[Objective]This paper tries to reveal the impacting patterns and mechanisms of draining for forestation that affect carbon source or sink of temperate marsh wetlands at ecosystem level, in order to provide a scientific basis for carbon sink of wetlands management.[Method]The carbon (CO₂ and CH₄) emission fluxes, vegetation net primary productivity and carbon sequestration were studied by static chamber gas chromatography method and Multi N/C 3100,HT 1300 Solids Module (Analytik Jena AG, Germany) and the relative growth equation method from natural marsh wetland and Larix gmelinii plantation in the marsh wetlands under different draining treatments (10 years old, 30 years old) in Xiaoxing'an mountains of China, so as to evaluate the effects of wetland draining for forestation on carbon source or sink of temperate marshes which based on net ecosystem carbon balance.[Result]Draining for forestation changed the seasonal variation trend of CH₄ emission fluxes from natural marsh wetlands which turned from approximate unimodal type into alternative emission and uptake. And it also changed the function of CH₄ source or sink,from strong CH₄ emission source,mean annual fluxes were 1.780 mg·m^-2h^-1, to weak CH₄ uptake sink (-0.006 mg·m^-2h^-1)); Draining for forestation had no significant influence on the mean annual fluxes (168.07-220.43 mg·m^-2h^-1) of CO₂ emission from natural marsh wetlands; Compared with the natural marsh wetlands, mean annual fluxes of CO₂ emission decreased by 12.8%(P>0.05) from 10 years old Larix gmelinii plantation and increased by 14.3% (P>0.05) from 30 years old Larix gmelinii plantation; Draining for forestation changed the main controlling factors of CH₄ and CO₂ emission from natural marsh wetlands. CH₄ emission fluxes from natural marsh wetlands turned from significant positive correlation with 30-40 cm soil temperature, into that they were not related with 30-40 cm soil temperature after draining for forestation 10 or 30 years; the main controlling factors of CO₂ emission fluxes from natural marsh wetlands were the air temperature and the 0-30 cm soil temperature, but the drainage ridge of 10 or 30 years old plantation turned into air temperature and 0-40 cm soil temperature, while the main controlling factors of the drainage ditches from 30 years old plantation were significantly correlated only with air temperature and 0 cm soil temperature, drainage ditches of 10 years old plantation were not related with air temperature and soil temperature; The net vegetation primary productivity (15.44 t·hm^-2a^-1) and annual net carbon sequestration (6.74 t·hm^-2a^-1) of natural marsh wetlands were significantly reduced by 31.9% and 30.6% (P<0.05) after the draining for forestation for 10 years (10.51 and 4.68 t·hm^-2a^-1), but there were no significant difference between larch plantation and natural marsh wetlands (-6.7% and -5.2%, P>0.05) after the draining for forestation for 30 years (14.40 and 6.39 t·hm^-2a^-1); The carbon sink of natural marsh wetlands (2.08 t·hm^-2a^-1) significantly decreased by 65.4% (P<0.05) after the draining for forestation for 10 years (0.72 t·hm^-2a^-1), yet there was no significant gap between the larch plantation (1.20 t·hm^-2a^-1) and natural marsh wetlands (-42.3%, P>0.05) after the draining for forestation for 30 years.[Conclusion]The draining for forestation decreased the function of carbon sink from natural marsh wetlands by about 2/3 significantly at first 10 years, then it needs 30 years at least for the carbon sink to be recovered to the same as natural marsh wetlands; So, draining for forestation should be avoided in the temperate marsh wetlands.

[Objective]The study was to determine the species composition and diversity of different forest layers and to determine how vertical distribution of trees affect the community structure and its underlying mechanisms with the view of arbor layer's stratification.[Method]Five 50 m×50 m sample plots were investigated in Wanmulin Provincial Nature Reserve, Fujian Province. With maximum light receiving plane (MLRP) method, arbor layer of each plots were divided into three sub-layers from top to bottom, the sub-layer I, Ⅱ and Ⅲ. The sub-layer I and Ⅱ belonged to light receiving layer (LRL), the sub-layer Ⅲ was non-light receiving layer (NLRL). Then the species composition and diversity of each sub-layer were studied using importance value, diversity index and similarity index.[Result]The species richness and diversity increased when the arbor layer decreased from sub-layer I to sub-layer Ⅲ of the five plots. The composition and number of species varied in the same sub-layers of different plots. The maximum tree height of 35 tree species can reach about 30 m even 40 m and they have the potential to distribute at top layer of the community, i.e. sub-layer I, but there were only 10 tree species could successive distribute at all the three sub-layers among all species of all plots. The maximum height of 16 tree species and 4 shrub species was about 25 m and sub-layer Ⅱ was the limit of what they could reach. The maximum height of 17 tree species and 13 shrub species was 16-17 m and sub-layer Ⅲ was the limit of what they could reach. Tree species in LRL were dominant species and important associated species of arbor layer, including evergreen trees Schima superba, Cinnamomum chekiangense, C. camphora, Machilus pauhoi, Tsoongiodendron odorum, Michelia fujianensis, Parakmeria lotungensis and some trees species of Castanopsis, and Liquidambar formosana, Alniphyllum fortunei, Nyssa sinensis and Fraxinus insularis. Tree species only distributed in NLRL included evergreen trees M. skinneriana, Sycopsis sinensis, Photinia davidsoniae, Daphniphyllum oldhami, Ternstroemia gymnanthera, and deciduous trees Albizia julibrissin, Diospyros kaki var. silvestris and Dalbergia balansae. Most shrubs species could only distribute in NLRL except Symplocos sumuntia, Adinandra millettii, Rhododendron henryi and S. dunnii could reach to sub-layer. Priority should be given to dominant species of sub-layer I when determining dominant species of the community, because their basal areas were obviously bigger than trees of other sub-layers. The similarity of sub-layer I and Ⅱ was bigger than that of sub-layer I and Ⅲ or sub-layer I and arbor layer. The differentiation was prominent at the critical plane LRL and NLRL when the similarity was the degree of differentiation and the arbor layer was the reference, suggesting spatial niche separation being prominent at MLRP.[Conclusion]In the five sample plots, dominant species and important associated tree species of arbor layer were mainly distributed in the LRL. Niche differentiation was prominent at MLRP. There were obvious difference between LRL and NLRL in species richness and diversity, which were identified according to MLRP. The differentiation of the LRL and the NLRL has potential practical significance for the selection of target trees in close-to-nature management so that the relationship between the two should be further studied in the future. Very few tree species could distribute in 3 successive sub-layers of each plots among all tree species that could grow to sub-layer I, suggesting that there were almost no particular species could be permanent dominant species in the LRL and species composition and richness in the 5 plots appeared to be caused also by random species replacement, which needs to be further studied in future.

[Objective] In this study, we continuously measured the root pressure of intact seedlings of 84 K popular (Populus alba×P. glandulosa) with the pressure transducer technique, and investigated relationships between diurnal rhythm of root pressure and transpiration and xylem sap osmotic osmolytes, in order to reveal the diurnal rhythm of root pressure and its occurrence pattern in intact plants under natural conditions.[Method] A hole was drilled through the bark into the xylem of the stemnear the base, and a compression fitting was inserted into the hole and connected to a pressure transducer. With this method, we measured in situ the diurnal rhythm of root pressure of intact popular seedlings in field. We also measured diurnal variations of the leaf water potential, as well as the osmotic potential, ions and soluble sugarscontent in xylem sap from roots and stems.[Result] The root pressure of intact seedling could be measured in situ by side hole opening method, and the result was reliable.The root pressure of intact plantshad similar diurnal rhythm to that obtained with the decapitated root systems, that is, root pressure was high in daytime and low at night. However, the maximum root pressure of intact plants was relatively lower than that by the decapitation method, which might be due to the influence of transpiration. The reduction of water potential caused by transpiration in the morning did not conceal the root pressure. Until noon,when water potential descended to a threshold,the root pressure declined rapidly. There existed a top down osmotic potential gradient in xylem sap across popular stem,and it was lower in the upper position and higher in the bottom of the stem.The gradient maintained at any point within a day, particularly at noon. Osmotic potential of stem xylem sap was lower than that of roots. Osmotic potential of root xylem sap was lowest at the predawn time. The osmotic substance inxylem sap from roots was mainly composed by mineral ions,but the role of soluble sugar couldnot be ignored too.[Conclusion] Root pressure of intact seedlings possesses a similar daily rhythm with that of decapitated roots, but the maximum value of intact root pressure is lower than that by the traditional destructive method, possibly due to the influence of transpiration.Root pressure can counter-balance the transpiration to a certain extent. Osmotic potential in root xylem sap was lowest at the predawn time,thereby providing the maximum driving force for upward water transport due to the existence of a osmotic gradient between stem and root. The osmotic substance in xylem sap from roots was mainly composed by mineral ions but the soluble sugars components can not be ignored.

[Objective] The population stability of Hippophae rhamniodes ssp. sinensis depends on clonal growth ability and also on levels of environmental resources. However, the effects of the planting density are not well illustrated. This study aims to determine the optimal planting density according to the clonal growth response to the planting density and the regulation mechanism of the biomass allocation.[Method] Four planting densities, namely 2 500, 4 444, 10 000, and 40 000 plants·hm^-2 were applied. The ramet growth ability was measured for each tally tree. The clonal propagation ability was obtained by counting the daughter ramets. The clonal expansion capability was quantified by tracking the clones. Aboveground biomass was estimated from the average standard trees. The vertical and horizontal root biomasses were determined by weighting all the roots in the grid quadrats and tracked, respectively.[Result] The basal stem diameter and crown growth of the ramets showed logarithmic decreases with increasing planting density, while the height growth was independent of the density. The clonal propagation and expansion abilities showed parabola profiles, with synergistic effect between them. The biomass was allocated more to the belowground and less to the aboveground. The biomass allocation of horizontal roots showed a parabola. The growth ability of the ramets was positively correlated with the aboveground biomass allocation, and the clonal propagation and expansion abilities were positively correlated with the biomass allocation of the horizontal roots.[Conclusion] The population is traded-off in the biomass allocation between the above-and the below-ground and between the vertical and horizontal roots, and between ramet growth and the clonal propagation and expansion, by which forms individual shape and clonal growth configuration to adapt planting dnesity. With the increase of initial planting density, the ramet morphology changes from thick to medium and to slender, and the clonal propagation and expansion abilities did as a low-high-low pattern. That is to say, the clonal growth configuration went as a guerrilla-aggregation-guerrilla pattern, and the population stability exhibit a low-high-low changing process. According to this study, the suitable initial planting density is about 15 000 to 20 000 plants·hm^-2, which is most conducive to the clonal growth and the population stability maintenance.

[Objective] This study investigated the salt tolerance of seedlings of two blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum) cultivarsunder different NaCl concentrations, to reveal the mechanism of salt adaptation, and to provide basis for the selection and rational cultivation of salt tolerant blueberry cultivars.[Method]Two cultivars (the northern highbush blueberry ‘bluecrop’ and the southern highbus blueberry ‘O'Neill’) were selected as testing materials. The two-year-old cutting seedlings were treated with NaCl concentrations of 0, 100, 200, and 300 mmol·L^-1 for 40 days in apot experiment, respectively. Subsequently, the dry matter accumulation, leaf damage, and the variation of ions (Na⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺ and Cl^-) contentwere analyzed. The accumulation, transportation and distribution of these ions in different organs were investigated.[Results] The results can be summarized as 1) The dry weight gradually reduced in all organs of both cultivars with the increase of NaCl concentration. The dry weight of "bluecrop" did not significantly decrease in low salt concentration (100 mmol·L^-1) but the reduction became more remarkably with high salt concentration (200-300 mmol·L^-1) treatments. The dryweight of ‘O'Neill’ under the NaCl treatment was significantly lower than that of the control. The salt stress index (SI) of ‘bluecrop’ and ‘O'Neill’ increased with the increase of NaCl concentration, and the SI of the former was lower than that of the latter. 2) For both blueberry cultivars under salinity stress, the content of Na⁺ and Cl^- in all organs prominently increased, whereas the content of K⁺ in all organs, Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ in roots, and Mg²⁺ in stem decreased. Moreover, the accumulation of Na⁺ and Cl^-in leaves was more efficient than that in stem and roots. Comparing the salt-treated seedlings with the control of the two cultivars respectively, the content of Ca²⁺ in stem of ‘O'Neill’ did not significantly differ between them, but salt-treated ‘bluecrop’ was obviously higher than the control. For both species, the contents of Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ in leaves exhibited insignificant changes under salt stress. Comparisons were performed for these two cultivars, the contents of Na⁺ and Cl^-in stem and leaves of ‘O'Neill’, and the content of Cl^- in roots of ‘O'Neill’ was higher than that of ‘bluecrop’, but the content of Mg⁺ in all organs of ‘bluecrop’ was higher than that of ‘O'Neill’. 3) Under salt stress, the K⁺/Na⁺,Ca²⁺/Na⁺ and Mg²⁺/Na⁺ ratios of two cultivars considerably decreased compared with the control. Higher ionic ratios could be observed within the leaves of ‘bluecrop’ compared to ‘O'Neill’ under high salt concentrations. 4) Undersalt stress, the ion selective transport capacity from root to stem for both cultivars was substantially enhanced compared to the control, whereas the transport capacity from stem to leaves and from root to leaves of both cultivars was less facilitated than that in the control. More specifically, transport capacity from root to leaves (S_K⁺,Na⁺ and S_{Mg²⁺,Na⁺}) exhibited higher values for ‘bluecrop’ compared to ‘O'Neill’.[Conclusion] The low salt stress has little effect on the growth of ‘bluecrop’ seedlings but a significant effect on that of ‘O'Neill’. However, high salt stress have adverse effects on both blueberry cultivars seedlings. Under salt stress, accumulation of Na⁺ and Cl^- is less in ‘bluecrop’ compared to ‘O'Neill’, whereas the content of Mg²⁺ in all organs of ‘bluecrop’ is higher than that of ‘O'Neill’. Moreover, the capabilities of maintaining the balance of ions in the plant and ion-selective transportation of K⁺ and Mg²⁺ from root to leaves of ‘bluecrop’ are better than that of ‘O'Neill’, which can be used to explain why ‘bluecrop’ exhibits a stronger tolerance to salt than "O'Neill".

[Objective] This study was investigated endophytic fungi diversity,infection rate,infection structure,and host mineral nutrient content to understond the effects of endophytic fungi colonization on the mineral nutrition of V. uliginosum.[Method] This study was conducted in the Daxing'an Mountains area with three soil types:Mountain land type, Meadow bog permafrost soil layer type, Meadow bog with soil layer type. The diversity of root mycorrhizal fungi of V. uliginosum was analyzed by modern biological techniques (ITS). Multivariate statistical analysis was used to study the relationship between mycorrhizal colonization and host plant mineral nutrition.[Result] 1) The diversity of endophytic fungi (H'=3.58~4.36) and infection structure (exogenous mycelium, intracellular hyphae with partition, intracellular nonseptate hyphae group, intracellular hyphae, missing of the epidermal cells) were rich, the infection rate was high (54.98%~68.09%) on V. uliginosum roots in the Greater Xing'an Mountains. The endophytic fungi in the root system of V. uliginosum in different site types had the specificity. Among them, the mountain land type and the meadow bog with soil layer type were dominated by Phialocephala, while the dominant species of the meadow bog permafrost soil layer type was Meliniomyces. 2) Among the three site types, the endophytic fungi diversity and infection rate were the highest in the meadow bog permafrost soil layer type, followed by the mountain land type, and the meadow bog with soil layer type was lowest. The content of most mineral elements in the three site types showed the same trend as that root endophytic fungi diversity and infection rate, with the exception of Zn element in V. uliginosum. 3) The endophytic fungi infection rate was significantly or extremely significantly positively correlated with N, P, K, Ca and Fe content, but had an extremely negative correlation with Zn content (r=-0.944^**).[Conclusion] The endophytic fungi can significantly promote the mineral nutrient accumulation of V. uliginosum, suggesting that the endophytic fungi colonization is an important factor affecting the mineral nutrient status of V. uliginosum, and the environmental conditions was important factor influencing the diversity and abundance of endophytic fungi in V. uliginosum roots.

[Objective] NAC(NAM,ATAF and CUC2 proteins) is a family of special transcriptional factors in plants. The members in this family play important roles in life process of plants such as growth, development, signal transduction of hormones and stress responses.In order to provide more clues for further studies of the functions of EgrNAC1(Eucgr.I00058) gene, which possibly plays a very important role in Eucalyptus grandis, EgrNAC protein sequence, subcellular localization, gene expression under low temperature, high temperature, drought, salinity, ABA and MeJA were analyzed.[Method] Firstly, sequences of gene, promoter, and protein of EgrNAC1 were downloaded from genome database of Eucalyptus grandis. Then, bioinformatics software of SMART, MatInspector, and MEGA were applied to analyze the coding protein structure and cis-elements in promoter of EgrNAC1. EgrNAC1∷sGFP fused expression vector was also constructed with enzyme cutting method in the primary vector of pCAMBIA1300. And, the plasmid of EgrNAC1∷sGFP was transformed into onion epidermal cells via gene gun bombardment to identify subcellular localization of EgrNAC1 protein. Secondly, with the DGE (digital gene expression) data from the treatment of different time course under 4℃ with 3-month-old seedlings, genes co-expression with EgrNAC1 were analyzed with WGCNA software. Finally, to get more information of expression pattern of EgrNAC1 under different abiotic stress conditions, expression of EgrNAC1 under different temperatures (-8, -4, 0, 4, 8℃), time courses(0,2,6,12,24,48 h)at 4℃, high temperature (42℃), drought, salinity, ABA and MeJA were evaluated by real time fluorescence quantitative RT-PCR method.[Result] The NAC domain in EgrNAC1 contains 5 classical sub-domains A, B, C, D and E, including 2 α-helix and 5 β-sheets. There was also one nuclear localization sequence but no transmembrane region was found in the protein sequence. Phylogenetic analysis result showed that EgrNAC1 was classified into ATAF group in subfamilyⅠof NAC. In the NACs that were involved in stress responses, it belongs to SNAC-A subclass. ABRE, MBS, MCS, DREB and other cis-elements were found in the promoter of EgrNAC1 and most of them are related with abiotic stresses.Result of EgrNAC1 merged protein with GFP in onion cells showed the EgrNAC1 mainly expressed in the nuclear. In EgrNAC1 co-expression analysis under treatment of different time courses(0,2,6,12,24,48 h)at 4℃, among the 20 genes with the highest correlation coefficients,most were involved in the stress responses. EgrNAC1 was induced under the low temperature. The expression level of it increased with the time course under 4℃ treatment. For different low temperature treatments, the improvement of EgrNAC1 expression was higher under 4, 8℃ compared to the other low temperature. The induction of EgrNAC1 were also found under treatment of drought, high salinity (200 mmol·L^-1NaCl), ABA(100 μmol·L^-1) and MeJA(100 μmol·L^-1). After 1-day treatment of drought stress, EgrNAC1 expression level increased, followed by a slow decrease. It only needs 2 hours to stimulate EgrNAC1 expression under MeJA treatment, but for the induction by ABA, it needs 24 hours.[Conclusion] EgrNAC1 is an important NAC gene which is not only involved in responses to abiotic stresses such as low temperature, drought, high salinity, but also possibly have interactions with ABA and MeJA hormone signal transduction in these stress responses.

[Objective] Choosing a suitable reference gene is an effective method to improve the accuracy and to reduce the experimental error of quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR). It has become an important technique to select stable expression of genes as novel reference genes using gene expression data in recent years. The purpose of our study is to select the novel reference genes which are expressed stably under salt and drought stresses in poplar using multiple microarray data. Our study will enrich the reference genes in poplar, and provide more channels for exploring stable and desirable reference genes.[Method] The gene microarray data of Populus trichocarpa in different growth periods under different stress treatments were collected from public gene chip database. The data were normalized to rank the stability of the expression of genes under different experimental conditions. Based on the functional annotation information of the genes, six novel reference genes were selected. In order to further verify the stability of gene expression, we have chosen the leaves of Populus deltoides ‘Nanlin95’ assessed by NaCl, PEG for analysis. Six traditional reference genes(PtUKN1, PtUBQ, Actin, EF1α, 18S rRNA, TUA8)and six novel reference genes were assessed by qPCR at six points (0, 1, 4, 8, 12, 24 h). Using the reference gene analyzing programs of geNorm, NormFinder and BestKeepe, the experimental data were counted and ranked in order to compare the expression stability of the 12 genes and accordingly select the suitable novel reference genes.[Result] In this study, six stable expression genes (PtRG1, PtRG2, PtRG3, PtRG4, PtRG5, PtRG6) were selected from the gene chip database. Comparisons of the stability between these six new reference genes and the six traditional reference genes displayed that, in the geNorm program analysis, the stability of PtRG2 and PtRG3 was better under salt stress and the stability of PtRG3 and PtRG5 was better under the drought stress; in NormFinder program analysis, the stability of TUA8 and PtRG1 was better under salt stress and the stability of PtRG1 and PtRG2 was better under the drought stress; in BestKeeper program analysis, the stability of PtRG1 and PtRG5 was better under salt stress and the stability of PtRG3 and PtRG5 was better under the drought stress. To further verify the stability of these gene expression, PtVQ6, PtVQ13 and PtVQ37 expressed highly in the poplar VQ gene family under NaCl and PEG treatment were selected as the target gene to conduct qPCR again and found the results were consistent with the previous study, suggesting PtRG1, PtRG3 and PtRG5 were stable.[Conclusion] PtRG1, PtRG3 and PtRG5 identified in our study are suitable as the reference genes in poplar under salt and drought stresses, which would contribute to a more accurate analysis for the expression of the resistance genes in qPCR.

[Objective]To analyze genetic diversity and to construct the fingerprints of Robinia pseudoacacia clones selected in Shandong province, which can lay a solid foundation for R. pseudoacacia new varieties selection, breeding and identification, and also provide a scientific basis for the conservation, assessment and utilization of R. pseudoacacia in other provinces of China.[Method]Fluorescent SSR primers were used for PCR amplification. The products were detected with capillary electrophoresis. The results were used to analyze genetic diversity and to construct fingerprints of 49 R. pseudoacacia clones.[Result]A total of 51 alleles were identified using 8 pairs of SSR primers, with a mean of 6.375 alleles per locus, ranging from 2-15. The mean value of PIC was 0.509 8, ranging from 0.092-0.879. Clustering analysis conducted with the method of average linkage between groups showed that clones ‘Luci 8’ and ‘Luci 13’ from Linyi, ‘Luci 40’ and ‘Luci 42’ from Qingdao, ‘Luci 10’ and ‘Luci 86’ from Rizhao displayed the closest genetic relationship, respectively. The 49 clones were not clustered together strictly in accordance with geographic areas. There were no obvious correlations between grouping and current growing regions of the clones. A total of 9 primer pairs were used for clonal identification, two of them namely Rply109 and rops16 can distinguish 45 clones, indicating an identification rate of 91.84%. Three alleles at one or two loci were detected in 22 clones, suggesting that these clones may be natural polyploidies.[Conclusion]R. pseudoacacia in Shandong province has relatively high genetic diversity. There were not obvious correlations between grouping and current growing regions of the clones. The two primers Rply109 and rops16 were determined to be efficient SSR markers for fingerprints construction and molecular identification of R. pseudoacacia clones, which can distinguish a proportion of 91.84% of the total number of clones. The fingerprints constructed with SSR markers can provide a basis for germplasm resources management, variety identification and intellectual property rights protection, it also provides a scientific basis for introduction, genetic improvement and breeding of R. pseudoacacia.

[Objective] Exploring the burned biomass estimation method by using the long time series of satellite remote sensing data products according to forest types at large scale, and getting the burned biomass estimation result by annual for different forest types, were the major objective of the current work.[Method] The MODIS satellite active fire detection products(MOD14A2)covering the land of P. R. China in 2001-2014 have been selected as the datasets, the feature of power law distribution of FRP(fire radiative power)has been analyzed on three forest types; meanwhile, the burned forest biomass estimation models have been developed on the forest types. To get the scaling parameter m, the linear regression fit to probability distribution function in log scales has been applied, and about 10 times forest fire every year have been selected to modify the annual fire duration d. The national burned forest biomass has been estimated on an annual basis. At the same time, the study result calculated from MODIS burned dataset(MCD45A1)were compared with those derived from forest fire emissions calculation model to validate the efficacy of the current estimation method.[Result] The value of FRP of broadleaf forest, coniferous forest and shrub forest follow the power law distribution. In the 14 years, the annual burned biomass of broadleaf forest was in 0.94-1.37 Mt, with a burned biomass in 0.80-1.92 Mt for coniferous forest, shrub forest's burns in 0.37-0.53 Mt. The result of the two methods were significantly different in some years, even certain values derived from forest fire emissions model were far beyond the total burned biomass of the observed 14 years calculated from the method developed in the current work. The result and inter annual variation were more consistent with the statistics of fire numbers and burned area issued by the National Bureau of Statistics.[Conclusion] The value of FRP of the broadleaf forest, coniferous forest and shrub forest follow the power-law distribution characteristics, the national burned forest biomass estimation models have been developed based on the feature by forest type in the 14 years. The method based on power law distribution is more accurate than the result of fire emissions model estimation method.

[Objective]The study aims to research biosorption and tolerance of Hg²⁺, Zn²⁺, Cu²⁺, Pb²⁺ by Penicillium oxalicum and Trichoderma viride, and hopes to provide a scientific reference for its soil remediation.[Method] The heavy metal-tolerance of fungi was evaluated by measuring the growth inhibition rate of the two fungal varieties and the medial lethal concentration (EC₅₀) of heavy metal ions. Firstly, a certain amount of mycelium balls were put into the heavy metal ion solution of known concentration. A few of hours later, the ion concentration was analyzed, and then the heavy metal adsorption efficiency and adsorption quantity were calculated, and the adsorption process was fitted with a function model.[Result]The results showed that biomass of the two strains decreased with increasing concentration of heavy metals, and the process could be divided into two stages. When the metal ions concentration was under 200 mg·L^-1, the biomass did not obviously decline or slightly increased. When the concentration was higher than critical value (about 400 mg·L^-1), the biomass dropped rapidly. The EC₅₀ value of strain lys2015f1 in Hg²⁺, Zn²⁺, Cu²⁺, and Pb²⁺ solution was 158.07, 464.02, 229.33, and 209.59 mg·L^-1, and it for strain lys2015f5 was 580.47, 572.88, 231.85, and 2 284.01 mg·L^-1. Thus, the tolerance degree of strain lys2015f1 to heavy metals was in the order of:Zn²⁺ > Cu²⁺ > Pb²⁺ > Hg²⁺, and the tolerance level of strain lys2015f5 was Pb²⁺ > Hg²⁺ > Zn²⁺ > Cu²⁺. The adsorption process was more fitted to the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. According to the model rate constant k₂ value, the adsorption rate of two strains was obtained, and the two strains had the same order in adsorption rate for those metal ions of Pb²⁺ > Hg²⁺ > Cu²⁺ > Zn²⁺. The theoretical value of the maximum adsorptions to (Hg²⁺, Zn²⁺, Cu²⁺, Pb²⁺) from this model for lys2015f1 was 37.12, 14.63, 16.62, and 107.31 mg·g^-1, and for lys2015f5 was 47.12, 16.50, 25.78, and 201.22 mg·g^-1. The rate limiting step of adsorption was controlled by chemical reactions. In the same conditions, the order of two strains for heavy metal adsorption rate was Hg²⁺ > Cu²⁺ > Zn²⁺ > Pb²⁺.[Conclusion]The two strains have high heavy metal tolerance and adsorption. Combined with the functions of biological control, plant growth, degrading soil organic matter etc, the strains should have high potential abilities in remediation of heavy metals pollution.

[Objective] Corythucha ciliata (Say) is an important invasive forest pest, and seriously damages Platanus spp. This paper analyzes the sequence and expression characteristics of chemosensory proteins 1 (CcilCSP1), focus on the ability of CcilCSP1 binding to host volatiles of P. acerifolia. This study gims to provide a foundation for studying function of the chemosensory protein and a useful reference for searching the pheromone substance.[Method] The full-length ORF sequence of CcilCSP1 was obtained by the molecular cloning technique. The expression pattern of CciCSP1 was analyzed by RT-qPCR. The three-dimensional structure of chemosensory protein CcilCSP1 was mimicked, and nine plant volatiles were docked to the CcilCSP1 by AutoDock 4.2. The molecular dynamics simulation analysis was carried out to the docking complex of trans-β-caryophyllene and CcilCSP1. The effects of trans-β-caryophyllene on the C. ciliata were assayed by Y-tube olfactometer.[Result] The CcilCSP1 gene of C. ciliata was cloned and sequenced, and it was highly expressed in adults. The sequence analyses showed that CcilCSP1 had the typical characteristics of CSPs, and closely related with AlucCSP1, AlucCSP3, AlucCSP8 and AlinCSP1. The binding capacity of trans-β-caryophyllene to CcilCSP1 was strongest (k_l=2.63 μm, Binding Energy=-7.61) in nine volatiles. It is suggested that TYR-29, GLN-83, LEU-64 and ASP-30 may be ligand-binding active sites. Molecular dynamics simulations showed that CcilCSP1 protein could bind to trans-β-caryophyllene stably. Furthermore, behavioral experiments showed that 0.1 μg trans-β-caryophyllene had a significant evading effect on the adults of C. ciliata.[Conclusion] CcilCSP1, a chemosensory protein gene highly expressed in C. ciliata adults, was cloned and sequenced in this study. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations were used to investigate the interaction between CcilCSP1 and trans-β-caryophyllene, which was confirmed by the behavioral experiment. This study lays a foundation for the functional study of the protein CcilCSP1 of C. ciliata, and provid a useful reference for searching for the pheromone substance.

[Objective] This study aims to understand the ultrastructural characteristics of the antennal surface of Atrjuglans hetaohei Yang moth which is a serious fruit pest on Chinese walnut, Juglans regia.[Method] The antenna, sensillum and scale structure of both male and female A. hetaohei adults were studied using a scanning electron microscope.[Result] The result showed that the antenna was filamentous comprising scape, pedicel and flagella. The flagellum consists of 45 and 51 segments in male and female, respectively. Nine types of sensilla on the surface of antennae were observed:sensilla trichodea, sensilla chaetica, sensilla auricillica, sensilla coeloconica, sensilla styloconica, sensilla squamiformia, Böhm bristles, sensilla basiconica and campullacea sensilla. sensilla trichodea, sensilla auricillica and sensilla coeloconica had two subtypes, i.e., sensilla trichodea I and sensilla trichodea Ⅱ, sensilla auricillica I and sensilla auricillica Ⅱ, sensilla coeloconica I and sensilla coeloconica Ⅱ. The distribution and quantity of each sensillum, however, were different in each segment of antenna. Sensilla were mainly borne on the ventral surface of antenna, long song trichoid sensilla and campullacea sensilla were only found on males. Böhm bristles were distributed on the base of male antenna, and they were significantly different in morphology between males and females. The scape and pedicel were covered with scales, whereas the dorsal and lateral sides of each flagellar segment, except for the last segment, were covered with scales. There were holes, ridges, ribs, microribs structures on the scales. The spacing of ridge, width of ridge, length of rib, length of microrib on each subsegment scales were greater in females than in males. Holes were mainly distributed in scape, pedicel and some base segments of flagellar. Holes could be divided into seven types:single hole, double holes, three holes, four holes, five holes, six holes and seven holes. The types and distributions of holes in the scales of different parts were different. The type of holes in scales of scape of female was richer than in male, however, in antennal pedicel and flagella the type of holes in scales of male was richer than those of female.[Conclusion] This study has described the ultrastructures and characteristics of the sensilla and the holes in the scales of the antenna of A. hetaohei, and its specific function should be studied in combination with electrophysiology, morphology and molecular biology.

[Objective] This study aims to evaluate the parasitic effects of Dastarcus helophoroides on Monochamus alternatus,and to explore the most cost efficient way to control the pest by the parasitoid.[Method] D. helophoroides eggs were released on the M. alternatus larvae and pupae of the infested bait-trees in pine forests with three ratios of the parasitoid and pest (5:1、10:1 and 15:1) to study the best releasing rate, and released eggs in six different periods to research the best releasing period, and in addition, released eggs in six different plots in Jinchuan forestry station Xingan County of Jiangxi Province to study the control effects of M. alternatus by D. helophoroides eggs in large tracts of land.[Result] The result showed that when the D. helophoroides eggs were released at the ratio of 15:1(eggs to beetle) on both the bait-tree logs in doors and the standing bait-trees in pine forests, the parasitic rate of D. helophoroides parasitic on M. alternatus was 85.17% and 82.20%, respectively. In the field experiments, the eggs were released in early-March, late-March, early-April, late-April, early-August and late-October in Xingan County respectively, and it was found that there were significant differences in the parasitic rates and among the releasing times, and early-April was the best time, and the reducing rate of M.alternatus was 82.37%. When mass releasing of eggs at a quantity of 4 000 per bait-tree, the controlling effect of M. alternatus reached to 58.04%-87.39%.[Conclusion] The result reveal that the releasing of D.helophoroides eggs is considerably effective to reduce M. alternatus populations, and the egg-releasing should be carried out in early April in the middle of Jiangxi province, and about 10 days earlier in the south and later in the north.

[Objective] A method for rapid and effective detection of internal cavity damages of wooden columns was explored to precisely determine the position and size of the internal cavity inside the columns.[Method] Pinus massoniana which are commonly used wood species in wooden members of ancient timber buildings were studied, and cavities with different shapes, sizes and positions were artificially made at the end of the wood columns to simulate the internal damages. Radar nondestructive testing technology was adopted to detect the cavities. By analysis of the specific patterns of the radar waves, rapid identification and characterization of the internal cavity damages of the wood columns can be realized.[Result] The result indicate that the radar nondestructive testing technology can be used to detect the internal damages of the wood columns rapidly. Once cavities inside the columns are detected, strong reflection will appear on the boundary presenting a reflection waveform of valley-peak-valley and meanwhile, the black-white-black especial patterns will appear on the radar image. The internal damage area inside the wood columns can be assessed roughly based on the radar image, though there is a discrepancy between the detected damage area by the radar and the actual damage area. It should be noted that the radar wave based method is difficult in retrieving the specific shape of the internal damages inside the columns. Without further data processing and analysis, it is difficult to identify various shapes of cavity damages such as triangle, quadrangle and circle. The radar image of the cavity damage at the edge of the wood columns differs remarkably from that in the center. The former is featured with a high fluctuation while the latter with a mild fluctuation. Thus, the cavity damages at the edge can be distinguished from those in the center based on this radar wave method.[Conclusion] Radar nondestructive testing technology is based on radar echo for target detection. This technology can be used to detect the internal cavity damages of timbers rapidly and estimate the position and size of the damages inside the timber.

Wood-water relationship has been studied since the beginning of wood research. With the development of new technology, vast modern analytical method are emerging, and the study of wood-water relationship is changing from macro to micro scale and from cell to molecular level. The main objective of this paper was to review the modern analytical techniques which have been applied to study the wood-water relationship. This paper was divided into four parts. Firstly, the extremely heterogeneity of the wood cell wall structure and chemical composition and the highly complex states of water were discussed, and then the distribution and existing states of water in wood was summarized as an active field of the research about wood-water relationship. Secondly, the application of four kinds of analytical techniques, such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computed tomography (CT), neutron imaging (NI) and vibrational spectroscopic imaging, in the study of water distribution were summarized. Meanwhile, the advantages and limitations of these four techniques were provided. Some of the latest research progress was:Vibrational spectroscopic imaging techniques such as micro-FTIR and confocal Raman could offer visual examination and spectral information of chemical functional groups in situ, and owned high spatial resolution on the micrometer length scale. The spatial resolution of micro-FTIR imaging technique was 6.25 μm by the instrumental parameters, and the spectral changes indicated that the adsorbed water concentration was nonuniform at the cell structure level. Meanwhile, the spatial resolution of confocal Raman imaging technique was higher than 1 μm, and the spectral changes indicated that the amount of water in the cell corner (CC) was less than that in the middle layer of secondary wall (S2) throughout the entire range of relative humidity (RH) levels. Thirdly, the recent advances in the application of four kinds of analytical techniques, such as near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Raman spectroscopy, were discussed in the study of existing states of water in wood. The advantages and limitations of these four techniques were also provided. Some of the latest research progress was:The micro-FTIR spectroscopy and a specially designed sample cell were used to examine the molecular association of adsorbed water with wood during adsorption process. It was confirmed that carboxyl C=O, C-O groups as well as OH groups were active sites for water adsorption. Meanwhile, strongly, moderately and weakly hydrogen-bonded water molecules were identified and assigned. What's more, according to the variation trend of these hydrogen-bonded water molecules, three sections were divided for adsorption process. Furthermore, the existing states of water in each section was demonstrated as C=O…(HOH)…OH or OH…(OH₂)…OH、WATER…HOH…WATER, and tetrahedral structure. Finally, some future research subjects in the research about wood-water relationship were proposed, such as applying new approaches with greater accuracy and higher resolution, developing the convincing component band analysis.

[Objective] Stem CO₂ efflux rates of various DBH classes and its sensitivity to temperature were investigated of the important pioneer tree species Pinus massoniana in the degraded red soil region. The aims of this study were to providefundamental data for evaluating the carbon sink contribution of stem respiration from Pinus massoniana plantation to the ecosystem.[Method] We conducted year-round in situ chamber measurements of F_CO2 on twelve stems of Pinus massoniana using an automated, portable gas-exchange system (LC PRO-SD, ADC BioScientific Ltd., Hoddesdon, UK), which was equipped with an infrared gas analyzer and a transparent plexiglas cuvette. The sample trees were selected from four DBH classes (15.9-17.9, 18.9-20.5, 22.8-24.8, and 27.1-29.8 cm) with three replicates. At least 24 h prior to measurements, loose bark was removed from the surface of measurement and then collars were mounted horizontally on the north-facing stems at about 135 cm above-ground with 100% silicone sealant. During the process of measurements, the chamber was wrapped with aluminum foil to avoid excess heating by direct sun exposure. Stem temperature at 1 cm depth (T_s) were recorded synchronously. The measurements were conducted from 8:00 to 17:00 for the selected days each month between January and December in 2015 to ensure that the temperature range of data was collected as widely as possible. The temporal fluctuations of F_CO2 and difference between various DBH classes were analyzed. And the exponential regression models were also established between F_CO2 and T_s.[Result] There was clear seasonality in F_CO2 for four diameter classes following similar remarkable single-peak patterns, with the maximum values occurring in July and the minimum in January. Obviously, the monthly F_CO2 values were significantly higher(P<0.01)during the fast-growing season than in the slow-growing season. The values of F_CO2 differed significantly(P<0.01)among various DBH classes during the growing season but not in the non-growing season. Significant exponential relationships were found between F_CO2and T_s, with the correlations of determination higher in the bigger DBH classes than those in the smaller DBH classes. Furthermore, the values of temperature sensitivity (Q₁₀) for four diameter classes varied from 1.47 to 1.64, which were within the range of values previously reported for most conifers. Additionally, F_CO2were significantly correlated positively with DBH(R²=0.89), suggesting that DBH could be used as a proxy for predicting stem respiration for conifers.[Conclusion] Therefore, the temporal variations in F_CO2and difference between various DBH classes should be simultaneously considered when estimating forest carbon budgets so as to improve the accuracy of evaluation.

[Objective]This study aims to understand the population biology, including morphological characteristics, sex ratio, age structure, and altitudinal distribution of Tragopan caboti, which would be helpful to make effective conservation plan.[Method]Three methods were used to survey population biology of the Cabot's Tragopans in the Jiangxi Wuyishan Nature Reserve according to the altitudes, vegetation types and human disturbance in the study region:1) Line transact surveys:From April 2004 to December 2014, seven transacts with a total length of 80 km were set. 2) Individual capture and marking:A total of 26 Tragopans were captured in February 2006, March 2007, and March 2008. 3) Infrared-triggered camera surveys:From April 2010 to August 2014, 82 infrared-triggered cameras were set. Each camera worked for at least eight months.[Result]1) In pre-breeding period, body weight of the individual male adults was 1 210-1 500 g (n=15) and the body length 470-600 mm (n=5); body weight of the female adults was 1 030-1 384 g (n=7) and the body length 390-492 mm (n=5). 2) Sex ratio:results varied among the three methods of line transact, capture, and camera, with sex ratio (female:male) being 1:1.26, 1:2.25, and 1:1.60 respectively. Because of the causality and limited survey period of the line transect and capture surveys, the results of infrared-triggered camera surveys would be most reliable. 3) Age structure:we identified 131 individuals of Cabot's Tragopans based on photographs taken by cameras, including 47 adult males, 20 juvenile males, 29 adult females, 13 juvenile females, and 22 chicks. Combining with the mature age and expected lifespan, the population of Cabot's Tragopan in the region would have an increasing trend. Presuming one quarter of the total Cabot's Tragopans can be recorded by the infrared-triggered cameras, it was estimated that at least 100 breeding pairs were distributed in the region. 4) Altitudinal distribution:the Cabot's Tragopans mainly concentrated in the forests between 1 600-1 800 m altitudes monitoring by infrared camera, and over 90% of Tragopan photos taken by the cameras in the area. These cameras detected 40% of the total individuals recorded in the study region. About 60% of the Cabot's Tragopan photos in the altitudes of 1 200-1 600 m and 1 800-2 000 m. These cameras detected 52% of the total individuals. About 20%-40% of the Tragopan photos taken in the altitudes of 800-1 200 m and above 2 000 m. These cameras detected 8.4% of the total individuals. No Tragopans were detected by the cameras setting in the altitude of under 800 m.[Conclusion]Jiangxi Wuyishan Nature Reserve preserved the largest population of wild Cabot's Tragopan in China. Further monitoring of and research on the Cabot's Tragopans in this region will be helpful for protecting the endemic endangered species.

[Objective]Distribution patterns and changes of a red-crowned crane population can reveal the population characteristics, and the habitat quality. This study, therefore, is of significant importance for providing theoretical basis for the protection of habitat of Red Crowned Crane population in the study area.[Method]The Zhalong Wetlands, a famous national nature reserve (NNR), was taken as a case study. L(d) index model and local G-statistics methods were applied to study the distribution patterns and spatial-temperal changes of the population at the global and local spatial scale with ArcGIS10.2 for 30 years since the Zhalong NNR was set up in 1981.[Result]The results showed:1) The changes of spatial distribution pattern of red-crowned cranes were divided into three stages in global spatial distribution pattern from 1981 to 2008:the pattern was uniform distribution or random distribution during the period from 1981 to 1990; aggregated distribution from 1996 to 2005; and uniform distribution or random distribution from 2006 to 2008; 2) The spatial pattern of the red-crowned crone population underwent dramatic changes from random distribution pattern to aggregated pattern and to random distribution again; 3) On the local pattern, changes occurred from scattered pattern to aggregated pattern, to scattered, and to aggregated pattern again; 4) the spatial patterns had distinct scale-dependent effect.[Conclusion]The spatial pattern of the red-crowned crane population mainly presents a tendency from uniform distribution to aggregated distribution, and the aggregated degree is increasing in the global pattern. In local pattern, the local aggregated degree of red-crowned cranes' nest-sites incremented, the hot spots of high aggregation are mainly in the core area, while their positions change dramatically. The whole habitat quality of the study area is deteriorating, however the habitat quality in core area maintains well. The local habitat quality changes drastically, and the habitat has undergone fragmentation.