[Objective] In order to provide scientific evidences for understanding the process of water cycle of forest ecosystem and managing regional water resources under the varying precipitation pattern in Dinghushan National Nature Reserve in the south subtropical zone of China.[Method] In this study, the δ D of soil water and the potential water sources including precipitation and shallow underground water were analyzed to determine the source of soil water and the distribution of different intensity precipitation in the soil profile of the monsoon evergreen broad leaved forest in Dinghushan National Nature Reserve, using deuterium isotope technique. The contribution of precipitation in each layer of the soil profile was calculated by binary linear mixed model.[Result] The soil water δ D was found between those δ D values of precipitation and shallow underground water, indicating that precipitation and shallow underground water were the sources of soil water in the monsoon evergreen broad-leaved forest in Dinghushan National Nature Reserve. After a 5-day small rainfall (9.8 mm), the contribution rate to surface soil layer (0-10 cm) was the highest (31.2%-44.6%), followed by the layer of 10-40 cm (24.2%-32.0%) and the soil layer of 40-80 cm (8.3%-15.7%), and the soil layer of 80-100 cm was the lowest, close to zero. With a moderate rainfall event of 20.0 mm, the contribution rate to surface soil (0-10 cm) was the highest (63.3%-78.9%), followed by the soil layer of 10-40 cm (46.9%-74.0%) and the layer of 40-80 cm (37.9%-63.0%), and the soil layer of 80-100 cm was the lowest (35.8%-47.5%). The precipitation infiltrated the deep soil (>80 cm) and the contribution to the soil layer of 80-100 cm under heavy rainfall (>30 mm) was 94.1% during the same day either in the wet season or in the dry season.[Conclusion] The results showed that δ D of surface soil water (0-10 cm) was mainly controlled by rainfall δ D. The faster the precipitation moving from the soil surface to the deep soil, the more obvious the effect of soil δ D on the depth of 80-100 cm and the greater the rain contribution to the soil water at all levels with increasing the precipitation intensity. Deep soil water (80-100 cm) δ D value was basically kept stable under the small rainfall event of ≤ 20 mm. The results illustrated that vegetation structure of the monsoon evergreen broad-leaved forest in. Dinghushan National Nature Reserve played an significant role in regulation of the precipitation infiltration in the soil profile.

[Objective] To select the clone with maximum Cd²⁺ concentration both in above- and under-ground parts, we have studied characteristics of Cd²⁺ absorption and distribution in 27 willow clones in their roots, bark of cuttings, branches and leaves, which can provide a theoretical basis for phytoremediation of Cd contaminated soil and an experimental basis for further studies of Cd detoxification mechanisms.[Method] A total of 27 willow clones with economic and ornamental value were studied. Different tissues of clones, including roots, branches, leaves and bark of cuttings, were sampled after 6 days of exposure to 40 mg·L^-1 CdCl₂ in hydroponic conditions and the cadmium concentration in these tissues were detected with atomic absorption spectrophotometer, contribution rate of cadmium transportation in different parts were then calculated.[Result] Cd were mainly accumulated in the roots of 27 clones with a range from 1 106.08 mg·kg^-1 to 4 261.46 mg·kg^-1. Specially, S. viminalis had the highest concentration, while clone Q2 was only 25.96% of the former. The Cd concentrations in above-ground part were detected at a range from 38.29 mg·kg^-1 to 207.87 mg·kg^-1, and the clones SH31 and D31 were the highest and the lowest cadmium accumulation respectively. Moreover, SH31 accumulated the most cadmium than other clones in leaf, branch and bark. Though the cadmium transport coefficient in the 27 willow clones was small, SH31 was the largest one with a value of 0.199, significantly higher than other clones, and clone 2465, was only 0.016. There were different contribution rates to Cd transportation in different tissues among different clones. Clones Q43 and SH18 had the biggest contribution to root-shoot transfer in branches, which was 56.3% and 57.2% respectively, while the bark was in dominant position during transportation in other clones, with a maximum accumulation of 88.5% in clone 23 and a minimum of 28.6% in Q43.[Conclusion] Cadmium were mainly enriched in roots in the 27 willow clones, and less cadmium was transferred to shoots. Furthermore, S. viminalis has the largest cadmium concentration in roots, mitigating the damage of Cd to other organs effectively and reducing the cadmium concentration in soil to alleviate the injury to other plants.SH31 accumulated the most cadmium in shoot than other clones, which could reduce the cadmium in soil by several short rotations and by collecting the shoots of SH3.

[Objective] The diameter distribution and its changing law at storeys of typical natural broad-leaved forest in mid-subtropical zone was studied to provide the theoretical basis for revealing the structure, assisting the investigation of relevant stand description factors and directing the management planning of natural forests.[Method] Based on storey identification of maximum light receiving plane(MLRP) method, the Shapiro-Wilk(S-W test) test was used to measure the normality of the diameter distribution of storeys(including the whole stand and each storey); the Skewness(SK) and Kurtosis(KT) were used to describe the characters of the diameter distributions; the Meyer negative exponential function and the Weibull distribution function were served to fit the diameter distribution of each storey; the diameter distribution of each storey was charted by the model with better result of Chi-square test, and the changing law among storeys were analyzed.[Result] The result of S-W test showed that all the whole stand, the substorey Ⅲ and the substorey Ⅱ of the typical natural broad-leaved forest in mid-subtropical zone were not normal distribution. As to the substorey Ⅰ, the diameter distribution of sample plot 1, 2 and 3 were the normal distribution, but the substorey Ⅰ of sample plot 4 and 5 were oppo; within each sample plot, the value of S-W test increased with the increasing substorey height. In general, the absolute value of SK and KT decreased with the height of substorey increased, except the SK and KT of the substorey Ⅱ and Ⅲ in sample plot 5 and the KT of the substorey Ⅰ and Ⅱ in sample plot 2. The Meyer negative exponential function could not fit the diameter distribution of the whole stand(all the sample plots disobeyed the Chi-square test) and substorey Ⅱ(the sample plot 2 and 4 obeyed, and sample plot1, 3 and 5 disobey)well, but it could fit the substoreys Ⅰ(all sample plots obeyed) and Ⅲ(sample plot 3, 4 and 5 obeyed, and sample plot 1 and 2 disobey) well. The Weibull distribution function could fit the diameter distribution of storeys(including the whole stand storey and each substorey) better, except for the whole stand in sample plot 1, the surplus storeys in sample plot 1 and the storeys of the other sample plots all passed the Chi-square test. Used the Weibull distribution function fitted the diameter distribution of each storey in every sample plot, suggested that with the increase of storey height, the charts of storey changed from reverse "J" shape curve to right partial mountain curve and normal distribution curve, peak of curve moved to right, and the height of peak decreased.[Conclusion] The Weibull distribution function could fit the diameter distribution of each storey better than the Meyer negative exponential function at storeys(including the whole satand and each substorey) of typical natural broad-leaved forest in mid-subtropical zone. The results of S-W test, SK, KT and the status of the peak of curve shape at the chat of Weibull function indicated that the diameter distribution of each substorey in each sample plot was trend to transit gradually to normal distribution with the mean DBH and mean height of each substorey increased. The differences among the storeys(including the whole stand storey and each substorey) illustrated that the necessity of studying diameter distribution within storey identification.

[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the variation of stoichiometry in soil under crown and in leaves of desert halophytes along soil salinity gradients, and the major soil factors that affect leaf stoichiometry of desert halophytes, which is of great significance to ecological conservation in drought and salinization zone.[Method] This study was conducted at the Ebinur Lake Wetland National Nature Reserve in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of China. Three plots with 10 m×10 m for each desert halophyte (Alhagi sparsifolia and Nitraria tangutorum) were set along soil salinity gradients. Based on the 216 samples of soil under crown and plant, the concentration of carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) and the ratios of C:N, C:P, and N:P in soil under crown and leaves of two desert halophytes in different soil salinity gradients were studied. Besides, the main soil properties that affect the leaf stoichiometry of the two halophytes were determined with redundancy analysis.[Result] The results showed that a modest increase in the soil salinity obviously improved C, N and P concentration in soil under crown of desert halophytes, while heavy salinity reduced C, N and P concentration in soil under crown of A. sparsifolia. The C:N, and C:P in soil under the crown of A. sparsifolia in medium salinity were the highest, while the largest values of N:P of A. sparsifolia and C:N, C:P, N:P of N. tangutorum appeared in light salinity plot, and, without striking difference with soil salinity gradient (P > 0.05). The concentration of C, N and P in leaves of N. tangutorum increased significantly with the increase of soil salinity (P < 0.05). The C:N, and C:P ratios under medium salinity treatment were greater than that under heavy salinity treatment. Light salinity increased the content of C and P in leaves of A. sparsifolia, but reduced N content. Medium salinity caused increases in C:N, and C:P in A. sparsifolia leaves. The leaf N:P of the two desert halophytes did not show a marked difference (P > 0.05) along with salinity gradient, and the average value was 15.41 ±2.16 and 8.01 ±0.83, respectively. Redundancy analysis showed that the P content in soil under crown, and salinity were the main factors that affect C, N and P stoichiometry in A. sparsifolia and N. tangutorum leaves, respectively.[Conclusion] A modest increase in soil salinity improved the content of C, N, P in the soil under crown, and changed the content of C, N, P and the C:P ratio in leaves of the two desert halophytes. Leaf stoichiometry of halophytes was influenced by salinity and sodicity as well as element content in soil, and the interspecific difference resulted in the difference in main soil factor that affected leaf stoichiometry of the two desert halophytes.

[Objective] Pinus tabulaeformis is widely distributed over China, and a dominant species as an afforestation and reforestation tree species in ecological restoration and soil conservation programs. But as the climate change intensifies, P. tabulaeformis forests are experiencing soil water deficit and nitrogen deposition during growth season. Thus an experiment was carried out to investigate the interaction of different soil water content and N addition on the growth and photosynthesis of P. tabulaeformis seedlings by measuring whole-plant growth, leaf area, biomass production and allocation, leaf photosynthesis, and chlorophyll fluorescence.[Method] Two-year-old seedlings of P. tabulaeformis were subjected to a nested design with four soil water regimes (W1, W2, W3, and W4) and four N addition levels (N1, N2, N3 and N4).[Result] The result showed that N addition significantly enhanced growth and biomass production of the seedlings under plentiful soil water conditions (W3 and W4), but aggregated the negative effect of low soil water treatments (W1 and W2) on plant growth. Moreover, N addition was able to lead to an increase in photosynthetic capacity under high soil water conditions (W3 and W4), but a decrease in low soil water treatments (W1 and W2), which was paralleled with the shifts of PSⅡ actual efficiency and PSⅡ photochemical quenching. Furthermore, W3N2 treatment was the appropriate N supply and optimum soil water conditions to growth, biomass production, and photosynthetic capacity of P. tabulaeformis seedlings.[Conclusion] These results suggest N deposition might be beneficial to biomass production and photosynthesis of P. tabulaeformis forests in the central and northeast areas in China with abundant rainfall, but harmful to P. tabulaeformis forests in the northwest arid and semi-arid regions. Thus, in the northwest arid and semi-arid regions in China, P. tabulaeformis should no longer be used as afforestation and reforestation tree species in ecological restoration and soil conservation programs.

[Objective] This study aimed to reveal the change pattern of endogenous hormones content and volatile compounds in Masson pine seedlings under drought stress, and to provide a foundation for studying the stress-resistance physiology and nursery of Masson pine.[Method] The seedling volatiles, under different drought stress, were identified by headspace solid phase micro-extraction (HS-SPME) combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and the endogenous hormones were analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS).[Result] A total of 13 types of volatiles were identified with GC-MS, they belong to terpenoids, aldehydes, alcohols, and ester compounds. Nine types were identified as terpenoids, and among them, α-pinene, caryophyllene, and α-phellandrene had relatively higher content. Under drought stress, relative content of monoterpenes decreased first and then increased as the drought stress intensified, but relative content of sesquiterpenes increased first and then decreased. Drought conditions promoted the synthesis of monoterpenes. The content of ABA and ZT in needles was gradually increased with the strengthening of drought stress, but GA and IAA content was decreased gradually with the strengthening of drought stress.[Conclusion] HS-SPME could be one of the effective techniques to extract the volatiles of Masson pine under drought stress condition, and GC-MS is suitable for the needle volatiles identification. Under drought stress, Masson pine needles are rich in monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes. Through altering the ratio of monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes, seedlings enhanced the drought resistance. Endogenous hormones improved the drought-resistant ability to adapt the drought stress through coordination with each other. ZT and ABA are important hormones of drought stress, and deserve further study.

[Objective] Glyphosate is usually more or less left over forest land after using for weeding. To explore effects of the glyphosate residues on Chinese fir, a pot experiment was conducted to determine the physiological mechanism of Chinese fir in responses to residual glyphosate in soil, and the effect of glyphosate on the nutrient uptake of Chinese fir. This study aimed to provide the theoretical basis for the rational application of glyphosate in forestry production, and to provide the basic data for the sustainable management of Chinese fir plantation.[Method] Chinese fir seedlings were planted in sand with addition of different glyphosate levels (0, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50 mg·kg^-1). Morphological and physiological features of Chinese fir were measured, and the nutrient content was determined.[Result] The results showed that under high concentrations of glyphosate, biomass of Chinese fir significantly decreased compared to the control (P < 0.05), and fir leaves showed chlorosis. At glyphosate level of 50 mg·kg^-1, seedlings all died. Physiological parameters of seedlings showed that increasing glyphosate levels led to increased relative conductivity, MDA content, SOD activity, and POD activity in leaves, and decreased proline and soluble protein content. Chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll content first rose then declined, while shikimic acid content showed no significant change. The macro and micronutrient accumulation in roots and leaves of Chinese fir seedlings were affected by glyphosate. With the increase in glyphosate, Cu, Ca and Mg levels increased in the roots, while there was no significant change in the accumulation of Mn, Fe and Zn. In addition, the accumulation of Cu in Chinese fir leaves increased and Mn increased first and then decreased, and Zn increased after decline.[Conclusion] Overall, we found that glyphosate had negative effect on Chinese fir growth, led to physiological disorder, disturbed plant nutrient absorption, and negatively influenced seeding growth and survival rate. Therefore our findings suggest that reducing herbicide dose for weed control would improve the yield of Chinese fir young plantations.

[Objective] The study was to reveal the seed dormancy mechanism of Acer yangjuechi and to obtain the effective dormancy-releasing method of improving seed germination, so as to improve the breeding efficiency, expand population size to mitigate the situation of being extremely endangered.[Method] Seed development of two different individuals growing in National Nature Reserve of Tianmu Mountain, Zhejiang province, was tested in 3 successive years. Through cabbage seeds germination test, the germination inhabitation of testa, endotesta and embryo was conducted. The techniques for seed dormancy releasing were studied by treatment of hormone-presoaking or stratification of testa-removed seeds at 5℃.[Result] Embryo of Acer yangjuechi was poorly developed and differs between the two individuals. The average percentage of well-developed seeds ranged from 9.73% to 33.98% and the average rate of viable seeds was 52.22%. Compared with other Acer plants, the lower percentage of well-developed seeds confirmed its high infertility rate. The methanol extractant from testa and embryo had the higher inhabitation effect on germination than that from endotesta which have a high correlation with the content of endogenous ABA. The content of endogenous ABA in embryo was the highest one, reaching 1 818.58 ng·g^-1, followed by those in testa with a value of 1 053.34 ng·g^-1 and endotesta with a value of 859.05 ng·g^-1. The complete seeds moist-stored at 5℃ and testa-removed seeds at room temperature can not germinate while the testa-removed seeds germinated and the germination rate increased significantly to 30%. And the treatment of presoaking seeds with 100 mg·L^-1 GA₃ or 200 mg·L^-1 6-BA for 12 hours promoted seed germination rate reaching to 46.67% and 43.33% respectively. The duration of seeds-presoaking with hormone had a significant influence on germination rate of seeds(P < 0.01)while hormone type and concentration didn't present significant influence(P > 0.05).[Conclusion] Seeds of Acer yangjuechi often has a high rate of infertility and become empty seeds, this is associated with limitation pollen supply. Outcrossing as a supplement to self-pollination favors pollination success and embryo development. Stands of the species should be planted in small tree-tree distance to promote outcrossing which leads to successful reproduction. Both forced dormancy by testa and embryo dormancy are existing in the seeds of A. yangjuechi. The main inhibitor of seed-germination is the endogenous ABA. Low temperature sand stratification of testa-removed seeds combined with hormone-presoaking could improve germination rate. It is recommended as the method for seed dormancy-releasing. The study is of significant implication to population enlargement and sustainable conservation of Acer yangjuechi.

[Objective] The microstructure morphology and hydrophobic properties of thirteen kinds of plant leaves with hydrophobic property were studied and analyzed to improve the principle of super hydrophobic of plant surfaces.[Method] Thirteen kinds of plant leaves were selected, whose surface microstructure and static contact angle before and after the removal of wax were observed by SEM and DSA100. And the static contact angle for adaxial and abaxial surface or old and new leaf of the same plant were measured.[Result] The experimental results showed that the surface microstructure of these plant leaves mainly presented single stage (spherical cap convex hull, cylinder convex hull, stripe structure), double stage (and micro-nano double convex), and multistage (reticular hollow). The impacts of surface wax and microstructure on the hydrophobic property were different among plants. In addition, the contact angle of abaxial surface was larger than the one of adaxial surface for the same plant leaf. And there was very big difference in the hydrophobic property between old and new leaves of the same plant.[Conclusion] According to the extent of influence of surface wax and microstructure on the hydrophobic property, these plant leaves were divided into three types, including class A:the hydrophobic property is mainly affected by the microstructure; class B:The hydrophobic property is mainly affected by the wax; class C:the hydrophobic is affected by the microstructure and wax together.

[Objective] Ribulose-1,5-bishosphate (Rubisco) is the key enzymes in the first step of carbon assimilation involved in plant photosynthesis. Rubisco was kept in a catalytic active state under the control of Rubisco activase(RCA), as a result, the efficiency of photosynthesis will be improved. In this research, the PtRCA gene of poplars was cloned. Transgenic poplars with high expression of PtRCA were obtained through this research. As a result, a new type of high efficiency photosynthesis with stress tolerance was proved to be feasible through the analysis of molecular detection and functional analysis.[Method] According to the sequence of PtRCA gene cloned from Populus trichocarpa, the analysis of function and structure of PtRCA were conducted through Bioinformatics software. PtRCA was constructed into the expression vector pGWB406 by using Agrobacterium mediated method. 'Nanlin895'poplar plants (P. deltoides×P. euramericana 'Nanlin895') were used in this research. Gene expression of both transgenic poplars and 'Nanlin895'plants were compared under high temperature stress. The parameters of photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence were compared between them as well.[Result] The CDS sequence of PtRCA was 1 323 bp. There were 440 amino acid residues, and protein molecular weight is 48 315.9 Da. The isoelectric point is 5.57, which is hydrophobic protein without signal peptide and membrane structure. PtRCA is proved to be in the same AAA+ family according to the result of sequence comparison. It has same RCA homology protein with soybean and arabidopsis as well. The expression quantity of transgenic poplars were higher than 'Nanlin895' in average. Transgenic poplars showed advantage of photosynthesis during the noon, the light saturation point was 12.5% to 37.5% higher. Moreover, the efficiency of photosynthesis was 24.6% to 55.7% higher than the plants used as control. However, the light compensation point is lower than that of plants without transgenosis expect the No.3 strain. Besides, the usage of CO₂ and the carboxylation efficiency of the transgenic poplars were better. Expect No.1 and No.4 strains, CO₂ saturation point was around 12.5%-25.0% less than control plants. CO₂ compensation point and light respiration were proved to be 53.1%-80.4% and 37.7%-79.3% lower compared to the controls respectively. Moreover, the efficiency of photosynthesis at the CO₂ saturation point was around 4.4%-26.4% higher. The tolerance of transgenic poplars to light oxidation was increased according to this research. Under the light oxidation treatment, the primary photochemical efficiency of PSⅡ decreased 61.7% in control lines. And transgenic poplar decreased by 45.0%- 53.1%.The actual photochemical efficiency of PSⅡ in controls decreased 54.1%. And transgenic poplar decreased by 38.7%-52.0%.Photochemical quenching coefficient dropped 68.3%, and 51.0%-65.8% declined in transgenic poplars. Non photochemical quenching coefficient increased by 3.0% compared to the control, and 6.0%-26.5% increased in transgenic poplars.[Conclusion] Poplar Rubisco activase (PtRCA) protein and soy protein, Arabidopsis thaliana RCA homology is higher. According to the real-time quantitative PCR and related physiological analysis, transgenic poplars (P. deltoides×P. euramericana 'Nanlin895') showed high-temperature resistance, higher efficiency of photosynthesis, increased ability to use CO₂ and better catalyzing effect on carboxylation reaction. The efficiency of assimilating photons and supplying to PSⅡ was highly developed, and as a result, the light oxidation ability of transgenic poplars was proved to be enhanced. The efficiency of photosynthesis was improved by high expression of PtRAC gene in transgenic poplars, which also showed ability to adjust for high temperature and strong light.

[Objective] The bamboo shoot-boring noctuid is a joint name for several species of moths which are hamful to bamboo shoot stage in southern China. There are four dominant species that have sympatric distribution and the same host. Their biological and ecological characteristics are similar. However,the classification status and evolutionary approach are still controversial. To determine their classification status and provide a molecular theory foundation for the system evolution, their genetic relationship was studied in the paper.[Method] The bamboo shoot borers, distributing in the bamboo production areas surrounding in Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, were used as the research object, and four 709 bp segments of cytochrome C oxidase subunit Ⅰ(COⅠ) gene were cloned, using universal primers, from mitochondrial DNA of different bamboo shoot borers' individuals and compared with homologous sequences from other lepidopterous insects to analyze their base composition characteristics and the genetic relationship for accurate identification of bamboo shoot borers at molecular level by building system evolutionary trees.[Result] 1)The results indicated that the genetic distance between the four kinds of bamboo shoot borers was small.2)Three phylogenetic trees showed that they got 100% support on the branch.[Conclusion] The four bamboo shoot borers have closed genetic relationship,among which three species can be classified into one genus except Sapporia repetita.Furthermore, the four kinds of bamboo shoot borers could be used as ideal samples for sympatric speciation research for its similarity in body and habits and distribution.This study provides preliminary molecular basis for the genetic relationship and DNA barcoding technology of the 4 kinds of bamboo shoot moths at the same time.

[Objective] Poplar bacterial canker caused by Lonsdalea quercina subsp. populi is a disease, which is serious harm to poplar industry. In this study, the biological function of the LqHK1 gene in L. quercina subsp. populi was investigated to provide viable knowledge for further understanding the pathogenic mechanism of pathogen.[Method] The bioinformatics method was used to indentify the two component systems LqHK1. The gene deletion mutant strain △LqHK1 was constructed by homologous recombination. Verifying PCR and Southern blot were used to investigate the biological characteristics of the mutant strains and their complementary strains,such as growth rate, motility, biofilm formation, and pathogenicity. At the same time, qRT-PCR was used to test the expression levels of the motility related genes flgB, flgC, flgE, and quantitatively analyze DNA content of poplar tissue pathogen in the vaccination site after pathogen inoculation.[Result] The two-component system gene LqHK1 was identified and the deletion mutant △LqHK1 had been obtained by homologous recombination. Phenotypic analysis showed that pathogenicity test on annual poplar branches was significantly less virulent than wide-type, while the complemented mutant HB LqHK1 restored the virulence to the wild-type level.The mutant had significantly less colonization in host than the wild type strain. Mutant strain had reduced swimming ability compared with the wild-type. The motility related genes flgB, flgC, flgE expression significantly decreased in mutant; forming ability LqHK1 mutant biofilms significantly decreased, but the growth rate of LqHK1 mutant strains had no significant difference from wild type.[Conclusion] Studies indicate that the bacterial poplar canker Lonsdalea quercina subsp.populi two-component signal transduction system LqHK1 gene is closely related to pathogenpathogenicity.

[Objective] In view of the present status of agarwood market, it is difficult to distinguish and identify the real agarwood. This research used a variety of methods to identify 10 batches fake agarwood, analyzed the correlations and fungibilities among the various methods, and then explored the effective ways of agarwood authenticity. Preliminary establishing a method for the identification of agarwood will provide effective help for the healthy development of agarwood industry, and improve the quality standards of agarwood authenticity.[Method] Using specified agarwood identification methods in the pharmacopoeia, including alcohol soluble extract content, color reaction, thin layer chromatography(TLC) analysis methods, and the specificity method to distinguish 2-(2-phenylethyl) chromones named high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC), 10 batches falsified agarwood were respectively identified, and the accuracy and correlation of each method were compared between 8 batches authentic and control agarwood.[Result] In 10 batches falsified samples, the soluble extract content were all suitable for the requirements, and the color reaction showed strong subjectively. TLC had specificity but it was affected by the diversity and content complexity of agarwood, which led to the discriminant fluorescence spots not clear. HPLC method was good at the separation of complex composition of agarwood. The identification results exhibited high precision by contrast fingerprint with six characteristic peaks and four secondary peaks.[Conclusion] Each method supplements and supports each other. Considering both the time and rare sample cost, and the advantage and accuracy of the above mentioned methods, the agarwood identification was given priority to choose the HPLC fingerprint combining with microscopic identification. The color reaction and the TCL could be complementary.

[Objective] The greatest disadvantage of wood in actual applications is its hygroscopicity, hydroxyl groups on the porous surface readily form hydrogen bonds with adsorted water molecules. In order to inhibit or reduce moisture adsorption on the surface of wood, this study fabricated superhydrophobic wood surfaces, therefore, prolong the lifetime of wood and improve its service performance, and provide a method for creation of superhydrophobic wood using plasma technology.[Method] Firstly,the radial sections of Acer saccharum Marsh. wood were etched for different times with an O₂ plasma at a discharge power of 150 W and working pressure of 66 Pa. The effect of O₂ plasma etching time on morphology and roughness of wood surfaces was investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and laser scanning confocal microscope (LSCM) profilometry. Then, the superhydrophobic wood were fabricated by plasma chemical vapor deposition of fluorocarbon film which has lower surface free energy on etched wood surfaces from a mixture of pentafluoroethane (PFE) and argon gas at a discharge power of 120 W and working pressure of 133 Pa. The wetting behavior of the treated wood was determined by static water contact angle and roll-off angle measurement. Furthermore, the morphology, thickness of deposited films, element composition and their chemical bonding information of wood surfaces before and after deposition treatment were also measured and analyzed by SEM, ellipsometer and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS).[Result] The average roughness (S_a), root mean square roughness (S_q) and peak-to-valley roughness (S_z) of wood surfaces increased with the etching time within 30 min. However, the wood surface roughness decreased slightly after prolonged etching time to 45 min. when the time of deposition fluorocarbon film was fixed at 40 s, the static water contact angles did not change significantly as a function of etching time, but the roll-off angles of wood surfaces decreased gradually with increasing etching time, moreover, the roll-off angles along the grain direction were always smaller than those across the grain direction. The static water contact angles of wood surfaces without prior O₂ plasma etching displayed a gradually decreasing trend with the increasing of deposition time, and water drops always remained "pinned" to the wood surface even when the substrate was tilted to 90°. Ellipsometer results showed that the thickness of deposited films exhibited a linear increase trend with the increasing of deposition time. When the etching time was 15 min or 45 min, the static water contact angles did not change significantly as a function of deposition time, but the roll-off angles of wood surfaces reduced firstly and then increased with the increasing time for fluorocarbon film deposition. It should be noted that the static water contact angle of the sample treated by 45 min etching and deposition of fluorocarbon film for 40 s was as high as 160.6°±0.4° and showed the lowest roll-off angle of 11.5°±1.2°(along grain) and 14.7°±2.5°(across grain). XPS analysis showed that almost 50% fluorine atoms were found on the wood surfaces deposited with fluorocarbon film and the C1s spectra exhibited that the surface composition of fluorocarbon film was heterogeneous with-C-CFx, -CF₃, -CF₂, and -CF groups indicating that this film was highly cross-linked.[Conclusion] This study demonstrated the probability to fabricate superhydrophobic wood surfaces with O₂ plasma etching prior to fluorocarbon film deposition. The treated wood exhibited superhydrophobicity (the static water contact angle >150°) with low roll-off angles, and could avoid water droplets adhere to wood surface effectively.

[Objective] This paper investigated the mechanical properties of neck collar made of micron wood fiber and stimulated the numerical values of the neck collar under the load by external force, and analyzed the numerical values to determine if the neck collar can meet the strength requirement when it applied on human body.[Method] The Pinus koraiensis wood fiber with the diameter of 16 μm was used to prepare the test specimen in this paper. The three-point bending mechanical tests were applied on this micron wood fiberboard, its microstructure was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). ABAQUS program was used to simulate the compression and impact property of micron wood fiber neck collar and analyzed the simulation result.[Result] The results showed that micron wood fiber neck collar from inside to the outside along the curved surface corresponding to the upper neck length, and bearing capacity of back neck collar was slightly higher than that of front neck collar. Anti-pressure capacity of the micron wood fiber neck collar's compression from outside to the inside along side curved surface was higher than that of compression from inside to the outside along the curved surface corresponding to the upper neck length. Damage degree of micron wood fiber neck collar under low velocity impact was studied by applying different impact energies to the sample, the results revealed that the impact damage increased with the increasing of impact energy.[Conclusion] The value of mechanical properties in neck collar determined by finite element stimulation was similar to that by three-point bending test, indicating the rationality of the experiment. The maximum bear stress of the neck collar was 30 MPa and met the requirements on human body.

[Objective] The main obstacle lying on the road of sustainable development is the conflict and contradiction between economic growth and resource protection in the national forest area(NFA).Based on the empirical test on the pseudo decoupling risk between economic growth and resource consumption,this current aimed to explore that whether NFA has achieved win-win after years' resource control and transformation or not,with the implement of natural forest protection project(NFPP).[Method] Firstly,the decoupling relationships between economic growth and resource consumption was determined with Tapio elastic analysis and Kuznets curve model in NFA.Secondly, the existence of the pseudo decoupling risk was identified using the logarithmic trend line method.Thirdly, the models of economic development and economic growth were established to explore the main factors and ideas to crack the risk.[Result] 1) Economic growth and resource consumption achieved decoupling from 2003 with the comparative analysis of Tapio elastic model and Kuznets curve model.2) The variable coefficient of logarithmic trend line of average forest cover and GDP growth rate is 1.394 4 and -29.69 from 2003 to 2014,they show the opposite trend.3) Economic development model and growth model's results show that non-wood economy (0.992,1.969),timber yield (0.257,0.347) and investment (0.078,0.158) are the main factors supporting the economic development and driving the economic growth and their contributing extent reduced in turn,the staff (-0.202) has a negative influence on the economic development and has no significant impact on the economic growth (t=-0.28).[Conclusion] 1) The risk of pseudo decoupling caused from 2003 and economic growth suffered serious damage.2) The wood resource still has a significant impact on the forestry region economic development and growth,but the impact is hidden seriously by the resource control policy,and it's pseudo decoupling between the economy growth and resource consumption.3) The risk of pseudo decoupling is one inevitable outcome of forced decoupling under NFPP policy intervention.4) Striving to develop the non-wood economy is the priority selection to increase economic output and drive the economy growth,then it's expanding investment and seeking new timber supply,and trying to eliminating the labor redundancy.5) Building the mechanism of cracking the risk which takes investment as one support,staff as one carrier,non-economy development as force,scientific and technological innovation as measures,it aims to achieve win-win finally.

[Objective] This study was aimed to investigate the long-term effects of gap size on growth, morphology and biomass accumulation in planted Quercus mongolica and Fraxinus mandshurica saplings, and provide a scientific support for artificial regeneration.[Method] Random sampling method was used to survey the growth, morphological characteristics and biomass allocation in planted young trees of 15-year-old Q. mongolica and 9-year-old F. mandshurica with different gap sizes in the forest, i.e., large, intermediate, small gaps, and closed canopy, in Changbai Mountains, Jilin province, China.[Result] The height, ground-diameter, crown length and crown width of Q. mongolica and F. mandshurica saplings were significantly decreased with decreasing gap size (P < 0.05). The length and basal diameter of first-order-branches were significantly decreased with decreasing gap size of Q. mongolica and F. mandshurica saplings (P < 0.05), while density of first-order-branches and the branching angles were increased. The leaf length, leaf width, average leaf area and leaf area index of Q. mongolica and F. mandshurica saplings decreased with decreasing gap size. However, the specific leaf area decreased at first, followed by an increase with decreasing gap size. With the decrease of gap size, total biomass were significantly decreased (P < 0.05),the root-shoot ratio of Q. mongolica saplings gradually decreased, while the root-shoot ratio of F. mandshurica saplings decreased at first and then followed by an increase.[Conclusion] The larger gap size tend to promote growth of the 15-years-old Q. mongolica and 9-yeard-old F. mandshurica saplings; while smaller gap size and closed canopy habitat inhibited the saplings' growth. The effects of gap size on planted saplings can last for a long period, and it is necessary to evaluate the long-term accumulated growth responses of the saplings growing in different gaps. Effects of gap size on the growth of Q. mongolica saplings were greater than that on F. mandshurica saplings, suggesting that larger sized gap is more suitable for the artificial regeneration of Q. mongolica.

[Objective] The effects of different types of acid rain on the fine roots of Quercus acutissima were studied to provide a theoretical basis for studying the impacts of the pollution by acid rain on forest ecosystem and forest management and sustainable development.[Method] A total of 120 sample plots in a size of 2 m by 0.6 m were selected randomly 1.0 m away from the trunks of Q. acutissima trees, the pH of the 0-20 cm surface soil was 4.25, exchangeable Al³⁺ and H⁺ contents were 4.90 and 0.30 cmol·kg^-1. Three types of acid solutions at 5:1, 1:1,and 1:5 of sulfur to nitrogen ratios were prepared according to the molar mass ratio, and diluted into a gradient of three pH of 4.5, 3.5 and 2.5 in the field with the water from mountain stream, which will be used to simulate different types of acid rain. 2/3 of the monthly average rainfall in the 2002-2003 period in Nanjing was set as the total annual addition of acid rain, and then the monthly spraying amount of the acid solution was obtained according to the monthly rainfall ratio. From March 2015 to February 2016, the acid solutions were sprayed twice a month in the corresponding sample plots (half of the total each spray, not block the natural rainfall). Soil samples were collected every three months, 30 sample plots were sampled each time (sample plots were discarded after sample collection). Samples of 0-20 cm soil column were taken with soil drill, and roots of Q. acutissima with diameters < 2 mm were picked out and measured for all traits.[Result] When the pH of added acid rain was 4.5, the biomass of fine roots increased, the proportion of living roots increased, the length density increased, the number of root tips increased, the average root diameter decreased and the turnover rate accelerated. When the pH of acid rain was less than 4.5, the total biomass of fine root decreased, the proportion of living roots decreased, the length density decreased, the number of root tips decreased, the average root diameter increased, and the turnover rate decreased. There was a significant interaction between the pH and sulfur to nitrogen ratio on the effect of acid rain on fine roots. With the decrease of pH, the difference of different sulfur to nitrogen ratio treatments decreased gradually. The root biomass, root length, root density, root tip density and turnover rate were 5:1 > 1:1 > 1:5 and the average root diameter were 5:1 < 1:1 < 1:5 with the same acidity and different sulfur to nitrogen ratio treatments. The extents of responses of total root biomass, root length density, root tip density to acid rain were in the order:summer > spring > autumn > winter. The extents of responses of the average root diameter of the fine roots to acid rain were in the order:winter, spring > autumn, summer, there were no significant differences among seasons in the proportion of fine roots to living roots ratio.[Conclusion] The response of fine roots to acid rain varied among the seasons, with the decrease of pH of acid rain, the effect of acid rain on the growth of fine roots showed promotion first followed by suppression. The effect of acid rain on the growth of fine roots was mainly limited to the very small diameter roots (first and second order roots). Interaction was found between the impacts of pH of the acid rain and the sulfur to nitrogen ratio on fine roots, with the decrease of pH, the effect of sulfur to nitrogen ratio of acid rain gradually decreased. The acidification stress of N was stronger than S, with the decrease of sulfur to nitrogen ratio of acid rain, i.e. the increase of nitrogen, was not favorable to the growth of fine roots.

[Objective] This study aimed at revealing variation in the phytoremediation ability of the cadmium-contaminated soil and providing theoretical basis on the adaptive management strategies of Salix variegata under flooding in the water-level-fluctuation zone of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region. For this end, the growth adaptability of S. variegata to flooding-and-Cd stress and its Cd accumulation characteristic under flooding were studied.[Method] The biomass and cadmium concentrations in various parts of cuttings of S. variegata were determined. The plants were treated by four concentrations of cadmium (0, 0.5, 2 and 10 mg·kg^-1 individually, achieved by adding CdCl₂·2.5H₂O to soil), interacted with two water conditions (Control group, CK; Flooding group, FL).[Result] 1) The total biomass, aboveground, stem and leaf biomass of S. variegata were not significantly influenced by flooding-and-Cd stress treatments (P > 0.05), while the root biomass under flooding was less than that of control at the same cadmium concentration. 2) The Cd contents in the aboveground parts of S. variegata were higher in the control groups than in the corresponding flooding groups. Under the concentration of 2 mg·kg^-1 Cd, the Cd contents in branch, leaf, bark and xylem were 12.98, 10.08, 7.47 and 17.2 mg·kg^-1, respectively. 3) Flooding significantly influenced the cadmium contents in various parts of S. variegata (P < 0.05). The Cd contents in branch, leaf, bark and xylem were obviously decreased by flooding. With the increasing of Cd concentration (from 0, 0.5, 2 to 10 mg kg^-1), the Cd contents in those tissues were 39.0%, 23.7%, 34.0% and 51.8% of the corresponding control treatment, respectively. However, the Cd contents of root increased significantly under flooding as compared to the controls, accounting for 133.0% to 390.0%. 4) Cd translocation ability from root to branch in flooding was decreased significantly compared to control (P < 0.05). 5) Cd accumulations in the aboveground and whole plant of S. variegata were obviously reduced by flooding. For instance, with treatment of 2 mg·kg^-1 Cd, the Cd accumulations of total plant and aboveground part under flooding accounted for 56.7% and 35.2% of the control, which were 146.40 μg·plant^-1 and 125.35 μg·plant^-1, respectively.[Conclusion] S. variegata had a high growth adaptation under flooding-and-Cd stress. Cd contents of aboveground parts, Cd accumulations of aboveground parts and total plant of S. variegata were reduced under flooding. In order to enhance the efficiency of phytoremediation in Cd contaminated area of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, and to prevent the secondary pollution caused by decayed litter, it is necessary to harvest the shoots of S. variegata before flooding every year.