus, improved the drought resistance of P. edulis. However, a high rate of N deposition (i.e. 90 kg·hm^-2a^-1) was not able to alleviate the degree of membrane lipid peroxidation, and even further aggravated the damage of drought stress.

[Objective] The cuttings of the seedlings and graftings, derived from old Platycladus orientalis, were used as the experimental material. The differences of endogenous hormones, non-structural carbohydrates, lignification and morphological anatomy in the cuttings were investigated, which aimed to lay a foundation for the acquisition materials and rooting mechanism of the cutting derived from old P. orientalis.[Method] Seedlings were raised from seeds that were collected from 2000-year-old and 5000-year-old P. orientalis, respectively, (known as S5-2000 and S5-5000). Graftings were grafted with scions that were derived from 2000-and 5000-year-old P. orientalis, respectively (known as G2-S3-2000 and G2-S3-5000).One-year-old branches were cut from the above seedlings or graftings, and used for cuttings in this study. Before cuttings, the basal stems of the branches were used to determine IAA, GA3 and ABA by HPLC, soluble sugars and starch by Anthronecolorimetric method, and lignifications by anatomy. The status of adventitious root primordial of the cuttings was observed by the cross-section in four months.[Result] Before cuttage propagation, IAA in the base part of cutting from seedlings was significantly higher than that of the graftings, while GA₃ had no significant differences between these materials. ABA in S5-5000 was higher than that in G2-S3-5000. Soluble sugar and starch, and lignification of xylem had no significant differences in these two kinds of materials. Moreover, no latent root primordial were found in these four kinds of materials, and there was no difference in the degree of lignification of cuttings between seedlings and graftings. After cutting propagation for four months, the rooting rates in S5-2000 and S5-5000 were 10.0% and 8.3%, respectively, whereas no rooting was found in G2-S3-2000 and G2-S3-5000. Anatomical observation demonstrated that the adventitious root primordia, derived from cambium and xylem, could be found in cuttings from seedlings, while nothing was observed in cuttings from graftings.[Conclusion] Grafting old trees of P. orientalis can provide sufficient materials for the study of old tree cuttings, because the first-generation grafting of the old trees retainsits characteristics of difficult rooting. The formation of adventitious roots in P. orientalis belongs to the type of induced root primordia, however the root primordia could not be found in the trees beyond thousands of years. The genetic background of old trees resulted in a low level in endogenous IAA in grafted trees, which affected the induction of root primordia. But the non-structural carbohydrates such as soluble sugar and starch might be not the reason why cutting of old trees is difficult to root.

[Objective] Azadirachtin is an active limonoids and its biosynthetic pathway is still poorly understood. Azadirachtin A biosynthesis in cell-free synthesis system from Azadirachta indica leaf was investigated,and its preparation and reaction conditions were optimized. Some selected synthetic precursor of azadirachtin A was screened according to the relative output of azadirachtin A. The azadirachtin A biosynthesis pathway in vitro was discussed, and it would provide a foundation for the construction of azadirachtin allobiosynthesis platform and the realization of azadirachtin allobiosynthesis.[Method] The cell-free synthesis system of azadirachtin A was constructed and optimized through completely randomized and orthogonal experimental design, including buffer solution type, concentration, pH, extraction time and solid-liquid ratio. In addition, the reaction system was optimized, reaction termination reagents and stabilizers, reaction temperature, time, substrate concentration and cofactor. 2,3-oxidosqualene, lanosterol, butyrospermol, euphol, desacetylsalannin, nimbin and salannin were used to study the synthetic precursor of azadirachtin A.[Result] The optimal preparation process of azadirachtin A cell-free synthesis system was that fresh leaves were extracted for 1 h with 200 mmol·L^-1 Tris-HCl buffer (pH7.0) and the solid-liquid ratio was 1:20(g·mL^-1). The optimized cell-free synthesis conditions of azadirachtin A were as follows:Incubations were done in 2 mL centrifuge tubes in a total volume of 800 μL, containing 300 μL of the enzyme preparation diluted in 200 mmol·L^-1 Tris-HCl (pH7.0), 400 μL cofactor mixture (1 mmol·L^-1 Mg²⁺, 1 mmol·L^-1 Mn²⁺, 0.1 mmol·L^-1 ATP, 0.1 mmol·L^-1 NADPH⁺ and 5 mmol·L^-1 ascorbic acid), and 100 μL of 250 μmol·L^-1 substrate. After 60 min incubation at 30℃, the reaction was stopped by the addition of 200 μL acetic acid. The synthesis of azadirachtin A was promoted differently by 2,3-oxidosqualene, butyrospermol, euphol, desacetylsalannin, nimbin and salannin, while lanosterol inhibited the synthesis of azadirachtin A.[Conclusion] Lanosterol was not the precursor of azadirachtin A. It was further verified that 2,3-oxidosqualene and butyrospermol were precursors of azadirachtin A. Furthermore, euphol, nimbin, desacetylsalannin and salannin could be the precursors of azadirachtin A, and salannin was located in the downstream of the synthesis pathway.

[Objective] This paper was aimed to explore the stability of existence and expression of the exogenous Bt gene in transgenic poplar 107 (Populus×euramericana ‘74/76’), and to explore the expression patterns of Bt toxin in different parts of transgenic poplar 107 at different times, and to investigate the effects of gene interaction and multi-gene vector structure on the stability and efficiency of foreign gene expression in polygenic transformation vectors.[Method] Three strains of one-year-old transgenic poplar 107 with genes of Cry1Ac-Cry3A-NTHK1(A1, A2, A3) and three strains with genes of Cry1Ac-Cry3A-BADH(B1, B2, B3) were selected to detect and validate foreign genes in the transgenic poplar trees using PCR and to detect transcript abundance of Bt gene usng fluorescence quantitative PCR, and to detect toxic protein contents in different parts of the transgenic poplar trees at different times using ELISA.[Result] The PCR detection showed that the transgenic poplar 107 could amplify a specific band at the same size as that of the positive control, and the negative control did not amplify the specific band, which proves that the foreign gene is stable in transgenic poplar 107; The fluorescence quantitative PCR showed that two Bt genes were stably expressed in each line, and the transcript abundance of Cry1Ac gene was ranged from 2.1×10⁴ to 5.1×10⁴, the transcriptional abundance of Cry3A gene ranged from 2.8×10⁶ to 5.6×10⁷. There was no correlation between transcript abundance of Cry1Ac gene and transcriptional abundance of Cry3A. The ELISA detection showed existence of both Cry1Ac and Cry3A toxic proteins in each line of the transgenic poplar 107. There was no correlation between transcript abundance and toxic protein content of the two Bt genes. But there was a positive correlation between toxic protein content of the two Bt genes. The content of two types of Bt toxic proteins was lower in June and July of the two different vectors, and increased sharply in August. The content of Cry1Ac toxic protein in each transgenic line reached the peak in September, and the content of Cry3A toxic protein reached its peak in August, then fell sharply in October. The content of Bt toxic protein in leaves and xylem of different parts (upper, middle and lower) did not show consistent pattern in August.[Conclusion] The expression abundance of each exogenous gene was significantly different, and the Cry3A gene was significantly higher than the Cry1Ac gene in transcriptional abundance. The content of Cry1Ac toxic protein in each line was extremely low, and the content of Cry3A toxic protein was extremely higher than that of Cry1Ac, which was consistent with the detection of transcriptional abundance. There was no significant difference in the transcriptional abundance, the expression pattern and expression level of toxic protein between the two vectors of Cry1Ac gene, neither of Cry3A gene. During the entire growing season of transgenic poplar 107, the contents of two Bt toxic proteins displayed a similar pattern of single peak.

[Objective] Based on the cpDNA sequences, we aimed to analyze the genetic diversity, genetic structure, and evolutionarily significant units (ESUs) of the relict and endangered Amygdalus ledebouriana in Xinjiang and to provide a scientific basis for conservation of the populations.[Method] Based on the cpDNA of trnL-trnF and psbK-psbI, we sequenced 102 individuals from 8 populations in the natural distribution of A. ledebouriana in Xinjiang. AMOVA analysis and landscape genetic interpolation were employed to estimate genetic differentiation among populations, and maximum likelihood method and Bayesian method were used to reconstruct the phylogenetic tree based on cpDNA haplotypes.[Result] 1) The combined lengths of trnL-trnF and psbK-psbI was 584 bp, 14 polymorphic sites were detected, and a total of 9 haplotypes were identified. The total gene diversity across all populations (h_T) and the average gene diversity within-population (h_S) were 0.755 and 0.487, respectively. 2) Results from AMOVA suggested that 65.71% of the observed variation was due to differences among populations. A significant genetic structure (N_ST>G_ST, P<0.05) was identified in the natural distribution of the species. 3) Nine haplotypes clustered into two clades, corresponding to the Altay region and the Tacheng region, respectively. The haplotype network and PCoA analyses also showed two groups consistent with the geographical regions of the Altay and Tacheng. Landscape genetic interpolation analyses indicated significant genetic differentiation between populations from Altay and Tacheng regions. 4) The populations of Kong Dunlin foothills of Habahe County(HBK) and the Group 2 in Protected Areas of Yumin County(YMB2) were identified as having a high degree of genetic diversity,priority should be given to these areas for conservation of this endangered plant.[Conclusion] Based on the cpDNA sequences, most of the observed variation of Amygdalus ledebouriana was due to differences among the populations, and significant genetic differentiation between the Altay and Tacheng regions was identified. The two population groups of Altay and Tacheng regions can serve as two ESUs, and the HBK and YMB2 were identified as the priority areas for conservation of genetic diversity of the species.This study provides a scientific basis for further studies of the distribution, evolution and conservation of A. ledebouriana populations.

[Objective] Cadmium (Cd) contamination in soil has become a serious worldwide environmental and health problem. Cd is easily taken up by a plant and transported to the above-ground tissues. A potted experiment was carried out to explore the physiological mechanism of cadmium toxicity after magnetization and the way of mitigating cadmium toxicity by magnetization by measuring ascorbate-glutathione cycle and endogenous hormone level in one-year-old seedlings of Populus×euramericana ‘Neva’.[Method] In this study, poplar I-107 (P.×euramericana ‘Neva’) was subjected to different concentrations of Cd(NO₃)₂ stress. The cadmium treatment was implemented by irrigating with half-Hoagland solution containing 0 or 100 mmol·L^-1 Cd(NO₃)₂, with magnetized (MT) or without magnetized treatments (NMT) for 30 days. The effects of magnetization on AsA-GSH cycle and endogenous hormone levels of poplar under exogenous cadmium stress were analyzed by measuring the activities of non-enzymatic antioxidants (AsA, DHA, GSH and GSSG) and key enzymes (APX, GR, MDHAR and DHAR), hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), malondialdehyde (MDA) and endogenous hormones in AsA-GSH cycle.[Results] 1) Under Cd stress, the magnetization treatment induced a slightly higher level of AsA in roots than in leaves, resulted in DHA level increased in leaves but decreased in roots, and increased the contents of GSH and GSSG in both roots and leaves. 2) Under Cd stress, magnetization inhibited APX activity in leaves and roots, and GR and MDHAR activity in leaves, but promoted DHAR activity in leaves and GR activity in roots. In addition, the activity of GR, MDHAR and DHAR was increased by 19.37%~284.40% in the poplar by the magnetization in comparison with the NMT control. 3) Under Cd stress, magnetization enhanced Cd enrichment and bio-transport efficiency in leaves and roots, and at the same time insulted in accumulation of hydrogen peroxide and MDA. 4) Under Cd stress, magnetization reduced the levels of IAA, ABA, GA₃ and ZR in leaves by 19.69%~94.88%, and increased the levels of these endogenous hormone in roots. Thus, under Cd stress, AsA was consumed in poplar after magnetization treatment.[Conclusion]GSH and GSSG played an important role in the antioxidant cycle system of AsA-GSH. Roots played a dominant role in the process of scavenging H₂O₂ and MDA by regulating the activities of different antioxidant enzymes and the contents of endogenous hormones, as well as their ratios.

[Objective] To clarify the effects of object features on object-oriented classification for tree species based on high spatial resolution remote sensing images and spaceborne polarimetric SAR data, and further evaluate the suitability using collaboration of two kinds of data to process classification for tree species, this study was conducted on Jiangle state-owned forest farm in Jiangle county, Sanming city, Fujian Province.[Method] In this study, QuickBird remote sensing image and Radarsat-2 data were used as the experimental data to carry out object oriented classification for Chinese fir, pine and broad leaved forest predominated in the study area. Three segmentation schemes(based on multispectral band of QuickBird remote sensing image segmentation, Radarsat-2 data segmentation, collaboration of QuickBird remote sensing image and Radarsat-2 segmentation)were adopted when processing object oriented classification and each segmentation scheme was divided to 10 scales(25-250, step size 25). For each scales of three segmentation schemes, 32 kinds of classification features from four aspects of spectral features, topographic features, height and strength features extracted from QuickBird remote sensing image and Radarsat-2 data was used. According to 3 segmentation schemes, 10 classification scales and 4 aspects of objects' features, 120 kinds of classification results for tree species were obtained by using the support vector machine classifier. Later the accuracy of each classification result was evaluated by 4 different evaluation indexes, namely, producer accuracy calculated by confusion matrix, user accuracy, classification accuracy and Kappa coefficient.[Result] The results showed that:the classification accuracy(Kappa coefficient)of all classification schemes showed a similar trend, or increased firstly and then decreased with scale increasing, each combination of classification scheme had an optimal scale. The highest Kappa coefficient based on spectral bands of QuickBird segmentation-classification scheme was 0.84 at an optimal scale of 150; the highest Kappa coefficient based on Radarsat-2 data segmentation-classification scheme was 0.68 at an optimal scale of 125; the highest Kappa coefficient of cooperative segmentation of QuickBird & Radarsat-2 classification scheme was 0.86 at a scale of 100. In all classification schemes, the classification accuracy that using spectral features individually was the lowest especially on small scales; which lowered than those using two collaboration features of spectral + topography, using three collaboration features of spectral + topography + height, using four collaboration features of spectral + topography + height + strength, respectively. The latter two classification schemes had no significant difference. It indicated that introducing more objected features than one spectral feature could improve classification efficiency. Based on cooperative segmentation of QuickBird & Radarsat-2 at its optimal scale of 100, object-oriented classification for tree species obtained the highest classification accuracy(OA=86%, Kappa=0.86)when simultaneously introducing spectral, topographic, height and strength features.[Conclusion] Classification for tree species by collaboration of high spatial resolution remote sensing images and spaceborne polarimetric SAR data combining with optimal scale and multi-objected features had manifest advantages. Combing height information with spectral and topographic features could further increase classification accuracy. This study could improve the efficiency of features selection and accuracy of object-oriented classification. Moreover, it could provide good reference basis for other images based on object-oriented classification technology.

[Objective] The dynamic model of height to crown base was built to show crown recession in larch plantation by knot analysis technique, and to evaluate the influence of individual tree and stand variables on crown recession.[Method] Based on falling 40 sample trees in 8 plots of larch plantation in 2007, the dynamic data of height to crown base were obtained by applying knot analysis technique. The traditional linear model, Richard and Logistic non-linear model were used to construct the dynamic model of height to crown base.[Result] Linear model, Richard and Logistic nonlinear model could well fit the dynamic change process of height to crown base, model parameters were statistically significant (P<0.01). One of the highest fitting precision was based on Richard equation model, but the model had heteroscedasticity, by adding the weight to eliminate heteroscedasticity, eventually model R² was 0.904, Bias and RSME were 0.002 and 1.251 respectively. The model form is HCB=(3.146+0.036CCF+0.225Bas+0.788HT-0.481CL)(1-e^{-0.086 t})^4.278.[Conclusion] Dynamic process of height to crown base was consistent with the stand growth rule which it was accordance with the "S" type growth curve. It can be explained through crown competition factor (CCF), stand basal area (Bas), tree height (HT) and crown length (CL). The height to crown base increased with the increase of HT, CCF and Bas, accelerating larch crown recession. From 10 years to 41 years, crown length of larch plantation fell from 75% to 36% in biggest CCF(187.33), however, fell from 75% to 40% in smallest CCF(105.82). We also found that a mean annual increment of height to crown was 0.66 m in larch plantation. The dynamic process of height to crown base of larch plantation was well simulated by model, crown recession could be explained by tree, stand variables. Consequently, knot analysis technology was considered as an effective method to acquire a long-term dynamic data of crown.

[Objective] In this study, the stably expressed genes under given conditions, including different temperature stresses, different developmental stages and different tissues of larva, were screened and verified as internal reference genes for quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) in Hyphantria cunea, to provide a basis for quantitative studies of genes of the moth.[Method] Based on transcriptomics sequencing results in H. cunea (the data was constructed by our laboratory and not published), eight candidate internal reference genes of GAPDH, ACT, RPL12, RPL18a, RPS16, EF1α, EF1β and 18S rRNA were selected, and their base sequences were obtained. The above sequences were cloned, sequenced and compared, and finally proved to be the gene of H. cunea and the base sequence was correct. Then the sequence was uploaded to NCBI to obtain GenBank accession No. Real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR primers (qRT-PCR) of the eight candidate reference genes were designed. The qRT-PCR technique was applied to measure the eight candidate reference genes at different developmental stages (1-6 age of larvae), under the different temperature stress (-10, -5, 0, 25, 35, 40, 45℃ with 2 h), and in different tissues of larva (head, the gut, fat body, malpighian tube, skin), and the C_t values were recorded. The C_t values of the eight candidate reference genes under different conditions were analyzed by four methods of ΔC_t, GeNorm, NormFinder and BestKeeper, finally. The most stable reference genes were chosen by RelFinder. The value of V_n/(n+1) was calculated by GeNorm to determine the most suitable number of reference genes.[Result] The ΔC_t showed that the most stable reference gene was RPL12 at different development stages, the most stable reference gene was RPL12 under different temperature stresses, and the most stable reference gene was RPS16 in different tissues of larva. The results obtained by GeNorm analysis were similar to those obtained by the C_t analysis. NormFinder showed that RPL18a and EF1α were the most stable reference genes at different developmental stages and under different temperatures, respectively. ACT was the most table reference gene in different tissues of larva. According to BestKeeper analysis, ACT and GAPDH were not suitable as reference genes at different development stages, ACT, RPL18a, RPL12, RPS16 and EF1β were not suitable as reference genes in different temperature treatments, and RPL18a, EF1α, EF1β, and 18S rRNA were not suitable as reference genes in different tissues of larva. At last, RelFinder showed that the most stable reference gene combination was RPL12 and EF1β, while the most unstable reference gene was ACT at different development stages; the most stable reference gene combination was EF1, GAPDH, while ACT was the most unstable reference gene in different temperature conditions; the most stable reference gene combination was ACT and RPS16, while the most unstable candidate reference gene was RPL18a. The most suitable number of reference genes should be 2 by GeNorm.[Conclusion] In H. cunea, three pairs of genes, RPL12 and EF1β, EF1α and GAPDH, and ACT and RPS16, are recommended as reference genes in different developmental stages, different temperature stresses and different tissues of larvae.

[Objective] This study aimed to explore the ability of Burkholderia pyrrocinia JK-SH007 to synthesize the indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and to elucidate the existence of a tryptophan-dependent indole-3-acetamide(IAM)IAA synthesis pathway in Burkholderia pyrrocinia JK-SH007.[Method] The ability of B. pyrrocinia JK-SH007 to synthesize IAA was detected by Salkowski colorimetry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) under the effect of L-tryptophan. The iaaM and iaaH genes were isolated from B. pyrrocinia JK-SH007 by PCR using specific primers, and their protein and phylogenetic relationships were analyzed by bioinformatics method. The differential expression of iaaM and iaaH genes in B. pyrrocinia JK-SH007 under L-tryptophan treatment were analyzed by real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR.[Result] B. pyrrocinia JK-SH007 strain was able to synthesize 15.663 μg·mL^-1 of IAA, and with L-tryptophan as precursor, the yield of IAA synthesized by B. pyrrocinia JK-SH007 increased significantly, reaching 44.404 μg·mL^-1. Both iaaM and iaaH genes contained a complete open reading frame. The full length of iaaM gene was 1 782 bp, encoding 593 amino acids which belongs to the Amino_oxidase super family; the full length of iaaH gene was 1 368 bp, encoding 455 amino acids which belongs to the Amidase super family. The expressions of iaaM and iaaH genes in B. pyrrocinia JK-SH007 were significantly increased under the treatment of L-tryptophan.[Conclusion] B. pyrrocinia JK-SH007 has the ability to synthesize IAA, L-tryptophan has a significant effect on its synthesis of IAA, and the cloned iaaM and iaaH genes have certain evolutionary conservatism, this study showed that B. pyrrocinia JK-SH007 exists indole-3-acetamide pathway.

[Objective]This study aimed to investigate the influence of different vegetation restoration patterns in mountainous areas of northern Hebei on the structural characteristics and functional diversity of rhizosphere soil bacterial community, and to explore the mechanisms of natural and artificial restoration measures on soil microorganism, so as to provide theoretical foundation for vegetation restoration and management in the region.[Method]The rhizoplane, rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soils of the natural restored scrub-grassland, shrubbery and secondary forest, as well as the artificial restored forest were targeted, and high-throughput sequencing of V3-V4 fragment of bacterial 16S rRNA was conducted by using the Illumina Miseq platform, to analyze the α, β and functional diversities of the soil bacteria, as well as the communities structure and their relationships with the environmental factors.[Result] 1) the α-diversity of soil bacteria among different restoration patterns was significantly different (P<0.05). The abundance and diversity of soil bacteria in secondary forest were all higher than those of artificial forest. To be specific, the scrub-grassland had higher diversity but the lowest abundance, while the shrubbery had higher abundance but the lowest diversity. There was no significant difference in the bacterial α-diversity among different rhizosphere ranges (P>0.05) The bacterial α-diversity in root surface and rhizosphere soils were relatively higher than that in non-rhizosphere soil. 2) There were certain similarities in soil bacterial community structure between secondary forests and artificial forests. However, there were big differences in soil bacterial community structure between secondary forests and scrub-grassland and shrubbery. Moreover, there was big difference in the soil bacterial community structure between root surface soil and rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soils, while the bacterial community structure of rhizosphere soil was similar with that of non-rhizosphere soil. 3) Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Acidobacteria, Gemmatimonadetes and Firmicutes were the dominant groups. Meanwhile, the abundance of bacterial communities (Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Bacteroidetes) decomposing organic matter among all sample lands was significantly different; specifically, the abundance of scrub-grassland and secondary forest was remarkably higher than that in other vegetation types The abundance in root surface and rhizosphere soils was also markedly higher than that in the non-rhizosphere soil. Besides, the carbon-fixing and nitrogen-fixing bacteria (Gemmatimonadetes and Firmicutes) were relatively evenly distributed. 4) Soil field water holding capacity, organic matter and total phosphorus, vegetation distribution uniformity, Simpson diversity index and abundance index were the major factors affecting the soil bacterial communities. Typically, soil factors (including soil field water holding capacity, organic matter and total phosphorus) had distinct influence on the non-rhizosphere soil bacteria of shrubbery and scrub-grassland, but had little effect on the root surface and rhizosphere soil bacteria. Moreover, vegetation factors (vegetation distribution uniformity, Simpson diversity index and abundance index) had extremely significant influence on the soil bacterial communities within different rhizosphere ranges of arbor species (secondary forest and artificial forest). 5) The number of genes encoding metabolism function on KEGG was the largest, which was the dominant function of soil bacteria. There were significant differences in the number and diversity of KEGG functional gene sequences among all soil bacterial communities, suggesting that there were numerous bacterial species with unique functions in rhizosphere soils from all vegetation restoration patterns. However, soil and vegetation could not determine the functional diversity of soil bacteria.[Conclusion]Restoration modes, vegetation types and roots all can affect the soil bacterial community structure and diversity in mountainous areas of northern Hebei, among which, the restoration modes have more obvious effect on soil bacterial diversity, while vegetation types have more significant effect on soil bacterial community structure. The closer to the root system, the higher the diversity of soil bacteria, the greater the difference between soil bacterial community structure and non-rhizosphere soil. Moreover, environmental factors, such as soil nutrient, moisture content and vegetation distribution, are all related to the soil bacterial community structure and diversity.

[Objective] The defibering bamboo veneer were treated by hot dry air under different temperature, and then were used to manufacture the bamboo-based fiber composites. The physical and chemical properties of defibering bamboo veneer were evaluated, the physical and mechanical performance of bamboo-based fiber composites were also studied, with the aim to provide the theory basis for optimization manufacturing process and new product development.[Method] Previous research about heat treatment mainly focus on bamboo split and bamboo stick, there are few reports on the properties of defibering bamboo veneer under high temperature heat treatment. In this study, the defibering bamboo veneer were heat-treated at 180 and 200℃ for 4 h, and the heat-treated defibering bamboo veneer were used to manufacture the bamboo-based fiber composites, the performance of the heat-treated defibering bamboo veneer and bamboo-based fiber composites were evaluated.[Result] Compare with 180℃ treatment, the mass loss of 200℃ treated specimens increased by 143%. Compared with the untreated defibering bamboo veneer, the holocellulose and α-cellulose of heat-treated samples were reduced by 11.36%, 20.15% and 21.95%, 35.94% respectively, the corresponding lignin relative content increased by 16.36% and 43.56%. The degradation product of hemicellulose reduced the pH value and buffering capacity. FTIR and XPS analysis showed that after heat treatment, the surface hydroxyl number were reduced which decreased the water absorbing capacity of heat-treated defibering bamboo veneer. After heat treatment, the color of defibering bamboo veneer and bamboo-based fiber composites was darkened obviously, the width swelling, water absorption and thickness swelling were reduced by 11.20%, 15.88%, 7.03% for 180℃ and 21.60%, 32.27%, 26.60% for 200℃ respectively, and the water resistance were improved distinctively. The modulus of rupture and horizontal shear strength were reduced by 39.07%, 33.51% for 180℃ and 56.14%, 42.15% for 200℃ respectively, the modulus of elasticity was affected slightly.[Conclusion] With the increase of heat treatment temperature, the extract volatile and degradation of chemical composition, which the causes increase of mass loss and relative content of lignin, the decrease of pH and buffer capacity and the content of holocellulose and α-cellulose, reduced the water absorbing capacity of heat-treated defibering bamboo veneer. The surface color of defibering bamboo veneer and bamboo-based fiber composites was darkened obviously, the water resistance were improved distinctively, the modulus of rupture and horizontal shear strength were reduced dramatically, and the modulus of elasticity was affected slightly.

Branch-trunk junctions is an important part of tree's structure and function, which contains branch, the base of the branch involved in the xylem of trunk in the growth of the trunk, and also the knot formed after the branch was removed from the trunk. However, because of the negative impacts on the performance of the product, the research and utilization of the branch-trunk junctions is limited. With the development of bionics, the branch-trunk junctions have been gradually attracted great attention from scholars at home and abroad and related colleagues because of its complex structure, orderly connection and high toughness, decay resistance and other biological characteristics, and also as a kind of excellent biological composite materials. Many studies show that the branch-trunk junctions contain many artificial materials incomparable functions of intelligent composite material and structure characteristics. The deep research on branch-trunk junctions structure and its performance is expected to break its past use of limited territory and develop new application areas, and may also provide a new type of bionic research and development of high performance material beneficial enlightenment and the scientific basis. This paper summarizes the current research status of the structure and properties of the branch-trunk junctions from four fields,those are, the structure, chemical extraction, physical and mechanical properties. First of all, the structural characteristics at the level of macro observation and the intelligent adaptive performances changing with the external environments were respectivdy expounded. Secondly, the protective efficacy of the chemical extraction of knot was mainly summarized from the effects of chemical extracts on forest antisepticision and forest natural pruning. Then, the comparative studies of the branch-trunk junctions and tree stem in dry density, shrinkage properties and the change rule of physics were summarized. The related research on the correlations between mechanical properties and matrix material, and between structure arrangement and functional properties, and stress distribution characteristics was finally summarized. At the same time, this paper also describes examples of bionic engineering materials and structures and related branch-trunk junctions, as well as the related research providing some inspiration for the bionic design. In view of the complexity and particularity of branch-trunk junctions, the present studies on wood structure and properties of branch-trunk junctions awareness is relatively weak, and the research reports about branch-trunk junctions cell level fine structure and main chemical composition and the physical and mechanical properties is relatively less and not thorough. Based on these, the author research on wood structure and properties of branch-trunk junctions in the former, the paper brings forward several suggestions about further research on the wood material side of bionics, including those:1) Strengthening the macro and micro level of each branch-trunk junctions wood structural features and adaptive mechanisms of regulation. 2) Exploring the minor cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin and extracts and other chemical components and micro distribution mechanism of synergistic effect on the function of trees. 3) Carrying out branches, knots and parts of the trunk density, moisture variation and internal relationship of connection. 4) Exploreing the fine structure parameters on the branch-trunk junctions of wood physical and mechanical properties of the self adaptive control mechanisms, building the mathematical model of branch-trunk junctions fine structure and chemical composition of the wood structure parameters between physical and mechanical properties.

[Objective] The direct and spillover effects of the agglomeration of wood processing industry on labor productivity were studied in order to improve the quality and efficiency of the industry and to provide a theoretical basis for optimizing its deployment in the region.[Method] Based on the inter-provincial panel data from 1998 to 2016, the global Moran index was used to measure the spatial autocorrelation of labor productivity in the wood processing industry. By controlling variables such as human capital, fixed asset investment and transportation conditions, the spatial econometrics model was used to examine empirically the direct effects and spillover effects of the wood processing industry agglomeration on industrial labor productivity.[Result] 1) The global Moran index of labor productivity fluctuated around 0.3, which was spatial dependence(P<0.05) in the wood processing industry. 2) The coefficient estimation of spatial econometric model showed that the wood processing industrial labor productivity had a spatial lag and spatial error autocorrelation (P<0.01). 3) The spatial effects decomposition showed that the direct and spillover effects of the wood processing industry agglomeration on industrial labor productivity were 0.260 6 and 0.029 2(P<0.01), respectively. For the control variables, the direct and spillover effects of human capital, per capita fixed asset investment, and inter-provincial transportation conditions on industrial labor productivity of the wood processing industry were 0.089 8(P<0.01) and 0.010 1(P<0.05), 0.843 4 and 0.094 6(P<0.01), and 0.771 8 and 0.085 1(P<0.01), respectively. The spillover effects of the wood processing industry agglomeration, human capital level, fixed assets per capita and transportation conditions on industrial labor productivity accounted for approximately 10% of the total effects, while the feedback effects were relatively small, accounting for less than 1% of the estimated coefficients of the model.[Conclusion] The labor productivity of the wood processing industry exhibits spatial dependence and spatial autocorrelation. The wood processing industry's agglomeration level, human capital level, fixed assets per capita and transportation conditions have positive direct effects (including small feedback effects) and spillover effects on industrial labor productivity. Suggestions were made to optimize deployment of the wood processing industries for agglomerated industrial development; to optimize the internal structure of the industries and increase the investment in fixed assets; to improve the quality of wood processing practitioners and strengthen training of professionals at different levels; and to increase the infrastructure investment in geographic areas rich in wood and bamboo resources and improve the business environment for the wood processing industry.

[Objective]By clarification of compositional and structural traits of 3 forest types in Liangshui National Nature Reserve, this paper was aimed to provide suggestions for the scientific management and forest conservation for whole Xiaoxing'anling Mountains.[Method]Three typical forest types (conifer, broadleaf and conifer-broadleaf forests) distributed inLiangshui National Nature Reserve (the core region in Xiaoxing'anling Mt.) were surveyed in 80 plots (30 m×30 m for arbor layer), 160 plots of 5 m×5 m for shrub layer, and 160 plots of 1 m×1 m for herb layer; Plant sizes and community traits(height of tree, shrub and herb, diameter at breast height for trees, shrub diameter, under branch height of tree, crown breadth, tree canopy density and shrub coverage, herb species abundance, and density of tree, shrub and herbs), and compositional traits(species name, genus and family) were recorded in details and diversity indices (Shannon-Wiener and Simpson index),evenness indices (Alatalo and Pielou index), richness index (R) were calculated thereafter. Analysis of variance and redundancy analysis (RDA) were used to explore the differences and coupling relationships in different forest types.[Result]1) Totally, 28-30 tree species, 22-25 shrub speciesand 78-90 herb species were observed in 3 different forest types; The most abundant broadleaf species was Betula platyphylla, while the conifer was Larix gmelinii; The most frequent shrub species was Corylus mandshurica and the most-observed herbs were Aegopodium alpestre and Filipendula palmate. 2) In the 3 forest types, the highest species evenness was in the broadleaf forest, and the highest richness index and diversity index were respectively observed in the conifer forest and the conifer-broadleaf mixed forest. The diversity and richness indices in the same forest showed that the herb layer > tree layer > shrub layer, and 3 forest types showed the similar pattern. The evenness of shrub layer was higher than that in other layers in general. 3) Tree height andunderbranch height ofthe coniferforest was higher than those of the conifer-broadleafmixed forest, and followed by the broadleaf forest. Tree height and DBH (diameter at breast height) in this region averaged at about 14 and 18 cm, respectively. Shrub crown of the conifer-broadleaf mixed forests was larger than the broad-leaved forest, and the lowest was in the conifer forest. Species abundance and coverage of the herb layer of the conifer forest was significantly higher than that of conifer-broad leaf mixed forest. 4) RDA ordination of the broadleaf forest and conifer forest showed that herb layer could explain much more diversity's variation than did in arbor and shrub layers, while the conifer-broadleaf mixed forest's diversity variation was mainly explained by arbor and shrub layers (rather than herb layer). Of them, herb's abundance, density and height could explain 48.4%-62.1% of the diversity variation in the broadleaf forest, and the conifer forest's explaining percentage was 30.5%-44.3%. In the conifer-broadleaf forest, the variation explained by different forest types from high to low was shrub diameter, tree under-branch height, herb height and DBH, and pooled data showed that arbor and shrub layer structural traits could explain 38.8%-4.1% and 27.4%-50.7% of the total variation.[Conclusion]Our results indicate that Liangshui National Nature Reserve had rather abundant plant resources, and dominant arbor species were pioneer species of birch and larch (afforested species), and they are still rather young and long-term protection are needed to ensure development of high-quality forest resources. Herb layer had much higher plant diversity than those from arbor and shrub layers, and more attention should be paid to herb species conservation in the biodiversity protection practices. Plant species conservation and timber resource rehabilitation could be co-improved, while different forests should take different measures; For example, conifer-broadleaf mixed forest should prefer to manage tree under branch height and shrub density, while broad forest and conifer forest should change herb density etc. or other measures to improve herb's growth environment. Our findings provide the basic data support for the Natural Forest Protection Program and administration of National Nature Reserve in NE China.

[Objective]This paper was intended to explore the spatial characteristics of vegetation changes in karst faulted basins during 2001-2016, and to quantify the influence and contribution of the key driving forces to the vegetation restoration, in order to provide a theoretical basis for ecological construction of rocky desertification areas.[Method]Based on the time-series MODIS-NDVI from 2001 to 2016 after Savitzky-Golay (SG) filtering, Theil-Sen Median (TS) analysis and CMK test were applied to obtain the spatial characteristics of the annual average NDVI value of faulted basins, and then, the Bayesian Belief Networks (BBN) model was constructed using Netica software to quantify the influences and contributions of the driving factors on the annual average NDVI, such as afforestation area, lithology and elevation.[Result]During the period of 2001-2016, regions with significantly increased annual average NDVI were mainly distributed in the middle Xuanwei and Liupanshui of Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, and the southeast of Yanyuan of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, while regions with decreased annual average NDVI were mainly distributed in central Muli of Hengduan Mountains, southern Miyi county, and central Kunming and Yuxi of Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau; the influences of the key driving forces on annual NDVI changes were in the following order:afforestation area, altitude, temperature, population density, slope, land use, lithology; the probability of vegetation improvement grew with the increasing area of afforestation, which mainly concentrated on the afforestation area over 150 km²; the probability of vegetation improvement increased significantly in areas with altitudes lower than 1 845 m,and the probability of vegetation improvement decreased obviously with altitudes higher than 1 845 m; the probability of vegetation improvement dropped in the areas with significantly increased temperature; the NDVI change was correlated with population density, and the area with population density from 105 to 210 person·km^-2 was the key area with increased probability of vegetation improvement; the probability of vegetation improvement went up in the areas with gentle slopes, mainly between 0 and 6°; from the perspective of lithology, the areas with vegetation improvement were mainly distributed in the karst area and the semi-karst area.[Conclusion]The vegetation changes in most areas of karst faulted basins (78%) were not significant, but the vegetation in 11.4% of the areas was significantly improved, and the vegetation in 10.6% of the area was evidently degraded. The most important factor causing vegetation change was the afforestation area in human ecological construction, followed by natural factors such as altitude and temperature; ecological projects such as afforestation project were mainly implemented in rocky desertification areas, so the improvement of vegetation in karst areas was better than that in non-karst areas; For restoration of rocky desertification in faulted basins, the natural restoration was recommended for areas with low probability of vegetation improvement, such as areas with high altitude and steep slopes; while in areas with centralized distribution of vegetation restoration, we should pay more attention to vegetation protection in near future; the areas with significant increase of temperature and dense population, due to strong climate and artificial disturbance, the probability of vegetation degradation have increased, which would be a focus in future researches.

[Objective] This study was intended to explore the spatiotemporal variation of soil salinization in the Weigan-Kuqa River Delta Oasis, through analysis of the importance of vegetation phenological characteristics and land surface parameters in the remote sensing-based monitoring of salinization, in order to provide scientific support for the management of soil salinization and desertification in arid oasis.[Method] Phenology metrics (Start of season, SOS; End of season, EOS; Length of season, LEN) were derived from MODIS-NDVI data, and then coupled with land surface parameters (vegetation and salinity index, terrain attributes, drought indexes, etc) and vegetation phenological metrics as input factors of Cubist regression tree model to predict soil salinity in Weigan-Kuqa River Delta Oasis from 2006 to 2016.[Result] The SOS ranges from March to June, and EOS ranges from mid-November to late-December. For inner oasis area, the LSI (Large seasonal integral) has a larger value concentrated on the range of 6.08-9.20. However, a lower range of LSI (3.64-6.08) was observed in the oasis-desert transition belt. The accuracy of estimation model based on phenological parameters is relatively low (RMSE=13.29,R²=0.12). The accuracy of model based on phenological parameters and land surface parameters is best (RMSE=9.02, R²=0.72), which is better than that of model based on land surface parameters (RMSE=12.66, R²=0.22). In the prediction model, TVDI (Temperature vegetation drought index), LSI, Salinity index (SIT and SI), MSAVI (Modified soil adjusted vegetation index), and surface reflectance have high relative importance, indicating that soil water content, vegetation growing situation, vegetation biomass and visible light reflectance are important indicators for monitoring soil salinization. Weigan-Kuqa River Delta Oasis is dominated by slightly saline and non-saline soils with the mean annual soil salt content of 7.08 g·kg^-1a^-1. The agriculture area inside the oasis is mostly covered by non-saline soil. The moderately salinization soil are mostly located in the east and south parts of the oasis. The soil salinization showed no significant decreasing trend, with a range of 0.00-0.764 g·kg^-1a^-1. Little area showed an increasing trend, and mostly located in the middle part of the oasis and near the southern part of Tarim river, with a range of 0.00-0.742 g·kg^-1a^-1. In 2007, the degree of salinization was the heaviest, and the average soil salt content was 12.68 g·kg^-1. In 2011, the degree of salinization was the lightest, and the average soil salt content was 4.61 g·kg^-1.[Conclusion] Regression tree model can establish a complete knowledge of soil-environment relationship, and effectively extract regional soil salinization information. The introduction of vegetation phenological parameters can significantly improve the accuracy of soil salinization prediction. The soil salinization in Weigan-Kuqa River Delta Oasis showed a mainly decreasing trend, and a small part of the area showed an increasing trend, and the salinization treatment effect was remarkable. There is a tight correspondence between different phenological characteristics and local soil salinity. In some parts of the study area, soil salinity is increasing because of human factors. Therefore, it is necessary to take effective measures for soil salinization control and ecological environmental protection in these specific areas.

[Objective] In order to improve the utilization efficiency of prepolymer of furfuryl alcohol, reduce production cost and promote the industrialization of wood furfurylation, the feasibility of impregnatingly modified wood with prepolymer of furfuryl alcohol(FA-pp)was studied in this paper.[Method] By controlling the mass ratio of furfuryl alcohol monomer(FA-mon)to FA-pp, a homogeneous, stable and water soluble solution for modified wood was prepared by using maleic an hydrideas a catalyst, borax as a stabilizer and water as a diluent. Furthermore, weight percent gain, leach ability, dimensional stability and mechanical properties of modified poplar wood with the mixture of FA-mon and FA-pp were determined, and compared with those properties of FA-mon modified poplar.[Result] When the mass ratio of FA-mon to FA-pp was 35:15, a homogeneous and stable solution of 50% furfuryl alcohol was prepared. Weight percent gain of 90.47% was achieved when poplar wood was impregnated and modified with this mixture solution, which raised 6.41% than that of modified poplar with 50% FA-mon solution. Meanwhile, the leach ability of modified wood with the mixture was 5.27%, which lower 14.17% than that of modified wood with FA-mon. Furthermore, anti-swelling efficiency(ASE)of modified wood with the mixture showed slightly improvements of 4.80%, 1.00% and 2.07% in radial(77.76%), tangential(62.56%)and volumetric(70.02%), compared with that of modified wood with FA-mon. The compression strength parallel to grain of the mixture modified wood(69.93 MPa)substantially increased by 12.55% than that of FA-mon modified wood; but the bending strength(75.86 MPa)and elastic modulus(11.36 GPa)of the mixture modified wood showed a slight decrease than those of FA-mon modified wood. However, when the mass fraction of furfuryl alcohol in the mixture solution deceased to 44%, WPG of wood modified with this solution was nearly same to that with 50% FA-mon solution. Furthermore, the leach ability, ASE values and mechanical properties of the mixture modified wood with 44% solution showed similarity to those of modified wood with 50% FA-mon solution. The analytical result of the infrared spectroscopy showed that absorption peaks of the mixture modified wood were similar to that of FA-mon modified wood. The absorption peaks of furan ring-CH can be seen near to 790 and 735 cm^-1, which proved that the furfuryl alcohol resin had entered into modified wood. Simultaneously, the absorption peaks intensities of hydroxyl near to 3 352 cm^-1 and 1 329 cm^-1 were weakened, and the 1 245 cm^-1 absorption peak became broader and shifted to the right, which indicated that FA-mon or FA-pp formed the chemical cross linking with hydroxyl within modified wood. The analysis result from confocal laser scanning microscopy suggested that furfuryl alcohol resin had entered into the cell lumina, cell walls and middle lamella when wood was treated with the mixture or FA-mon modified solution. Furthermore, the furfuryl alcohol resin in the cell lumina was always presenting on the inner cell walls.[Conclusion] By controlling of the mass ratio of FA-mon to FA-pp, a homogeneous and stable solution for modified wood can be prepared. The main properties of modified wood with the mixture were slightly superior than those of FA-mon modified wood with the same mass fraction of furfuryl alcohol. Furthermore, the mass fraction of furfuryl alcohol with the mixture solution should be less than that with FA-mon solution to obtain furfury lated wood with the similar properties.