[Objective] In order to explore the ecological consequences caused by secondary earthquake disasters and to provide scientific evidences for disaster-affected soil restoration, the physical and chemical properties of forest soil in Li County, Sichuan Province, were investigated comparatively. [Method] Wenchuan earthquake happened on May 12^th, 2008, and the investigation and sampling in Cupressus chenginana plantation of disaster-affected area was conducted in November, 2013. Three earthquake-affected stands and one stand as control (no obvious damage caused by secondary earthquake disasters) were chosen in Xionger Mountain (mountain cinnamon soil), and two earthquake-affected stands and one control stand were chosen in Puxi Gully (mountain brown soil). Soil physical properties such as soil density, total porosity and particle composition in 0-20 cm soil layer were measured. Meanwhile, soil nutrient indices such as soil pH value, total nitrogen (TN), alkali-hydrolysable nitrogen (AN), available phosphorus (AP), available potassium (AK), soil organic matter(SOM)content and cation exchange capacity (CEC) in three soil layers (0-20, 20-40, and 40-60 cm) were also analyzed. [Results] Soil density in 0-20 cm soil layer was significantly increased in the earthquake-affected sites, the average value of earthquake-effected soils was 1.28 g·cm^-3. In comparison with the controls, average values of soil density were increased by 6.1% and 18.6% in Xionger Mountain and Puxi Gully, respectively. The increased soil density caused the reduction of total soil porosity (a significant negative relationship between them, r=-0.998^**), which brought in a reduction of soil water permeability and an increase of surface runoff and soil & water erosion. Affected by secondary earthquake disasters, the average soil organic matter contents were decreased by 56.1% and 52.2% in Xionger Mountain and Puxi Gully, respectively. Meanwhile, clay contents in surface soil (0-20 cm) decreased by 54.8% and 57.1% on average, respectively. But soil sand and silt contents increased significantly. The soil pH values were significantly increased at different soil depths (0-20, 20-40, and 40-60 cm) in both of the two study sites, and the average pH value was increased by 11.5%. The variability of pH value showed no significant relationship with the soil type and soil depth. The decrease of soil organic matter content and loss of soil clay content may be the main causes for the increase of pH value. Affected by secondary earthquake disasters, soil TN, AN, AP and AK contents were decreased significantly. The AP and AK contents were decreased by 67.1% and 72.2% in Xionger Mountain, meanwhile, decreased by 80.3% and 78.0% in Puxi Gully, respectively. Content of SOM was positively correlated with contents of TN, AN, AP, AK and CEC, respectively. The CEC values in earthquake-affected soils from both investigated areas were significantly decreased by 79.7%-90.3%. The soils showed a very low capacity in maintaining soil water and nutrient. The changes of soil C/N ratio indicated that the C loss was higher than the N loss in earthquake-affected soils. [Conclusion] Affected by secondary earthquake disasters, the soils of Cupressus chenginana plantation in this study showed severe soil degradation: Increase of soil density, decrease of soil porosity, increase of soil pH value, loss of soil clay and nutrients and reduction of soil CEC. It is recommended that the soil remediation measures in the studied forest soils should be focused on the following aspects: increasing soil organic matter, improving soil water and nutrient retention, and reducing loss of soil clay.

[Objective] To obtain an accurate estimation of forest above-ground biomass (AGB), the polynomial model integrating the terrain factors was presented based on the relationship of Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) response for forest AGB and terrain using the airborne P-band full Polarimetric SAR (PolSAR) data acquired by CASMSAR.[Method] Firstly, the slope map and the true forest AGB map over the study area were obtained as reference data using LiDAR data, and the forest AGB map was trained by the field AGB data. The systematical sampling was carried out based on the reference data to analyze the relationships between the backscattering intensity and the forest AGB and to analyze the changes of these relationships when the slope varied. Secondly, the local incidence angle was calculated from the LiDAR DEM and the orbit parameters of the airborne P-band SAR platform, and the polynomial model was built integrating the features of intensity, local incidence angle and look angle. Some of the sample plots were used to train the model parameters, and the others were performed as the validation samples. In order to avoid the contingency caused by sample size, more experiments were implemented with different sample size from 20m×20 m to 100 m×100 m.[Result] In the case of the plots with the size of 90 m×90 m, for the estimation model with the slope parameter (called as the second set of features) and for that without the slope parameter (called as the first set of features), the following quantitative technical targets were achieved. With the slope from 0°to 5°, the determination coefficients(R²) were 0.634 and 0.634 respectively, the root mean squared error(RMSE) were 12.07 t·hm^-2 and 12.08 t·hm^-2 respectively, the overall accuracies were 78.91% and 78.89% respectively. With the slope from 5°to 10°, the R² were 0.524 and 0.523 respectively, the RMSE were 13.52 t·hm^-2 and 13.97 t·hm^-2 respectively, the overall accuracies were 80.57% and 80.52% respectively. With the slope above 10°, the R² were 0.628 and 0.519 respectively, the RMSE were 13.16 t·hm^-2 and 15.70 t·hm^-2 respectively, the overall accuracies were 81.05% and 78.55% respectively. In addition, with the plot size increasing, the precisions of both methods were all improved. Especially, the accuracy of the estimation model with the slope parameter was higher than that without the slope parameter.[Conclusion] It was shown that the terrain had little effects on the intensity of the SAR data when the slope less than 10°, while it had a significant effect when the slope increases to more than 10°.The refined model involving local incidence angle could improve the accuracy, demonstrating the effectiveness and stability of the refined model. In addition, the accuracy would increase and tend to be stable with the scale enlarging regardless of the adopted model considered the effect of terrain or not, which revealed that the plot scale for evaluating the estimation model needed to be valued. The size of the sample plots should be considered for a reliable evaluation.

[Objective] Pokeweed (Phytolacca americana) is an invasive plant specie sand now widely distributed in China. This paper explores the ecophysiological mechanism of pokeweed invasion and its advantages over the accompanying species in terms of their energy use efficiency, and usage of water, nitrogen and other resources, in order to provide a reference for risk assessment of pokeweed and the comprehensive prevention and control. [Method] This experiment was performed in the coastal protection forest belt in northern Yantai. In this study, the photosynthetic performance parameters of pokeweed and its accompanying species Amorpha fruticosa at the margins of the forest were measured with a TPS-1 photosynthetic system under both low and high light environment to study the ecophysiological mechanism of invasion. Light use efficiency and water use efficiency were calculated according to the related parameters. The chlorophyll fluorescence parameters were detected by using a Handy-PEA system. The total nitrogen content of leaves was analysed with the vario Micro cube element analyzer. The gross calorific value was evaluated with a C2000 oxygen bomb calorimeter, and the leaf photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency and construction cost were thus calculated. [Result] Under both high and low light conditions, the apparent quantum efficiency (AQY), maximum net photosynthetic rate (P_max), chlorophyll content, maximum quantum efficiency of photosystemⅡ (F_v/F_m) and photosynthetic performance index on energy absorption basis (PI_ABS) in pokeweed were significantly higher than those of its accompanying species A. fruticosa (P<0.05). However, the light compensation point and chlorophyll a/b ratio were significantly lower than those in A. fruticosa (P<0.05). The Light use efficiency (LUE), and photosynthetic nitrogen-use efficiency (PNUE) in pokeweed were significantly higher than those in A. fruticosa (P<0.05); the water use efficiency (WUE) of pokeweed was lower than that in A. fruticosa under high light, but higher uder low light condition. The mass-based (CC_mass) and area-based (CC_area) leaf construction cost were all significantly lower in pokeweed than in its accompanying species A. fruticosa under both high and low light condition (P<0.05). Additionally, the difference of the photosynthetic performance indices, resource efficiency indicators and leaf construction cost of pokeweed and A. fruticosa were both higher under high light than under low light condition. Explanation: under low light, the photosynthetic capacity, resource use efficiency, the material and energy use policy in pokeweed were more advantageous over the accompanying species.[Conclusion] Compared with the accompanying native species, pokeweed has higher photosynthetic capacity, higher efficient use of resources and lower construction cost (material and energy consumption), which could facilitate it a high growth rate and competitiveness. This was particularly advantageous for pokeweed when the resources and light were insufficient.

[Objective] Xinjiang medicine mulberry branches are characterized by their strong antioxidation, but have been untapped as by-products which are annually and largely produced in sericulture. Study on separating and identifying antioxidant active component from Xinjiang medicine mulberry branches can reveal their physical basis of antioxidation, and provide a theoretical foundation for discovery of new natural antioxidant component and for exploitation of Xinjiang medicine mulberry. [Method] The components in medicine mulberry branches are extracted with 70% ethanol and concentrated by reducing pressure at low temperature. Together with DPPH (1, 1-diphenyl-2 picrylhydrazyl), TLC (thin layer chromatography) was applied in activity detection, while ultraviolet spectrophotometry was used to detect the active substances with 10% sulfuric acid-ethanol solution coloration. Based on the activity tracking, separation and purification of the antioxidant compound in medicine mulberry branches were achieved by different organic solvents extraction and segmentation, repeated silica gel column chromatography, gel column chromatography and thin-layer chromatography. With deuterated chloroform as the solvent and TMS (tetramethylsilane) as the internal standard substance, the MS (mass spectra) and NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) techniques were employed to make spectrum and structure analysis on the compound, and then DPPH free radical and OH free radical scavenging, as well as the total reducing power assay are proceeded with the synthetic antioxidant BHT as a control. [Results] The deep yellow powder, freely soluble in methanol and ethyl acetate, was separated from Xinjiang medicine mulberry branches with ethyl acetate extraction. According to its physical and chemical properties, the powder is classified as flavonoids by preliminary judgment, and then with spectral data analysis by MS, ¹H-NMR, ¹³C-NMR, and DEPT, it was finally identified as the known compound, sanggenon A, and its molecular formula is C₂₅H₂₄O₇, with the molecular weight of 436 Dalton. The antioxidant activity study showed that the IC₅₀ values of scavenging DPPH radical and OH radical were 50.3 mg·L^-1 and 96.5 mg·L^-1, respectively (the IC₅₀ values of the control BHT were 64.2 mg·L^-1 and 231.6 mg·L^-1, respectively). The total reducing power is significantly higher than the control BHT. [Conclusion] The antioxidant component, Sanggenon A, is firstly separated from mulberry branches in this study, which expands the sources of raw materials for extraction and separation of the component. In addition, this study provides theoretical basis for the further study of Sanggenon A and for exploitation of medicine mulberries that, as a forestry resource, are widely cultivated in the region of Xinjiang. The mechanism of the Sanggenon A production in mulberry branches remains further study.

[Objective] Thisresearch was aimed to study responses of Siberia elm (Ulmus pumila) clonestodifferent concentrations of NaCl treatment, find out the salt stress response mechanism and provide a theoretical basis for the salt-tolerant mechanism of elm clones. [Method] Based on the previousstudy of the elm clones salt-tolerantselection, three salt-tolerantelm clones and three salt-sensitive elm clones were used as the materials in thisstudy. The seedlings were subjected to different salt stressesof (0%, 0.3%, 0.5%, 0.7%, and 0.9% concentration) with adequate soil moisture. The growth index (height growth rate, ground diameter growth rate and biomass), antioxidant enzyme activates (SOD and POD), osmoregulation substances (free proline, soluble protein and sugar), tissue Na⁺ and Cl^- content, chlorophyll and gas exchange (photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, intercellular carbon dioxide concentration, stomatal conductance, water use efficiency, apparent mesophyll conductance and stomatal limitationpercentage) were measured andanalyzed. [Result] The results showed(1) that the growth index reduced with the increase of salt concentrationin both salt-tolerantand salt-sensitive clones.The soluble protein content, free proline content and soluble sugar content increased with the increase of NaCl concentration. The antioxidant enzyme activates (SOD and POD) in cells increased under the lower salt concentrations andthen decreased at the high salt concentration.Photosynthetic characteristics, such as photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, intercellular carbon dioxide concentration and stomatal conductance, were all decreased to different degrees with the increase of NaCl concentration.Chlorophyll concentration showed a decrease tendency withincreasing the salt concentration. The transportation of Na⁺ and Cl^- from the root to the shootwas reduced, andthus a large amount of Na⁺ and Cl^- was accumulated in the root section. (2): Incomparisonwith the salt-sensitive clones, the salt-tolerantelm clones accumulated large amount of soluble sugar and maintaineda high activity of SOD enzyme in the tissue to cope with the increasingsalt stress.[Conclusion] The resultsindicatedthat the soluble sugar content and SOD activity playedakey role in the salt-tolerance of elm clones, and theycould be used as important indicators for the salt tolerance ofelm clones.

[Objective] The study was intended to study the gene expression profile of F1 hybrids of Populus deltoides to reveal the mechanism of hybrid vigor at the gene expression level. [Method] We sequenced the transcriptomes of three super-parent hybrids F1 (H1, H2, H3), two low-parent hybrids (L1, L2), and their parents (Q1, Q2) using high throughput sequencing. [Result] We obtained a total of 171 154 127 reads, with an average length of 200 bp and a total of 31.32 Gb size. After filtering, we aligned the clean reads to the reference genome of Populus trichocarpa and 61.89% of the clean reads could be aligned to the reference genome. The comparison between super-parent hybrids F1 and parents(H Vs Q) revealed that 342 genes were differently expressed (87 up-regulated and 255 down-regulated). We termed the different expressed gene as DEG thereafter. Meanwhile, 577 DEGs (146 up-regulated and 431 down-regulated) were identified by comparing low-parent hybrids F1 with parents(L Vs Q), and 486 DEGs (200 up-regulated and 286 down-regulated) were identified by comparison of low-parent hybrids F1 and super-parent hybrid F1(H Vs L). 377 genes that were highly related to the hybrid vigor were identified, of which 4 genes down-regulated expressed in H Vs Q, L Vs Q and H Vs L, 72 genes down-regulated expressed both in H Vs Q and L Vs Q, 129 genes differentially expressed (19 up-regulated and 110 down-regulated) both in H Vs Q and H Vs L, 170 genes differentially expressed both in L Vs Q and H Vs L. The functional analysis and pathway analysis demonstrated that there were 167, 233 and 288 DGEs could be categorized into 46, 45 and 51 functional groups, respectively. In the three main categories (cellular component, molecular function, and biological process) of the GO classification, the DEGs were mainly enriched in "catalytic activity", "amine metabolic process" and "oxidoreductase activity" etc. These activities were reported to be involved in the carbohydrate metabolism, amino acid metabolism, energy metabolism and degradation pathways and foreign substances metabolic pathways.[Conclusion] Heterosis, probably due to significant different expressions of related genes, regulates metabolic activities closely linked to growth, e.g. photosynthesis, metabolism and absorption, and thus contributes to the formation of growth advantage.

[Objective] The protein structure, subcellular localization and expression with treatment of abiotic stresses for EgrCR(Eucgr.B02857), a cold responsive gene in Eucalyptus grandis, were characterized. And, the phenotype of Arabidopsis thaliana lines which over-expressed EgrCR were also analyzed to elucidate the roles it played in response to low temperature and other abiotic stresses in E. grandis. [Method] The characterization of EgrCR protein, cis-elements in promoter sequence of the gene and construction of phylogenetic tree of homologous proteins of EgrCR in different plants were analyzed with Protparam, PSIPRED, TMHMM, MatInspector and MEGA softwares. Subcellular localization of EgrCR was characterized with the method of introducing EgrCR-GFP fused genes into onion epidermal cells via gene gun bombardment. Gene expression analysis under treatments of abiotic stresses and circadian rhythm were carried on by semi-quantitative and quantitative RT-PCR methods respectively. The 35S::EgrCR over-expression vector was constructed and transformed into Arabidopsis thaliana, and the phenotypes of transgenic plants under different low temperatures (0, 4℃) were analyzed to elucidate the function of EgrCR under the treatment of low temperature. [Result] The protein encoded by EgrCR contains 144 amino acids and there were 4 α helixes and 3 β sheets. No domain and trans-membrane region were found in the protein. The phylogenetic tree based on homology comparison showed that it was closed to its homologous protein in Populus trichocarpa, sharing a 68% protein similarity for them. To the promoter sequence of EgrCR, Some cis-elements related with plant stresses response were found in it. Nuclear localization for EgrCR merged protein with GFP implied EgrCR was located in the nucleus. Under normal condition, EgrCR were mainly expressed in stems and leaves, and qRT-PCR result of EgrCR under 0, 2, 4, 6, 8℃ and time course (2, 6, 12, 24, 48 h) treatments at 4℃revealed that it was induced strongly by low temperature. In addition, EgrCR expression was not influenced by 100 μmol·L^-1 ABA. However, under the salt stress (200 mmol·L^-1), it was inhibited firstly and then induced. Circadian rhythm also regulates the EgrCR expression, and the transcription level of it was promoted under light and hampered in the darkness. When Arabidopsis thaliana transgenic lines of EgrCR overexpression were treated at 4℃, the accumulation of anthocyanin was reduced obviously. And, with one week recovery after 3 days treatment at 0℃, the transgenic lines can return to grow quickly, showing cold resistance compared to the wild type.[Conclusion] The EgrCR was involved in responses to cold and salt stresses in Eucalyptus grandis. Circadian rhythm also had an effect on its expression.

[Objective] In order to know the range of an excellent parasitic enemy insect, Dastarcus helophoroides, to control the cerambycid beetle, Monochamus alternatus and its population dynamic, the overwintering characteristics and the cold-hardiness are studied, providing an valuable information for applying them to control the cerambycid beetle and furthermore through control of the vector of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus to manage the pine welt disease in China. [Method] The overwintering location and height at tree trunk, aggregation ways, azimuths of natural population of D. helophoroides were surveyed by dissecting the damaged host trees by the cerambycid. At the 6 different artificially simulated overwintering locations, the overwintering survival rate, supercooling point and freezing point were determined. Furthermore, the possible suitable range of the mass-rearing D. helophoroides biotype of M. alternatus was explored on the basis of distribution area of M. alternatus. [Result] The results showed that the parasitoid overwintering positions were mainly in the bark crevice and under the trunk bark of the dead Pinus massoniana damaged by the cerambycid. Most of the parasitoid stayed in individuals and some gathered with 3-5 ones together for overwintering. The overwintering location was mainly at the 2.5-8 m height range of tree trunk, with the largest numbers at the height of 7 m. They freely selected azimuths at tree trunk for overwintering, with 58.33% individuals at south, 21.79% at east, and 9.62% at north. There was significant difference in survival rate at the 6 simulative overwintering sites. the survival rate of parasitoid groups were 68.33%±9.21%, 67.92%±8.87%, 73.33%±12.52%, 52.08%±8.87%, 52.92%±11.61% and 44.17%±12.58%, respectively under the bark, in the surface soil layer, in the trunk xylem, in the metal net partly covered tree trunk, in the metal net completely covered tree trunk, and in the cages with shout-cut wood. The supercooling points and freezing points of D. helophoroides adults in each of the above-mentioned sites were -11.40, -11.25, -11.76, -11.54, -12.75, -12.89℃ and -10.08, -9.95, -10.99, -10.39, -11.23, -12.05℃, respectively, and there were no significant differences in the supercooling points and freezing points among the sites. In comparison of the supercooling values with the mean air temperature of January in the naturally distributed areas of M. alternatus in China, it was indicated that the mass-rearing adults of D. helophoroides could successfully survive and maintain their population in most of the cerambycid pest distributed areas. [Conclusion] The present study revealed the overwintering characteristics and suitable distribution regions of artificial breeding population of D. helophoroides, indicating that they could overwinter successfully at suitable distribution region and potential dispersal region of M. alternatus. Finally, these results would provide some theoretical support for scientifically releasing D. helophoroides to control M. alternatus.

[Objective] Cone calorimeter sample shape and size affect its experimental results. In order to clarify whether the powder samples are appropriate for CONE tests or not, seven different forms of wood samples were investigated by cone calorimeter. Study on the influence of sample shape and size on cone heat release parameters have important significance on selecting heat release parameters, evaluating combustion process and researching flame retardant mechanism.[Method] Seven different processing methods and forms of wood samples were investigated by cone calorimeter under a heat flux of 50 kW·m^-2. The PHRR(peak of heat release rate), HRR(heat release rate), THR(total heat release), EHC(effective heat combustion) results were measured. [Result] Through analyzing the arithmetical mean error(ΔX), relative error(E_r)and standard deviation(S)of the cone calorimeter results from seven types of wood samples, it was found that the error estimate of MEHC(mean of effective heat combustion)was the minimum and the error estimate of PHRR was the maximum in PHRR, MHRR, THR, MEHC four thermal parameters determination results. And the above-mentioned four heat release parameters of powder samples had low error estimates, far less than those of the plate samples. Such as two powdery samples of PP and FPP, their S_MHRR respectively are 1.2 and 1.1 kW·m^-2 respectively, which was about 1/8 of PPB and far lower than values of five plate samples.[Conclusion] The experimental results show that MEHC is mainly influenced by the combustion process, while the PHRR is influenced by the combustion state, sample itself and the external factors. Furthermore, the precision of the powdery samples is better than that of the plate samples, being with good reproducibility and high reliability. Therefore, powdery samples is suitable to be used in laboratory test and materials selection in scientific research, which can save the materials and time prepare the standard samples, and provide scientific basis to simplify the experimental sample of cone processing technology.

[Objective] The effects of cross section, loading mode and finger-joint type on the bending property of larch structural finger-jointed lumber in large dimension was studied. Then the characteristic values under the different experimental factors (cross section, loading mode and the finger-jointed type) were obtained. These are very important to the domestic researches of the bending property of larch structural finger-jointed lumber in large dimension.[Method] According to LY/T 2228-2013, larch (Larix gmelinii) timbers of grade Ⅱc with two different cross section (40 mm×90 mm and 40 mm×140 mm)were chosen to fabricate the structural finger-jointed lumber. The statistical methods were used to do normality test and homogeneity of variance test, and two-sample t test was applied to check whether experimental factors (cross section, the loading mode and the finger-jointed type) significantly influencing the modulus of rupture (MOR) and modulus of elasticity (MOR) of larch structural finger-jointed lumber in large dimension.[Result] The experimental factors (cross section, the loading mode and the finger-jointed type) had significant effect on the MOR and MOE in some particular situations. The cross section had significant effect on both MOR and MOE of the samples with V finger-jointed type and narrow side loading mode. Concretely, this effect was that MOR and MOE of the samples with large cross section (40 mm×140 mm) were higher than those of the samples with small cross section (40 mm×90 mm). The difference in loading mode did not behave significant effect on the MOR. But the loading mode obviously influenced the MOE of the samples with large cross section (40 mm×140 mm) behaving that the values of MOE tested in the narrow side loading mode were higher than those of the large side loading mode. The finger-jointed type also significantly influenced MOR of samples with large cross section (40 mm×140 mm) and large side loading mode. In details, the MOR of the samples with V finger-jointed type was higher than that of the samples with H finger-jointed type. The finger-jointed type had significant effect on both MOR and MOE of the samples with small cross section (40 mm×90 mm) and narrow loading mode. So the MOR and MOE of samples with H finger-jointed and narrow loading mode were higher than those of V finger-jointed one. On the basis of the data obtained from the bending property test of larch structural finger-jointed lumber in large dimension, parametric approach and nonparametric approach were separately used to estimate the property values, and the property value obtained through parametric approach was smaller than that obtained through nonparametric approach.[Conclusion] Larch finger-jointed lumber is suitable for using as wooden engineering material. The large side loading mode and V finger-jointed type and appropriate cross section will be favourable to guarantee the bending properties of structural finger-jointed lumber. When the structural finger-jointed lumber with large cross section are bended under narrow side loading mode, the MOR and MOE could be more easily influenced by loading mode and finger-jointed mode. So the structural finger-jointed lumber with large cross section is not recommended when the flexure strength is assured. The usage of structural finger-jointed lumber as narrow side loading mode should be avoided too, because the narrow side loading mode is also very easily influenced by the experimental factors. The nonparametric method is suggested to estimate property value of bending property. When the sample size is not sufficient, the property value calculated through parametric approach will be lower than that calculated through nonparametric approach. So in this situation the minimum value in all property values that calculating by both parametric and nonparametric methods is more suitable for the property value.

Chemical modification can improve the compatibility of lignocellulose with polymeric matrices, and make lignocellulose owned specific function. Click chemistry, a kind of important method used for chemical modification, was firstly proposed by Sharpless and co-workers in 2001. Its typical reaction types include copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC), strain-promoted alkyne-azide cycloaddition reaction (SPAAC), thiol-ene/yne click reaction and diels-alder click reaction, etc. Compared with the traditional grafting modification method, click chemistry was found to be mild reaction conditions, environmental friendly, easy to implement and very efficient. It has been applied in the chemical modification of lignocelluloses. In terms of click reaction method, the CuAAC reaction is the most common click reaction used for the chemical modification of lignocellulose. However, the catalyst is difficult to remove after the CuAAC reaction so that the application of the products is limited to some extent. The Cu (Ⅰ), which is linked with aerogels of cellulose nanofibrils through covalent bonding, can be recycled efficiently after click reaction. Compared with the CuAAC reaction, the Thiol-Ene/Yne reaction does not need the toxic copper as a catalyst. In terms of cellulose research, hydrogel and nanoplatelet could be prepared with cellulose itself or both cellulose and polymer by click reactions. In addition, click reaction could be proved by fluorescence labeling for cellulose, and cellulose nanofibrils with multi-color fluorescent labelling could be prepared through two click reaction. In terms of hemicellulose and lignin research, the copolymer of xylan and polylactic acid was formed by click reaction. The glass transition temperature of the copolymer was lower than that of xylan, and the thermal decomposition temperature of the copolymer was higher than that of xylan. The triazole-linked xylosides and xylobiosides could be achieved through CuAAC reaction. A thermoplastic polymer could be prepared with lignin and polystyrene by click reaction. In addition, bioorthogonal click chemistry could be commissioned to visualize the plant cell wall lignification process. The application of click chemistry in lignocellulose has been very few, there is much more to do. Because click reaction condition is mild so that many reactions can be conducted at room temperature, it is very conducive to the research in the field of biomedical materials. What is more, cellulose and hemicellulose has good biocompatibility so that favorable conditions are created for the application of cellulose and hemicellulose in the biological field. In addition, copper-free click reactions may be as an important development direction due to the toxic effects of copper catalyst, such as strain-promoted alkyne-azide cycloaddition reaction, Thiol-Ene/Yne click reaction and Diels-Alder click reaction.

[Objective] Understanding the relationship between above- and below-ground biomass is of profound significance to predict the biomass of forest ecosystem and global climate changes. This paper was aimed to test whether the aboveground biomass scaled isometrically with under-ground biomass of shrub layer plants and how forest management measures influenced such scaling relationships. [Method] Above-(y)and under-ground biomass(x)of shrub layer plants in natural evergreen broad-leaved forest and Chinese fir plantation in Fujian province (Nanping and Sanming) were harvested to test the biomass allocation patterns, a. Software SMATR (standardized major axis tests and routines)was used to calculate and analyze the allometric scaling a and exponent constant b, as the equation: log y=b+a log x. [Result] The scaling exponents for the shrub layer plants of young, middle-age, pre-mature and mature natural evergreen broad-leaved forests were 0.942, 1.003, 0.946, and 0.951, respectively. Furthermore, the scaling exponents were not differ significantly among the four stand ages of natural evergreen broad-leaved forests, indicating that above-ground biomass scaled isometrically with under-ground biomass. For the shrub layer plants of young, middle-age, pre-mature and mature Chinese fir plantations, the scaling exponents were 0.837, 0.817, 1.011, and 0.984, respectively. The 95% confidence intervals of such scaling exponents all covered the predicted theoretical value 1.0, showing that above-ground biomass scaled isometrically with below-ground biomass. [Conclusion] The above-ground biomass of understory scales nearly one to one with under-ground biomass in different regions and different types of forests. Although different forest tending measures appeared to affect the scaling constants, but not the scaling exponents of above-vs . under-ground biomass of shrub layer plants. Generally, the above- and under-ground biomass allocation patterns of shrub layer plants in natural evergreen broad-leaved forest and Chinese fir plantation in Fujian province were in consistence with the isometric biomass allocation theory. The research validated and developed the theory of isometric scaling of above- and under-ground biomass of forest vegetation.

[Objective] The plant endogenous hormones, including auxin, cytokinin, gibberellin, and abscisic acid, play an important role in regulating the embryonic development of seeds. The dynamics of IAA, ZR, GAs, and ABA were studied in order to reveal the mechanism of embryonic development of Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis) seed, as well as to provide evidence for adjusting the addition of exogenous hormones during somatic embryogenesis and/or seed development of in Korean pine seed orchard.[Method] The morphological changes of the megagametophytes of Korean pine were observed during different developmental stages, including pro-embryo, cleavage polyembryony, columnar embryo, and pre-cotyledonary embryo, and the concentration of IAA, GAs, ZR, and ABA of two Korean pine clones (057 and 059, respectively) during the four embryonic development stages was analyzed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). [Results] The concentration of the endogenous hormones at the four stages of embryonic development was similar in the two clones. The content of IAA and ABA during the four stages of embryonic development of Korean pine seed was maintained at a high level. In contrast, the content of GAs remained relatively low level during the whole processes. The concentration of ZR showed a downward tendency with the development of the embryo, with the peak values being found in the pro-embryo megagametophytes: 12.901 ng·g^-1 FW in clone 057 and 13.622 4 ng·g^-1 FW in clone 059. The IAA content increased slowly at first and then sharply at the stage of columnar, and then dramatically declined at the stage of pre-cotyledonary embryo. The IAA content in the columnar embryo was highest: 101.923 0 and 107.256 4 ng·g^-1 FW for clone 057 and 059, respectively. The GAs content first decreased and then increased. In detail, the GAs content decreased from pro-embryo to cleavage polyembryony, with a lowest concentration of 4.823 5 and 5.588 8 ng·g^-1 FW at the cleavage polyembryony stage for clone 057 and 059, respectively. After that, its GAs content started to increase again until the columnar embryo and all the way to pre-cotyledonary embryo stage, however, no significant difference in the GAs content was found between pro-embryo and pre-cotyledonary embryo stage. The ABA content showed a decreasing trend after the first rise. Specifically, the ABA content was lowest in pro-embryo stage and the ABA content of clone 057 and 059 was 88.497 4 and 94.847 3 ng·g^-1 FW, respectively. Afterwards, a upward trend had been maintained until to the cleavage polyembryony stage, with the content reaching to the peak value of 133.200 1 and 139.983 9 ng·g^-1 FW for clone 057 and 059, respectively. At the following development stages the ABA content kept decreasing and returned to the level close to pro-embryo stage. The ratio of GAs+IAA+ZT to ABA increased at first, reached the maximum at the stage of the columnar embryo, and then decreased.[Conclusion] The content of endogenous hormones of Korean pine seeds showed a dynamic changes with the development of embryo morphology, and each hormone displayed different change pattern. In summary, IAA, ABA and ZR played an important regulatory role in embryonic development of Korean pine seeds, whereas GAs had no significant effects.

[Objective] In order to provide a basis for studies of pollination biology and phylogenetic classification of Schisandra sphenanthera by investigating characteristics of the male flowers and their pollen. [Method] We studied the floral characteristics and pollen morphology of S. sphenanthera at different development stages including alabastrum intumescence stage, petals loose stage, petals opening stage and florescence stage using stereo microscope and scanning electron microscope (SEM). In vitro pollen germination of S. sphenanthera was studied using bio-optical microscope and solid agar as culture media containing 10 g·L^-1 agar, and sucrose at concentrations of 50, 100, 150, 200 g·L^-1 in order and boric acid at concentrations of 0.10, 0.15, 0.30 g·L^-1 in order.[Result] The corolla of S. sphenanthera was rose-like and faced downwards the ground when it matured, the petals were arranged in imbrications. The inside and outside of the petals had irregular grains and irregular distribution of stomata, flower stalks were cylindrical and its outside surface was unsmooth with oblong stomata, stamens grew upwards spirally on the columnar receptacle, filaments were shortened to become fleshy and the anthers grew on it. The stamens were arranged in umbrella-form, with a number of 19-22 (26). The pollen was oblate and heteropolar, its polar view was 6-lobed circular, 6 germinal furrows was gradually formed with flower development, of which 3 long furrows joined together at one pole to form an integrated furrow and 3 short ones did not reach the poles, the long and short furrows were alternatively arranged. The extine of pollen had reticular formation with areoles and murus in different sizes, and unclear particles were contained in a few of the areoles. The areoles and the murus respectively became deepened and thinned, and the particles were absorbed with the development of pollen. The diameters at different stages of flower development were 21.96, 23.73, 24.00 and 25.65 μm, respectively. The highest germination rate of mature pollen was 92.6% when cultured in the medium of agar at a concentration of 10 g·L^-1+sucrose at concentration of 100 g·L^-1+boric acid at a concentration of 0.10 g·L^-1, the pollen tubes could reach a length of 454.30 μm. The concentration of sucrose had extremely significant effects on pollen germination rate and elongation of pollen tubes, while the concentration of boric acid had significant effects on pollen germination rate, but not on elongation of pollen tubes.[Conclusion] The corolla form and the pollen morphology of S. sphenanthera had the typical characteristics of insect pollination and wind pollination. The results suggested that S. sphenanthera was not only animal-pollinated but also wind-pollinated, and further studies were needed to identify which was the main pollination model. The best solid media for in vitro pollen germination of S. sphenanthera was 10 g·L^-1 agar+100 g·L^-1 sucrose+0.10 g·L^-1 boric acids, and the medium composition had a significant impact on the germination rate. The germination rate was high, indicating an obvious competitive advantage in pollination and fertilization.

[Objective] Using terrestrial laser scanning(TLS) data to extract skeleton of individual tree and developing an automatic measurement algorithm of branch structure based on skeleton model for parameterized modeling and visualization simulation of forest.[Method] We applied FARO terrestrial laser scanner, with a quarter of the resolution, speed 244 000 s^-1 to obtain three trees' TLS data. Firstly, skeleton model was generated by SkelTre algorithm using TLS data with noise. Then, we developed a new method to extract branch structure with depth first search algorithm. According to the skeleton model, we searched the branch nodes connecting parent branch with child branch. Each node contained some information about this dominated direction, number of different branches and those coordinates. Due to the position error caused by skeletonization, we adopted the cylinder fitting to correct the extension direction of the branches and reduce the error of the branches' angle estimated by the skeleton model. Finally, we extracted the morphological structure based on the revised branches' angle through verification of total length of the estimated and measured branches.[Result] The experimental trees' branch structure was clear. Branch length and angle were all automatically determinated. Primary branches extracted were totally 22 and the secondary branches were 43. Regression equation of the estimated and measured length was Y=1.003X+0.03 which performed with R-squared of 0.998. The root mean square error (RMSE) between estimated length and measured length was 0.029 m. Moreover, regression equation of the branch angle estimated and measured by skeleton model was Y=0.672X+16.779, which performed with R-squared of 0.356 and RMSE of 20.45°. Nevertheless, regression equation of the branch angle estimated and measured by cylinder fitting was Y=1.008X+0.18, it performed with R-squared of 0.975 and RMSE of 3.44°.[Conclusion] The algorithm of estimation and extraction based on cylinder fitting could accurately determine branch structure on individual tree. Furtherly, the extracted branches' length performed high precision and cylinder fitting method could effectively improve accuracy of the branch angles estimated by skeleton model.

Tamarix chinensis ‘Binhaicui’ is a new variety selected from one natural mutation of Tamarix chinensis on the coast of Bohai sea. It grows rapidly with straight trunk, dense foliage, deeper green leaves, without blossoms and in a longer growing season compared with the ordinary Tamarix chinensis, thus it has high ornamental value. The variety has multiple stress tolerance, such as salinity tolerance, drought and flooding resistance. It can be easy to propagate and afforest this variety by cuttings. It is an excellent new variety for landscaping in heavy coastal saline soil landscaping.

The variety, ‘Chuangxin’, was selected from the progeny of Populus deltoides CL. ‘Nankang’×P. deltoides CL. ‘Imperil’ with artificial control pollination. It is male clone and an intraspecific hybrid of P.deltoides. Average DBH, height and volume of nine-years-old ‘Chuangxin’ were 19.90 cm, 18.0 m and 0.2064 m³, and the volume was 22.0% greater than control variety of ‘2025’. The elite variety has characteristics of straight trunk, middle crown, fast-growing, high resistance to Anoplophora glaberipennis and tolerance to soil barren.