[Objective] The responses of the Thuja sutchuenensis seedling survival and growth to altitude gradient were studied to provide scientific basis for regional selection of reintroduction and expanding cultivation of T. sutchuenensis in the future.[Method]The experimental plots were located at altitudes of 178 (Baize), 1 360, (Yangban) and 2 250 m (Chethana) in the Xuebaoshan Nature Reserve of Chongqing Municipality and the surrounding area. The seedlings used in the experiment were 1.5 years old container-raised seedlings. After seedlings were reintroduced, air temperature and soil temperature in each plot were monitored using an automatic monitoring instrument; survival rate, height and ground diameter of the seedlings were monthly measured. The seedlings were randomly sampled from different experimental plots after growing season to measure their phenotypic traits, fresh mass and dry mass. At the same time, the soil samples were collected to measure their physical and chemical properties. On the basis of these, gray relation analysis (GRA) was applied to quantify the correlation between survival rate, growth and environmental factors.[Result] In the study area, when altitude increases 100 m, the mean annual air and soil temperature respectively decreased by 0.6 and 0.5℃, and ≥ 10℃ air and soil accumulated temperature respectively decreased by 205.3 and 171.7℃.Soil density, pH value and available phosphorus gradually decreased with increasing altitude, while other soil indicators (capillary porosity, total porosity, capillary water capacity, non-capillary water capacity, maximum water capacity, organic matter, total nitrogen, available nitrogen, available potassium) increased. The survival rate of seedlings of middle altitude (Yingpan plot) was the highest (100%), followed by the low altitude (Baihe plot, 94%), the lowest survival rate was found at the high altitude (Chechangba plot, 36%). Seedlings began to die during March to April. The peak of seedling mortality in high altitude appeared from May to August while that in low altitude appeared from July to September. Except for length of the longest first lateral branch and number of first lateral roots (middle altitude > low altitude > high altitude), other phenotypic traits, fresh mass and dry mass of the seedlings increased with increasing altitude (low altitude > middle altitude > high altitude) and showed significant differences among experimental plots (P < 0.05). The survival rate and growth were influenced by various environmental factors. Among them, air temperature and soil temperature were the main factors, followed by soil pH and soil density, finally other soil physical and chemical properties.[Conclusion]The heterogeneity of temperature, moisture and soil fertility caused by the altitudinal gradients had great influence on the survival rate and the growth of the seedlings, which were restricted due to lower air and soil temperature, and soil water for a long-term accumulation in high altitude area. However, the environmental conditions of low and middle altitudes can meet the basic requirement of seedling survival rate and growth. Therefore, the low and middle altitude areas, not the high altitude area (≥ 2 200 m above sea level) were preferred areas for the reintroduction of T. sutchuenensis.

[Objective] Studying the relative effects of local ecological processes on community similarity is important for explaining and predicting the responses of vegetation to disturbances, as well as for understanding the dynamics of community diversity, which provides supports for species coexistence mechanisms and biodiversity conservation.[Method] We used the data of three large permanent sample plots, where all trees with a diameters at breast height (DBH) ≥ 1 cm were identified, measured and georeferenced, and we divided the community into different habitat types according to topographical factors. By using null models, we established randomized-among-habitat communities and randomized-within-habitat communities. We calculated the community similarity of observed and randomized communities and compared the differences between the two types of communities to reveal the effects of habitat heterogeneity and spatial segregation on community structure. Specifically, we tested four hypotheses. 1) Whether the community similarity significantly differed between observed and randomized-among-habitat communities? 2) Whether the community similarity significantly differed between the two types of communities? 3) Whether the community similarity significantly differed between the two types of communities? 4) The difference of community similarity between the two types of communities represents the effects of habitat heterogeneity, and the difference of community similarity between the two types of communities represents the effects of spatial segregation within habitat, are they significantly different from each other?[Result] The difference of community similarities between the observed and randomized-among-habitat communities was significant, indicating that the community assembly was obviously affected by the combined effects of habitat heterogeneity among habitats and spatial segregation within habitats. The difference of community similarity between the observed and randomized-within-habitat communities was significant, indicating that spatial segregation within habitats had a remarkable influence on community assembly. The difference of community similarity between the randomized-within-habitat and randomized-among-habitat communities was significant, indicating that habitat heterogeneity separately had notable effects on community assembly.The difference of community similarity between randomized-among-habitat and randomized-within-habitat communities (P_wh+ah-P_wh) was significantly lower than that of community similarity between randomized-within-habitat-and observed communities (P_wh-P_ob), indicating that the effects of within-habitat spatial segregation had a stronger influence on community assembly than habitat heterogeneity.[Conclusion] We conclude that in the process of community assembly of the broad-leaved Korean pine forest in Jiaohe temperate forests, the community structure was affected by both habitat heterogeneity and within-habitat spatial segregation, besides, the effects of spatial segregationon community assembly was greater than that of habitat heterogeneity. This study is important for the biodiversity conservation of temperate forests in Northeastern China, broad-scale process should be considered for further studies in the future.

[Objective]Temporal and spatial heterogeneity of vegetation cover in Yuanmou dry-hot valley from 2008 to 2016 was studied to analyze the causes for VFC change, in order to provide basic data and a theoretical basis for ecological protection of regional vegetation.[Method]Based on remote sensing images of Landsat ETM and OLI in five periods (2008, 2010, 2012, 2014 and 2016), we obtained VFC data of the five periods by using pixel dichotomy method with ENVI as technical platform. Base on determining the classification criteria for the vegetation coverage levels, some geospatial analysis methods were used to study characteristics of VFC degree, and to analyze composition of VFC degree in each elevation belt. Area of different VFC degree in each year was calculated by ArcGIS, as well as a VFC transfer matrix of different VFC degree was obtained by GIS overlay analysis between 2008 and 2016. Spatial samplings of vegetation coverage in different years were carried out with spatial grids with an area equal to the study area, then standard deviation and regression slope of vegetation coverage were calculated by multivariate statistical method to analyze time evolutionary characteristics of the vegetation coverage.[Result]Spatial pattern of vegetation coverage in Yuanmou dry-hot valley was characterized by middle-low, low, middle and high from the valley dam area to the middle-high mountains, higher vegetation coverage in east and south direction rather than in west and north direction, bounded by Longchuan river valley and Jinshajiang river valley. The values of vegetation coverage of the whole study area were respectively 0.562 in 2008, 0.586 in 2010, 0.494 in 2012, 0.578 in 2014, and 0.566 in 2016. The areas of VFC at level Ⅰ and level Ⅱ in the middle-high mountains respectively accounted for 60% and 50% of the total area of VFC at level Ⅰ and level Ⅱ in the study area. The total area of VFC at level Ⅲ and level Ⅳ in the low-mountain and low-middle mountains around the dam accounted for 70% to 80% of the total area of VFC at level Ⅲ and level Ⅳ in the study area. The area of VFC at level Ⅴ in the valley area accounted for more than 60% of the total area of VFC at level Ⅴ in the study area. The transfer area of different VFC degree accounted for 61.03% of the total area in the study area in the past eight years. There were 95.19 km² transferring from VFC level Ⅰ to Level Ⅱ. The standard deviation (SD) of vegetation coverage was 0-0.541. The ratio of increased area of vegetation coverage to reduced area was 10:9, while the significantly reduced area and the significantly increased area respectively accounted for 9.132% and 6.794% of the study area.[Conculsion] Spatial differences of vegetation coverage in dry-hot valley were significant. VFC value of the whole study area was relatively low, and VFC transformation was relatively frequent. Annual variation of vegetation coverage was not significant. The increased area of vegetation coverage was slightly larger than the reduced area of vegetation coverage, but the significantly reduced area of vegetation coverage was greater than the significantly increased area of vegetation coverage. Vegetation coverage in the middle-high mountainous areas in the east and south was deteriorated. We should continue to strengthen measures of land conversion from farming to forests and grasses, strengthening natural forests protection, reducing intensity of human disturbance in the middle-high mountains and the low mountains. Artificial vegetation restoration should actively be carried out to promote continuous development of regional vegetation ecology.

[Objective] Desertification is one of the important ecological and environmental problem in Xinjiang, and habitat drought is a major limiting factor for vegetation growth in this region. Thus, understanding physiological and ecological adaptability and drought tolerant of sandy shrub is of great significance for selective breeding and vegetation restoration in desert area.[Method] Five sandy shrubs, i.e. Caragana korshinskii, Morus alba var. multicaulis×M. mongolica, Atraphaxis bracteata, Calligonum rubicundunm, Salix psammophila, were subjected to four water gradients of T1 (CK, 12 000 m³·hm^-2), T2 (9 600 m³·hm^-2), T3 (7 200 m³·hm^-2), and T4 (4800 m³·hm^-2) in growth season. The duration of water treatment were divided into three stages of early stage (July), medium stage (August) and late stage (September). The ecophysiological indexes of net photosynthetic rate (P_n), transpiration rate (Tr), stomatal conductance (G_s), intercellular CO₂ concentration (C_i), water potential, chlorophyll, the proline (Pro) content, soluble sugar content, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, peroxidase (POD) activity and soluble protein content were measured.[Result]1) The photosynthetic indexes and water potential of sandy shrubs decreased with the stress intensifying, except for chlorophyll contents of C. korshinskii at medium stage and S. psammophila at late stage of treatments. 2) The P_n of five shrubs gradually decreased and C_i was increased with stress intensifying. The Tr and G_s of A. bracteata, M. alba and S. psammophila increased from early to medium stage of treatment, and significantly decreased at late stage. The water potential of all shrubs at early treatment stage was from -0.93 to -2.34 MPa, and further reduced by 14.38 MPa and 12.22 MPa at the medium and late stage. The chlorophyll content of C. rubicundum was significantly lower than others. The SPAD of S. psammophila in medium and late stage was 47% of that at early stage. 3) At the late treatment stage, the activities of SOD and POD of each species varied greatly, and the maximum values were 10 times and 323 times higher than that of the minimum value, respectively. The Pro, soluble sugar and soluble protein content, SOD and POD activity of five shrubs increased gradually under mild drought stress, and they began to gradually decline with the stress intensifying. The MDA of M. alba var. multicaulis×M. mongolica decreased gradually but that of other shrubs increased with the increase of drought degree, especially for C. rubicundum, its MDA content under severe stress was 3.47 times higher than that of CK (T1). 4) The Pro content, soluble sugar content, and C_i of shrubs showed a very strong correlation with the first principal component. The score order of principal component was A. bracteata > C. korshinskii > M. alba var. multicaulis×M. mongolica > C. rubicundum > S. psammophila. All species had the negative factors score under severe drought stress (T4).[Conclusion] Under drought stress, each species improved their adaptability through accumulating more osmotic adjustment substances and improving antioxidant enzyme activity, but severe stress reduced their photosynthesis, transpiration and other physiological activities. A. bracteata, C. korshinskii, and M. alba var. multicaulis×M. mongolica have better drought resistance than C. rubicundum and S. psammophila. The content of Pro, soluble sugar content and C_i can well indicate the drought resistance ability of the five sandy shrubs.

[Objective] The seed quality of Torreya grandis ‘Merrillii’ with different harvest maturity and retting methods was investigated to preliminarily study the variation of the seed quality during after-ripening period in response to the harvest maturity and retting methods.[Method] We measured oil content, fatty acid compositions, soluble protein content, soluble sugars content, starch content, and the distance between seed kernel and coat of T. grandis ‘Merrillii’ seeds with different harvest maturity (nearly-matured seeds, matured seeds) and retting methods (one-time retting, twice retting).[Result] Compared with the nearly-matured seeds, the matured seeds had obviously lower content of soluble sugar and starch, and their soluble protein and oil content increased obviously, especially the oil content increased by 5.6%. The changes in oleic acid and Eicosatrienoic acid were not significant, linoleic acid content, the ratio of unsaturated/saturated fatty acids and the distance between seed kernel and coat all significantly increased (P<0.05). The effect of different retting methods on the quality of T. grandis ‘Merrillii’ was significant. During retting period, the content of soluble sugars and starch in the twice retting seeds showed a decreasing trend, while the content of oil and soluble protein were increasing. When one-time retting (14 d) and twice retting (21 d) finished, the content of starch in the seeds was 8.87 mg·g^-1 and 9.03 mg·g^-1, respectively. The content of soluble protein was 23.05 mg·g^-1 and 22.79 mg·g^-1, respectively. The content of soluble sugars was 18.25 mg·g^-1 and 17.85 mg·g^-1, respectively. The oil content was 55.16% and 54.90%, respectively. There was no significant difference (P>0.05) between the two retting methods. During after-ripening period, the saturated fatty acid decreased, unsaturated fatty acid content increased. The content of oleic acid decreased with the prolongation of ripening time, and the content of linoleic acid increased obviously. There was no significant effect of the different retting methods on the ratio of unsaturated/saturated fatty acid content at the end of after-ripening (P>0.05). The distance between seed kernel and coat all increased, and the growth rate was faster with one-time retting, reaching a peak of 477 μm at 14 days (after-ripening finished), 7 days earlier to finish after-ripening deastringency compared with twice retting.[Conclusion] Harvest at matured seeds of T. grandis ‘Merrillii’ can significantly improve the soluble protein content and oil content of the kernel, increase the content of unsaturated fatty acids, especially linoleic acid, help stripping off kernel coat during T. grandis ‘Merrillii’ frying process, and then improve quality of T. grandis ‘Merrillii’ products. Using one-time retting to replace traditional twice retting can accelerate the process of T. grandis ‘Merrillii’ after-ripening, also can achieve the same effect as traditional method to ensure good quality of T. grandis ‘Merrillii’ products.

[Objective] The contamination of heavy metals in walnuts (Juglans regia) from the main producing areas of Yunnan, Guizhou and Sichuan Provinces was investigated. Based on the data,the human health risks of heavy metals intake from the walnut consumption were evaluated, in order to provide scientific basis for walnut production and consumer healthy consumption.[Method] A total of 204 batch walnut samples were collected from the main producing areas of Yunnan, Guizhou and Sichuan Provinces.The contents of Pb, Cd and As in the samples were determined by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GF-AAS) and atomic fluorescence spectrometry (AFS). Then the single factor pollution index and Nemerow multi-factor index were used to evaluate the levels of heavy metals in walnuts. In addition, combined with the Chinese resident's consumption for walnut and their weight information,the dietary risk and carcinogenic risk of As, Pb and Cd in walnuts were evaluated by a health risk model from the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA).[Result] The result showed that the concentrations of As, Pb and Cd in the tested samples were ND-0.064 mg·kg^-1, ND-0.095 mg·kg^-1 and ND-0.017 mg·kg^-1, respectively. The average contents of the three heavy metals in the tested walnuts did not exceed the limits of the standard LY/T 1777-2008 "Forest food-General rule for quality safety", which indicated that the pollution status of As, Pb and Cd in walnuts from the three provinces was generally lighter. In addition, the single factor pollution index of heavy metals in the walnut samples was Pb > As > Cd. The order for heavy metal pollution of walnut samples in the three provinces according to the Nemerow multi-factor index was Sichuan Province > Yunnan Province > Guizhou Province, all the comprehensive pollution index were less than 0.15, which was far less than the warning value of 1.[Conclusion] Pb and As were the major heavy metal contaminants in the walnut samples of the three provinces, and the risk for human health was Pb > As > Cd.The potential health risk through walnut consumption for children was 25 times higher than that of for adults. However, the dietary risk and carcinogenic risk were lower than the risk threshold for children and adults, and the risks were still within acceptable level.

[Objective] EgrZFP6(Eucgr.A01232)is a gene which is involved in abiotic stresses response in Eucalyptus grandis. With the study of protein structure and function of EgrZFP6, the roles it possibly played in abiotic stress response in E. grandis were discussed in order to provide a basis for stress resistance breeding of Eucalyptus.[Method] The EgrZFP6 protein structure was analyzed with CDD online software. And, sequences of ZFP protein in other plant species that have high similarity with EgrZFP6 were downloaded from NCBI after Blast software was used. Multiple alignments for these sequences were finished with Clustalx and their motifs were analyzed. EgrZFP6∷sGFP fused expression vector was also constructed and transformed into onion epidermal cells via gene gun bombardment to identify subcellular localization of EgrZFP6. Transformation of 35S∷EgrZFP6 into Arabidopsis thaliana was via floral-dip method. Two homozygous lines of EgrZFP6 over-expression in A.thaliana were obtained, their phenotype under normal condition, low temperature, drought and high salinity treatments were evaluated compared to wild type (COL). Based on Yeast 2 Hybridization, EgrERF4 (Eucgr.F01164), a protein can interact with EgrZFP6, was screened from the Yeast 2 Hybridization library. The expression of EgrERF4 under low temperature, drought and salinity in E.grandis seedlings was also analyzed. Protein that can interact with EgrZFP6 were screened and verified by Yeast 2 Hybridization. Gene expression of EgrERF4 under abiotic stresses was analyzed by real time fluorescence quantitative RT-PCR method.[Result] The EgrZFP6 is a classic C2H2 type zinc finger protein. There are 2 zinc finger domains with QALGGH sequence which is specific for plants in it. An ERF (ethylene responsive element binding factor) associated amphiphilic repression (EAR) motif and a L-box motif were also found in the protein sequence.Result of subcellular localization revealed the protein EgrZFP6 encoded was localized in the nuclear. Under normal condition, the two EgrZFP6 over-expression A.thaliana lines showed primary root growth inhibition compared to wide type. However, its sensitivity to the low temperature was increased. PEG treatments can promote lateral root growth and increase the number of them and the transgenic lines showed tolerance to salinity treatment to some extent. EgrERF4, an ethylene responsive factor, can interact with EgrZFP6. For the low temperature treatments to the E. grandis seedlings, EgrERF4 expression can be induced under time course treatments (0.5,2,6,12,24,48 h) at 4℃ and different low temperature (-8,-4,0,4℃,2 h) except for -8℃. EgrERF4 expression induction was also found under high salinity (200 mmol·L^-1), but drought inhibited the EgrERF4 expression.[Conclusion] EgrZFP6 transcriptional factor was possibly involved in the low temperature, high salinity and drought stresses through interacting with EgrERF4 in Eucalyptus grandis. In plants, EgrZFP6 may negatively regulate the sensitivity to cold stress. But for drought and salinity stress responses, it possibly played a positive role via changing the root pattern.

[Objective] WOX transcription factor family is one of the plant-specific transcription factor families, which have been demonstrated playing an important role in the embryonic patterning, stem cell maintenance and proliferation and lateral organ development. This study analyzed the roles of PtoWOX11/12a gene from Populus tomentosa in the development of leaves and stems of transgenic 84K poplar(Populus alba×P. glandulosa cl. 84K). The gene expression level during the process of adventitious roots formation of Populus tomentosa,and in overexpression and suppressed expression of PtoWOX11/12a transgenic 84K poplars were analyzed. Our research provides a foundation for further studies of the roles of WOXs gene in plant development.[Method] The leaf shape, height and basal diameter of one-month-old to three-month-old transgenic lines and non-transgenic 84K poplar (control) in the greenhouse were measured and compared. The anatomy of stem sections of the 5^th, 9^th and 13^th internodes of transgenic lines and control plants was analyzed and the width of xylem and cambium were compared. The expression of PtoWOX11/12a, YUCCA1 and YUCCA8 during the process of adventitious roots development in P.tomentosa and in overexpression and suppressed expression of PtoWOX11/12a transgenic 84K poplars was examined using quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR).[Result] There were no significant differences between overexpression of PtoWOX11/12a and control plants in leaf length, but the leaf width of overexpression of PtoWOX11/12a was sharply larger than the control. The leaf length and width of suppression expression PtoWOX11/12a transgenic poplars were less than control, and the leaf margin had serrate incision. The height and diameter of overexpression and suppression expression PtoWOX11/12a transgenic poplars were significantly less than the control poplars. The anatomy analysis indicated that the xylem, the number of cambium layers of overexpression PtoWOX11/12a transgenic poplars was thinner than the control and the xylem of the suppression expression of PtoWOX11/12a was also thinner than the control, but it is wider than overexpression PtoWOX11/12a transgenic poplars. qPCR analysis showed that PtoWOX11/12a was strongly induced and expressed in the stem during the process of adventitious roots development. The expression levels of auxin synthesis genes, YUCCA1 and YUCCA8, were increased at the third day. Furthermore, their expression levels were increased in overexpressed while decreased in suppressed PtoWOX11/12a transgenic poplars.[Conclusion] Overexpression or suppression expression of PtoWOX11/12a gene has effects on plant leaf shape, height and stem radial growth (secondary xylem development). PtoWOX11/12a gene participates in adventitious roots formation and elongation involved in the expression of auxin synthesis genes YUCCA1 and YUCCA8. In the process of root formation, expression time interval was existed among PtoWOX11/12a, YUCCA1 and YUCCA8 genes. Higher expression of PtoWOX11/12a may inhibits the expression of auxin synthesis genes, thus overexpression PtoWOX11/12a transgenic poplars are easier to form meristem, promote root primordium formation and produce large number of adventitious roots. During adventitious root growth, the increased expression level of YUCCA1 and YUCCA8 promote auxin synthesis and root meristem cell division. In stem the increased activities of cambium affected the xylem differentiation in overexpression PtoWOX11/12a transgenic poplars, thus the xylem of transgenic poplars is thinner in size than the control.

[Objective] This study was aimed to observe the meiosis of pollen mother cell and the karyotype of Carya cathayensis, to determine the chromosome number and ploidy level of C. cathayensis according to these results, to explore the relationship between the apomixis and the ploidy level of C. cathayensis, and to enrich reproductive biology data of Carya species, meanwhile, to provide some cytological data for cross breeding and systematic classification of C. cathayensis.[Method] 1)Male inflorescence of C. cathayensis was selected as material, DAPI fluorescent staining was used to study the meiosis of pollen mother cell of C. cathayensis. 2) C. cathayensis root tip was selected to prepare chromosome and make karyotype analysis.[Result] 1)The meiosis of pollen mother cells of C. cathayensis was divided into two stages, the chromosome number of daughter cells was reduced by half during the first division and not changed again during the second division. The first and second division were divided into prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase respectively, however, the prophaseⅠwas most complex among these stages and was further divided into leptotene, zygotene, pachytene, diplotene and diakinesis. The prophaseⅠwas the longest one among these stages, accounting for nearly 70% of the whole division cycle. The second division was relatively a shorter period. 2) In terms of meiosis synchronization, different anthers from the same floret are the same, there was no significant difference among different flowers from the same inflorescence axis. 3)The chromosome behavior of most pollen mother cells in C. cathayensis was normal and paired as 16 bivalents at metaphaseⅠ. However, there was a certain proportion of abnormal pollen mother cells in the meiosis, such as appearing lagging chromosome in metaphase Ⅰ, which accounted for 8.86%, showing asymmetry division in metaphase Ⅱ, which accounted for 15.79%. 4) The karyotype formula of C. cathayensis was 2n=32=20m+12sm,and the range of its chromosome relative length was from 4.006(±0.449) to 9.559(±1.175), chromosome numbers whose arm ratio was more than 2 accounted for 25.000%, the ratio of chromosome length (L/S) and the karyotype asymmetry index were 2.417±0.456 and 62.875, respectively. The karyotype type was 2B.[Conclusion] 1) Although there is the phenomenon of apomixis in C. cathayensis, it still follows the law of meiosis of pollen mother cells in most angiosperms. In the whole process of meiosis, the prophase Ⅰ is the longest, other stages are short. 2) C. cathyensis pollen mother cell meiosis synchronization degree is very high, which is unfavorable to prolong its pollination period. 3) The abnormal mother cell of C. cathyensis mainly appears in the two stages of metaphase Ⅰ and metaphase Ⅱ. 4) The karyotype of C. cathyensis belongs to a symmetrical type with the chromosome number of 2n=32 and paired as 16 bivalents at meiosis metaphaseⅠ, thus it is a diploid species.

[Objective] This paper developed a method of forest above-ground biomass(AGB) estimation based on the technology of multi-baseline InSAR tomography, aiming to solve the problem of saturation effect and support mapping global forest biomass.[Method] The experiments were carried out over the site of Paracou, French Guiana. The tropiSAR 2009 P-band multi-baseline airborne InSAR data and 85 forest plot investigation data were used as the key data sources. Firstly, three-dimension distribution information of the tomographic relative reflectivity for HH polarization was obtained. Accordingly, the ground elevation was retrieved, and the terrain topography was removed from HV polarization data. Secondly, three-dimension distribution information of the tomographic relative reflectivity for HV polarization was obtained and converted to ground geometry by geocoding. Finally, correlation analysis between in situ AGB measurements and the extracted tomographic relative reflectivity at different heights (5 m interval) were implemented. The forest AGB estimation model was built and assessed by leave-one-out cross-validation.[Result] Negative correlations were found for the layers of tomographic relative reflectivity at the height below 20 m, with the best correlation of -0.58 for the 5 m layer. Positive correlations were found for the layers of tomographic relative reflectivity at the height above 20 m, with the best correlation of 0.63 for the 25 m layer. The 5 m layer made the accuracy of the forest AGB estimation model to be on the order of 88.44% with RMSE of 49.85 t·hm^-2 (RRMSE of 13.56%). The 25 m layer made the accuracy of the forest AGB estimation model to be on the order of 88.82% with RMSE of 47.30 t·hm^-2 (RRMSE of 12.87%). The forest AGB estimation model could be refined by combining the 5 m layer and the 25 m layer, with the accuracy of 89.17% and RMSE of 46.45 t·hm^-2 (RRMSE of 12.63%).[Conclusion] The saturation effect in tropical forest would be solved based on the technology of multi-baseline InSAR tomography. High-precision forest AGB could be retrieved either with the 5 m layer or with the 25 m layer, which demonstrated that tomographic relative reflectivity within forest was an effective indicator to forest AGB. The forest AGB estimation model could be refined by combining different layers, which demonstrated that making the best of the forest vertical structure information may further improve the accuracy of forest AGB estimation.

[Objective] Identification of forest canopy gap is a prerequisite to quantify the forest gap characteristics (such as size, shape and dynamics), and a basis for further understanding the complex structural forest species regeneration and studying the understory species diversity, in order to study the active and passive remote sensing method for forest gap recognition. This study could provide further technical support for the quantitative analysis of forest gap features.[Method] In this study, true color aerial orthophoto (0.2 m) and airborne LiDAR (3.7 points·m^-2) were used as the active and passive remote sensing data sources, respectively, and northeast typical natural secondary forest-Mao'ershan experimental forest farm Donglin industry zone was selected as the study area for the object oriented gap recognition. Three segmentation schemes (based on aerial image segmentation, LiDAR segmentation, collaboration of aerial image and LiDAR segmentation) were adopted when processing object oriented classification and each segmentation scheme was divided to 10 scales (10-100, step size 10) to find the optimal segmentation scale parameter. Based on the optimal segmentation result, the support vector machine classifier (SVM) with spectral features of aerial image, height features extracted from LiDAR data were used to identify the forest gap.[Result] The optimal scale was 20, and the ED3_modified value of LiDAR data segmentation (0.52±0.11) was always lower than that of aerial image segmentation (0.58±0.07) or collaboration of aerial image and that of LiDAR segmentation (0.58±0.07) over all scales (10-100). Based on LiDAR data segmentation and its optimal segmentation scale of 20, the classification accuracy obtained from integration of spectral (active)+height (passive) characteristic increased 36.71% and 8.17%, respectively, comparing with the classification accuracy obtained from single characteristic of spectral feature and height feature.[Conclusion] Comparing the three segmentation schemes, the result of segmentation based on LiDAR data was the best; the classification accuracy based on integration of active and passive remote sensing was the highest (OA=87.73%, Kappa=0.81).

[Objective] In this study,the effects of thinning on Quercus wutaishanica trees form quality were investigated by the analytic hierarchy process in Huanglong Mountains in order to provide theoretical basis of trees form quality evaluation system and thinning on Q. wutaishanica on Loess Plateau.[Method] Experimental sample plots, which are the heavy thinning (keeping canopy density of 0.6), medium thinning (keeping canopy density of 0.7), light thinning(keeping canopy density of 0.8) and control plots (canopy density of 0.9) on Q. wutaishanica forest in Huanglong Mountains of the Loess Plateau were set up. In order to keep invariant canopy density of different thinning intensities of the experimental sample plots, every three years proceed on a tending thinning. The Q.wutaishanica form quality evaluation system was constructed by using the analytic hierarchy process (AHP), with growth situation(height mean increment, DBH mean annual increment, crown diameter ratio, health condition), stem form situation (ratio of height to diameter, tree tapering, stem straightness, bifurcation situation), lateral branch situation (natural ability of self thinning, lateral branch number, index of branch coarse, average base diameter of branches) as Q.wutaishanica form quality evaluation index, calculated Q.wutaishanica trees form quality scores of comprehensive evaluation with the heavy thinning (keeping canopy density of 0.6), medium thinning (keeping canopy density of 0.7), light thinning(keeping canopy density of 0.8) and control plots (canopy density of 0.9).[Result] The stem form situation was the most significant influencing for the tree form quality with the relative contribution rate of 0.653, followed by growth situation, which influenced the tree form quality had the relative contribution rate of 0.285, the less influencing of lateral branch situation for the tree form quality with the relative contribution rate of 0.062. Weights with all the evaluation indexes of Q.wutaishanica form quality evaluation were in sequence of stem straightness (0.344 6) > bifurcation situation (0.227 1) > health condition (0.190 7) > DBH mean annual increment (0.051 3) > ratio of height to diameter (0.046 3) > natural ability of self thinning (0.037 7) > tree tapering (0.035 2) > height mean increment (0.031 6) > average base diameter of branches (0.012 6) > crown diameter ratio (0.011 4) > index of branch coarse (0.008 9) > lateral branch number (0.003 0); Comprehensive evaluation score was in sequence of medium thinning (92.892) > light thinning (83.314) > heavy thinning (79.644) > control plots (74.376), trees form quality score firstly increased and then decreased with the increase of thinning intensity so that medium thinning had the highest score and the form quality of Q.wutaishanica was the best.[Conclusion] Quercus wutaishanica trees form quality were promoted by thinning, and the height mean increment and health condition of the form indexes increased with thinning intensity, and ratio of height to diameter decreased with increasing thinning intensity. Compared with the control, the medium thinning and heavy thinning had significant influence on the crown diameter ratio, lateral branch number and average base diameter of branches.The thinning had significant influence on the stem straightness and bifurcation situation. The best thinning intensity for form quality of Q.wutaishanica was medium thinning (keeping canopy density of 0.7), followed by the light thinning(keeping canopy density of 0.8), the heavy thinning (keeping canopy density of 0.6) being the last,which should be suitable for application in Q.wutaishanica forest tending thinning. With AHP to establish the trees form quality evaluation system can provide the basis for other species form quality evaluation.

[Objective]Rhodococcus turanicus (Archangelskaya) (Hemiptera:Coccidae) attacks many fruit tree species in Xinjiang and Ningxia areas, including almond, apricot, peach, apple, and pear. In order to develop non-pollution control techniques to manage the severe insect pest, a biocontrol study was carried out and the insect natural enemies were for the first time investigated.[Method] Twigs of the host tree, Cydonia oblonga (Rosaceae), with nymph and adults of the scale pest were collected, and then put in glass tube for rearing parasitic wasps. The natural enemies were gathered for taxonomic study when they emerged.[Result]A new parasitoid species, Eunotus turanicusi Yang et Kereman (Hymenoptera:Pteromalidae), was found during the survey through taxonomic study. The morphological characteristics of the new species of the parasitoid are described in detail in this paper, and the clear morphological features and color photos are provided. The basic information of its biology and distribution is also described. Meanwhile, a key to distinguish the new species from the closed species Eunotus strenus Xiao et Huang 2001 is provided. The characters below are different from the latter species:Male antenna with scape and pedicel yellow brown, but ventral half of scape luteous, flagellum dark brown. Female antenna with funicle 2 as long as broad; malar space as long as eye height; POL 3.5 times OOL; posterior ocelli attached occipital carina; fore wing with postmarginal vein 1.3 times as long as stigmal vein; metasoma with seven visible tergites and 1st tergite 0.5 times as long as gaster.[Conclusion]The present investigation has found a new parasitoid species and provides a new natural enemy for biocontrol of the pest.

[Objective] In this study, the 3D gesture of complex moth pests was quantified, and the information of 3D gesture of insects was acquired accurately, which was ableto overcome the problems of missing information in 2D images recognition,and improve the robustness of the algorithm.[Method]This study used Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera:Noctuidae) as the experimental object. Firstly, the images were obtained in the closed box, in which three cameras were set. Triangle three-dimensional coordinate system was made up of 1 cm×1 cm white grid plate and ring light source. Before being preprocessed, the images were cropped into 935 pixels×568 pixels to get the scope of the target moth pest. In order to enhance the visibility of the target area, the RGB and HSV color space was transformed. The H, S, V component grayscale images were obtained, respectively. Comparing three component grayscale, it was obviously that S component grayscale image can maintain the integrity of the image target site effectively. After the above image preprocessing, it was appeared a lot of noise in the image, using median filter to remove isolated noise points and it also can be keep the image edge features. Secondly, the mark point on the moth pest forewings was extracted by the Harris corner extraction method, then the pixel coordinates of feature points were obtained. Later, the reference object, white coordinates plate was 366 pixels and its actual size was 1 cm. Thus the calibration coefficient was 1/366 mm·pixel^-1. Finally, according to the principle of space geometry, the forewings angle of H. armigera was calculated by MATLAB.[Result]The result of preprocessing showed that the image segmentation based on color space conversion could not only weaken the brightness of the background, but also maintain the all of target moth pest. Based on these, we could get accurately the forewings angle of the moth pest. At last, the calculated results and the laser measurement ones were compared. The experiment results showed that the relative error was between 0.10% and 3.96%, and the minimum root mean square error (RMSE) value was 1.421 6, and showed that there was no significant difference between the calculated results and the manual measurement by the paired T test. In addition, it was found that the calculation result of the forewings angle of the moth pest had larger error, and the reason was that each mark point was obtained by manual.[Conclusion]In conclusion, the paper proposes a new approach to acquire the forewings angle of the H.armigera, and the calculated results are consistent with the results of manual measurement, which could provide data of 3D gesture. At the same time, the algorithm is only 14.6 s, less than that obtained by the laser measuring method. It has also improved computing efficiency. This paper approach could improve the accuracy of moth pest identification, robustness and it has important significance in the future practical application.

[Objective]Soil microbes have important ecological functions in forest ecosystems. The status of microbial community diversity in rhizosphere soils of oil tree peony may lay a solid foundation for revealing the mechanism of the formation of the poor soil with long-term continuous cropping.[Method]The technique of IlluminaMiSeq high-throughput sequencing was used to detect abundance and diversity of the V3-V4 region of 16S rRNA genes of bacteria in the rhizosphere soils in which the oil tree peony ‘Fengdan’ (Paeonia ostii) were planted for 2, 4, 5, 10 and 32 years respectively, to study the effects of continuous cropping system on the structure and diversity of soil bacterial community composition.[Result]Total of 2 366 OTUs covering 24 Phyla, 79 Classes, 113 Orders, 117 Families, and 103 genera were obtained from 15 soil samples. The result showed that the different bacterial composition as follows:Proteobacteria (34%), Acidobacteria (14%), Planctomycetes (16%), Actinobacteria (10%).The four groups were the predominant bacterial compositions on the phylum level, while Deltaproteobacteria (26%), α-deformation (25%), Betaproteobacteria (15%) and Gammaproteobacteria (15%) in Proteobacteria phylum; Acidobacteria (44%) and Acinetobacter (12%) in Acidobacteria phylum; Phycisphaerae (27%) and (Planctomycetia) (60%) in Planctomycetes phylum; Actinobacteria (25%), actinomycetes (18%), Thermoleophilia (17%), MB-A2-108 (15%) and Rubrobacteria (10%) in Actinobacteria phylum were the dominant bacterial types on the class level.[Conclusion] The soils with different planting years had specific bacterial community composition, high abundance and low abundance species. With the increasing of cropping years, Acidobacteria was accumulated, Chlorobi and Fibrobacteres were emerged, Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria and Planctomycetes etc. were decreased; while Verrucomicrobia, WS3 and SBR1093 etc. were disappeared successively. It was speculated that continuous cropping of a single plant (oil tree peony) may be one of the important reasons for the selective inhibition of soil bacteria, occurrence of soil disease and soil degradation. Microbial diversity analysis of rhizosphere soil in the plantation of oil tree peony has an important ecological significance in maintaining soil microenvironment.

[Objective] After the reintroduction to their ancestral home in Kalamaili Mountain Ungulate Nature Reserve, Xinjiang, the Przewalski's horses (Equus przewalskii) have been infected by Gasterophilus spp.. Previous study has shown that the high prevalence and intensity restricted the wild process seriously. In the purpose to located the main cross-infection area and master its feature of Gasterophilus among the host, we investigated and analyzed the spatial distribution of equine faeces, an indicator to pupation region in this study.[Method] Quadrat and belt transect method were adopted to explore the location and quantity of equine faeces in the surrounding areas of four main water resources (WP1, WP2, WP3, WP4) and the donkey roads had been highly utilized by Przewalski's horses. The length of the belt transect based on the donkey roads is 1.5 km outward the water resource. The quadrat is the circular area with a radius of 200 m around the WP1 water resource. The Mann-Whitney U method was taken to analyse the density of faeces in water resource. The LSD method was used to compare the distribution of equine faeces among different seasons. The clustering analysis was employed to analyze the distribution of faeces in four water resources.[Result] 1) In general, the number of equine faeces decreased outward from the water source and significantly within 300 meters of water source. The best model (x:distance from the water resource; y:number of equine faeces) for faeces distribution in donkey roads in the four water resources was the reciprocal type (WP1:y=3.873+59.000/x,R²=70%; WP2:y=3.940+16.342/x,R²=64%; WP3:y=5.248+12.841/x,R²=55%; WP4:y=-0.481+44.869/x,R²=69%). 2) There were no significant difference (P>0.05) in fecal distribution trend over three donkey roads in WP1 among months. But the number of faeces increased significantly (P<0.05) in August. The proportion of equidae faeces increased with to the coming dry season in the range of 200 meters of three donkey roads from water source of WP1 from May to August. 3) The number and distribution of equidae faeces in donkey roads varied in different types of water source. Equine faeces were more and concentrated in the distribution in permanent natural water resources and they were less but more evenly distributed in artificial modification of water resources.[Conclusion] The shortage of water resources in the arid desert steppe result ed in the concentrated pupal development platform Gasterophilus spp.. This platform as a key checkpoint of the water channel, created close contact conditions of Gasterophilus spp. among the equids objectively and became the main transmission areas for Gasterophilus spp. in Kalamaili. The result of this study revealed that the prevalence of Gasterophilus myiasis is related to local environmental conditions and the behavior of equine animals in arid desert steppe. It is important for further research on the biology, epidemiology and prevention and control of Gasterophilus spp. in Przewalski's horses.

[Objective] Wood has natural porous characteristics, hydrophilic and excellent mechanical properties. As a flexible supporting material and carrier material, wood slice was combined with two kinds of nano-carbon material to get a novel flexible wood slice/nano carbon material composite electrode material. Microstructure and electrical conductivity of this electrode material was studied here. This research will provide a new direction for the functional and high value-added of wood.[Method] Wood slice with good integrity and flexibility can be got by cutting wood into thin slices. The nano carbon material RGO and CMWCNT can be deposited on the surface of wood slice. The microstructure, chemical structure, conductivity and electrochemical properties of wood slice/nano carbon material composite electrode were studied by SEM, XPS, 4-point probe resistivity measurement system and electrochemical workstation. The adhesion mechanism and interface bonding mechanism between wood slice and nano carbon material were also studied here seriously.[Result] The RGO layer attached to the wood slice formed wrinkled nano-films by means of the dense packing of RGO nanosheets using π-π stacking, while CMWCNT formed irregular granular morphology. Wood transverse section slice/nano carbon material composite electrode showed the porous structure, while the same electrode based on wood radial section slice and wood tangential section slice had gully-like morphology. The surface element type had no change before and after the nano carbon material coated. The C 1s and O 1s peaks were observed around binding energy of 284 and 532 eV, while the C/O ratio increased from 1.84 to 5.51 (RGO) and 3.65 (CMWCNT). As the deposition times of nano carbon material increased, the mass loading and conductivity of wood slice/RGO and wood slice/CMWCNT increased too. Meanwhile, the mass loading and conductivity of wood slice/RGO were greater than that of wood slice/CMWCNT under the same deposition times. When the deposition times reached 19 within the scope of this study, mass loading and conductivity of wood slice/RGO achieved 0.68 mg·cm^-2 and 0.63 S·cm^-1, while values of wood slice/CMWCNT were 0.45 mg·cm^-2 and 0.50 S·cm^-1, respectively. There was a good linear fit between conductivity and mass loading. The current of two kinds of wood slice/nano carbon material composite electrode kept stable at different bending degrees, indicating that the bending stress had little influence on the conductivity.[Conclusion] Two kinds of nano carbon material formed nano layer on the surface of the wood slice by layer-by-layer deposition. This nano layer had strong adhesion with wood slice, which may be ascribed to the strong hydrogen bond interaction. After the deposition of nano carbon materials, the proportion of chemical elements C/O on the surface of the wood slice increased significantly. The amount of mass loading and conductivity also increased with the increase of deposition times. The two kinds of wood/carbon nano composite electrode had good flexibility and good bending conductivity stability. As a flexible electrode, it had a potential application in flexible energy storage device and flexible wearable equipment.

[Objective] This research aims to investigate the bearing performance of domestic dimension lumber joints connected with domestic truss plate, and to offer a reference for the development and utilization of domestic building materials.[Method] Larix kaempferi dimension lumber harvested from Dagujia Forest Farm of Qingyuan Country, Liaoning Province, and domestic truss plates were selected as the experimental materials. The lateral resistance of teeth in four conditions was tested, with five repeated specimens for each condition. The shear strength in ten conditions was tested, with three specimens for each condition. The bearing capacity of L. kaempferi joints connected by truss plates under different working conditions were investigated and compared with imported truss plates and imported SPF dimension lumbers.[Result] The result shows that lateral resistances of teeth under conditions of AA, AE, EA, EE are 3.50, 2.53, 2.61 and 2.37 N·mm^-2,respectively. The strength of imported M20 truss plate is slightly lower than that of domestic truss plate under the EA working condition.While show 10.57%, 21.34%, 9.28% higher, respectively, under circumstances of AA, AE, EE by comparing the result of the two samples, which are L. kaempferi joints connected by domestic truss plates and those by import truss plates. On the other hand, the lateral resistances of teeth tested with import M20 truss plates connected by L. kaempferi are 36.27%, 50.49%, 30.00% and 40.00% higher than those by SPF under the four working conditions of AA, AE, EA, EE,respectively. The shear strengths of plate are 132.39, 122.73, 135.66, 199.13, 92.26, 172.76, 99.81, 89.52, 79.10 and 85.68 N·mm^-1 respectively under working conditions of θ=0°, θ=90°, θ=30° T, θ=60° T, θ=120° T, θ=150° T, θ=30° C, θ=60° C, θ=120° C as well as θ=150° C. The strengths of domestic truss plates connected with L. kaempferi are higher than those of imported truss plates connected with SPF except one when tested under θ=120° with shearing and tension.[Conclusion] The failure modes are identical for lateral resistance of teeth under four conditions,which was pulling out of the teeth.For shear strength test,the failure modes are splitting of dimension members at the abutting area,pulling out of teeth at the end of truss plate and warping of truss plate.Loading direction has significant impact on the bearing capacity of the truss plate joints.Compared with the imported truss plate connected SPF joints with, the load carrying performance of domestic truss plate connected Larix kaempferi joints with is better. Further research on L. kaempferi wood trusses connected with domestic truss plates may provide a scientific basis for development of Chinese wood structure system.

[Objective] The tribological properties of coating materials and wood-based composites were analyzed, which can provide practical guidance for the research on wear and cutting performance of coated carbide cutting tools.[Method] The effects of the coated cutting tool and wood-based materials on the tribological properties were investigated by examining how TiN and MoS₂ coated cemented carbide behavior in sliding when in contact with wood-based composite materials, respectively, and by comparing their behaviors with those of uncoated cemented carbide.[Result] The results showed that the friction coefficients of MoS₂ coated cemented carbide with MDF, PB and WFPEC, respectively, were significantly lower than those of uncoated cemented carbide and TiN hard-coated cemented carbide, and that of the TiN coated cemented carbide was the lowest. The friction coefficients of PB with uncoated cemented carbide, TiN and MoS₂ coated, respectively, were significantly lower than those of MDF and WFPEC, and that of WFPEC was the lowest. In the friction test of uncoated cemented carbide, TiN and MoS₂ coated cemented carbide with MDF and PB, respectively, the friction coefficients increased with the increase of load. However, in the friction test of WFPEC, the friction coefficients exhibited independent with load. The change rate of the surface roughness for uncoated cemented carbides was the highest before and after the MDF friction test, followed by the MoS₂ coated cemented carbide, and the smallest change rate of the surface roughness was found in the TiN coated cemented carbide.[Conclusion] Both TiN and MoS₂ coating materials could effectively reduce the friction coefficients of tool materials and wood-based composite materials, and the friction coefficient of MoS₂ coated cemented carbide was lower than that of TiN coated cemented carbide. The wear resistance property of TiN coated cemented carbide was becter than that of MoS₂ coated cemented carbide.

[Objective] Vegetation is widely used for controlling shallow landslides due to the root additional cohesion (c_r) in reinforcing the soil along slopes. To improve the accuracy of estimation on afforested slope stability, this study investigated correction coefficients of the root additional cohesion Wu's model based on successive fracture process.[Method] Wu and Waldron's Model (WWM) and Fiber Bundle Model (FBM) are commonly used to quantify root additional cohesion. However, the overestimation of root reinforcement by WWM is well documented as the model assumes that all roots break simultaneously during shearing between two soil layers.FBM, on the other hand, assumes a progressive breakage leading to the reduced errors of c_r. In this study, a fracture conservative ratio (k") was introduced aiming at reducing WWM's overestimation based on FBM. To quantify the k", additional cohesion (c_r) of two commonly used ecological restoration tree species composed monospecific 17-year-old plantation stands of Robinia pseudoacacia and Platycladus orientalis grown on slopes in the semiarid Loess Plateau of China was investigated. We estimated c_r by WWM and four different FBMs as a function of load apportioned hypotheses by root cross-section area, root diameter, root number and as a function of identical displacement, respectively.[Result] k" differed significantly depending on species(P<0.001), soil depth(P<0.001) and algorithms (P<0.001). Overall, it was found that k" obtained by identical displacement FBM was significantly higher than that by other FBM algorithms (P<0.001) for both species, and R.pseudoacacia presented much higher correction coefficients than P. orientalis (P<0.001). In addition, fracture correction coefficients were found to be negatively corrected with root area ratio although a threshold existed according to simple linear analysis. Below the root area ratio threshold (R. pseudoacacia:0.14; P. orientalis:0.11), k" significantly decreased with the increase of root area ratio, but k" showed no response to root area ratio when it was higher than the threshold. Due to the high root area ratio, WWM always gave larger over-prediction for top several layers.[Conclusion] Fracture correction coefficents k" differs with algorithms, species and depth. To some extent, k" is negatively corrected with root area ratio. The finding of present study provides useful information for estimating root addition cohesion, as well as for controlling soil erosion and improving shallow landslide stability in the Loess plateau of China.