[Objective] Estimating nonstructural carbohydrates (NSC) storage in trunk is important because the NSC is the major buffer of carbon for survival and growth of trees, and also reflects dynamics in carbon balance between uptake and investment and the responsive capacity of trees to various stresses. The NSC concentration in trunk may vary among different species and different tissues, but their effects on estimation of NSC storage in trunk are rarely examined. The objective of this study was to assess the effects of inter-specific and inter-tissue variations in NSC concentrations on NSC storage in trunks of larch (Larix gmelinii, non-porous species), walnut (Juglans mandshurica, semi-ring-porous species), and elm (Ulmus japonica, ring-porous species).[Method] Three dominant trees of each species were randomly selected and harvested in late growing season. Once a sampled tree was fell, a 5 cm-thick disc was cut from each 1-m interval trunk (18 to 21 discs in total for each tree).The discs were then partitioned into bark, sapwood, and heartwood tissues for NSC concentration determination. The biomass of all tissues was measured with the standard methods. The concentrations of soluble sugar and starch were measured with a modified phenol-sulfuric acid method. The relative errors in the estimates of NSC storage in trunk induced by inter-specific, inter-tissue and vertical variations in NSC concentrations were quantified based on the measurements of NSC concentration and biomass.[Result] Species, stem tissue and trunk height significantly influenced the concentration of soluble sugar, starch and TNC (the sum of sugar and starch; P<0.01, except for the height effect on starch). The mean TNC concentration in bark of the three species (8.3%) was 3- and 5-times as much as that in sapwood and heartwood, respectively. The larch had the highest TNC concentration in bark (12.0%), but lowest TNC concentration in sapwood (1.9%). There was no significant difference in the TNC concentration in heartwood among the species. The relative vertical variations in TNC concentration of the tissues for the three species averaged at about 50%. The NSC concentration in bark and whole trunk increased with the increase of trunk length, while the NSC concentration in sapwood and heartwood of branchless trunk declined slightly with the increase of trunk length. Partitioning the variability in the trunk TNC storage estimation, we found that tree species contributed 32% of the variability, tissue contributed >25%, and trunk length variation alone contributed to 9%.[Conclusion] Species, tissue and trunk length significantly influenced the estimation of NSC storage in trunk, and the strength of the impact ranked as species> tissue> trunk length.

[Objective] This paper proposed a new method to judge tree horizontal distribution pattern by uniform angle index in order to further improve the theory of the uniform angle index to judge tree horizontal distribution pattern.[Method] 6000 simulated stands with an area of 70 m×70 m and with different densities and distribution patterns were produced by stand spatial structure analysis software (Winkelmass), the 2 field-tested broad-leaved korean pine forests in northeast China were then used to verify the accuracy of the new method for judging the stand and population horizontal distribution pattern, and the results were also compared with R aggregation index and Ripley's L.[Result] According to the conclusion of the mean value of uniform angle index (W) of random distribution stand conform to the normal distribution and its relationships with the standard deviation, this contribution proposed the new method of judgment stand/population spatial horizontal distribution pattern by uniform angle index. The 6000 simulated stands with different density and horizontal distribution patterns were produced by Winkelmass with an area of 70 m×70 m. The results of simulation data showed that the coincidence rate of uniform angle index normal distribution test method was 100% to different density in the same area,and the coincidence rate of aggregation index R increased with the increasing stand area. The judgment results of 70 m×70 m stand area and 50 trees showed that the average distance between adjacent trees was the key factor affecting the judgments results of aggregation index R to tree horizontal distribution pattern and the distance didn't affect the judgment results by the uniform angle index mean value normal distribution test. The results of stand data of temperate pine oak mixed forests on Xiaolongshan showed that stand and population horizontal distribution pattern was consistent with that judged by the new method and Ripley's L test when the confidence level was 0.05, however, the R aggregation index judged Pinus armandii horizontal distribution was random pattern. The results of stand data for Pinus koreansis broad-leaved forest in Jiaohe exhibited that Fraxinus mandshurica and Pinus koreansis horizontal distribution patterns were random by new method, other trees' population were consistent with Ripley's L test. The R aggregation index judged results showed that the stand distribution was cluster pattern, whereas Juglans mandshuric horizontal distribution pattern was random. When the confidence level was 0.1, the results of horizontal distribution pattern judged by the uniform angle index mean value normal distribution test were consistent with Ripley's L test, however, the difference increased significantly when judged by the R aggregation index with Ripley's L test, the confidence level influenced the pattern of the judgment results obviously.[Conclusion] Using the normal distribution test of uniform angle index mean value to judge the stand/population horizontal distribution pattern overcome the two problems.Firstly, uniform confidence interval is not suitable for evaluating the horizontal distribution pattern of sample surveys;Secondly,the distribution pattern of community in less population number might be soloved.Furthermore,this study could improve the theory of the uniform angle index to judge distribution pattern of trees, and enhance the accuracy and application scope.

[Objective] The aim of this study was to develop taper functions of dahurian larch(Larix gmelinii)based on widely used variable-exponent taper models developed by Kozak(1988),Kozak(1994),Kozak(2001)and Kozak(2002),and the significances of different regions were also tested.[Method] Stem taper data of dahurian larch was collected from three regions of Daxing'anling. SUR method in SAS software was used to fit the four taper equations. Coefficient determination(R_adj²), mean absolute bias(MAB), root mean square error(RMSE), mean percentage of bias(MPB)and prediction accuracy(P%)were employed to evaluate the precision of different models combining multicollinearity (CN)and graph of the residuals. The non-linear extra sum of squares method was used for regional comparison. The method required the fitting of full model and reduced model.[Result] 1)Variable-exponent taper models developed by Kozak(1988)and Kozak(1994)were better based on goodness of fit statistics and prediction precision, but they had high multicollinearity. The other models decreased multicollinearity and improved prediction precision of upper stem diameters. 2)F-test of regional comparison showed that stem taper in region 3 had large differences with region 1 and region 2. Stem taper in region 1 had small difference with region 2. Any two regional test showed significant difference(P<0.0001). It was indicated that any two regions could not use the same parameter estimates and separated parameter estimates were necessary. 3)Through the stem taper curve simulations in three regions, it could be seen that the same model showed the different taper curve simulations in three regions, especially the taper curves of model 3 showed significant difference in three regions. The taper curve simulations of other models showed small differences with region 1 and region 2, and significant difference was found for region 3. The results of simulations were consistent with the results from F-test. Different region had a significant effect on tree stem curve. Incorrectly application of taper models in different regions would result in larger prediction error.[Conclusion] Taper model developed by Kozak(2002)showed the consistent performance on fitting statistics, residual distribution, and multicollinearity. The prediction precision was more than 99%, and could be selected as the best taper equation for the three regions of Daxing'anling.

[Objective] Based on the trunk's shape and terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) data, the DBH, height and location of individual tree were estimated in the mountainous forests including natural forest stands and Cunninghamia plantation stands of Yunnan Province.[Method] DBH and height of individual tree were extracted by merged and single station TLS data. Location and DBH of individual tree were detected and extracted by applying a Hough transform algorithm coupled with trunk's shape. Then, tree height was estimated via trunk's direction and vertical distribution of canopy.[Result] 1) Based on multiple stations TLS data, the accuracy of tree identification was about 81% in the natural forest stands, with complicated stand structures and compositions. For the single station TLS data, the accuracy of tree identification decreased with the increasing TLS data area. The acquisition of single station TLS data was much easier than that of multiple stations. 2) Mosaicked multiple stations data provided higher accuracies of DBH and basal area of breast-height estimation, as compared to single station data. It was better to use the averages of multiple stations data to derive DBH and basal area of breast-height than single station data. It was more suitable to use data collected within a radius of 10 m to estimate DBH and basal area of breast-height than those collected within 5 m and 15 m radii. 3) The tree height estimation (R²=0.94,RMSE=0.96 m) of the plantations was more accurate than that (R²=0.77,RMSE=1.46 m) of the natural forests.[Conclusion] According to the feature along trunk, the most detected circle out of trunk could be deleted. This improved the estimating accuracies of tree detection, DBH and tree height. Locating single trunks and estimating DBH and height of individual trees were greatly dependent upon stand structural conditions and distributions of scanning stations. The merged multi scan TLS data extracted the most accurate result compared with averaged multi scan and single scan TLS data. The single scan TLS data showed occasional result.

[Objective] Under the influence of global climate change, the Northern China is experiencing more and more severe volatility in soil water contents, which may significantly affect photosynthesis. The objective was to elucidate the threshold effects of photosynthesis in leaves of Forsythia suspense to soil moisture, clarify the threshold range of photosynthetic productivity, and define the regional water adaptability, by investing the photosynthetic responses of F. suspense to different soil water conditions in spring and summer.[Method] A potted experiment was carried out in a greenhouse with two-year-old F. suspense seedlings. During the experiment, 14 levels of soil water regimes in spring and 10 levels in summer were applied with the artificial water supply and the natural water consumption by plants. At each soil water level in both spring and summer, light response of photosynthesis of F. suspensa was measured by using a Li-6400 portable photosynthesis system. By defining the net photosynthetic rate (P_n) and water use efficiency (WUE) of photosynthesis as the index of plant productivity and soil water efficiency, respectively, key thresholds and the grading of soil water in summer and spring were investigated.[Result] The results showed that when the relative soil water content (RSWC) decreased to 37.5% in spring and to 46.2% in summer, both P_n and WUE showed an obvious decrease with the continuous decreasing of RSWC. At the soil water point, the stomatal limitation changed into non-stomatal limitation in both seasons and the relationship between P_n and stomatal conductance (G_s) was also changed from linear relationship into non-linear relationship as RSWC decreased. All these indicated that when soil water decreased to the turning water point of stomatal mechanism of P_n (RSWC_SL→nSL), P_n begun to decrease seriously as the non-stomatal limitation dominated the decrease of photosynthesis. Thus, we defined RSWC_SL→nSL as the lower limit of soil water maintaining high productivity and efficiency in which P_n or WUE would be above the average level. As a result, the soil water point (RSWC_SL→nSL) was also one of the key thresholds of soil water. Meanwhile, the processes of P_n and WUE responding to RSWC in spring and summer were both able to be better fitted by polynomial, by which the other soil water thresholds were determined, including the water compensation point of P_n (RSWC_Pn=0), the water saturation point of P_n (RSWC_Pn=max), the water point of average P_n (RSWC_Pn=ave), the water saturation point of WUE (RSWC_WUE=max), and the water point of average WUE (RSWC_WUE=ave). RSWC_Pn=0, RSWC_SL→nSL, and RSWC_Pn=ave(or RSWC_WUE=ave) were defined as the lower limit of the low productivity or efficiency water, of the middle productivity or efficiency water, and of the high productivity or efficiency water, respectively, we graded the soil water of F. suspensa in both spring and summer into non-productivity and non-efficiency water (NPNEW), low productivity and low efficiency water (LPLEW), middle productivity and low efficiency water (MPMEW), high productivity and middle efficiency water (HPMEW), and high productivity and high efficiency water (HPHEW) using the coordinate graphic figures. In addition, there were differences in the key soil water thresholds or soil water ranges between the two seasons. The RSWC_Pn=max, RSWC_Pn=ave, RSWC_WUE=max, RSWC_WUE=ave, and RSWC_SL→nSL were all higher in summer than in spring. The upper and lower limits of available soil water to plants including LPLEW, MPMEW, HPMEW, HPHEW, were all higher in summer than in spring, indicating that the available soil water mass was different in different periods of plant growth.[Conclusion] Thus, the field soil water should be maintained in the range of HPHEW which is from 39.5% to 80.0% in spring and from 49.2% to 83.7% in summer, in which both P_n and WUE are higher than the average level so that F. suspensa can obtain higher productivity and efficiency. Meanwhile, the soil water thresholds, the water availability ranges, and the periods of plants growth and development should be considered in field water management of plants.

[Objective] Helianthemum songaricum is a rare and endangered relict perennial xeric shrubs in western Ordos. Water plays an important role in the growth and function of desert plants,and precipitation is the main water source in arid and semiarid regions. Therefore researches on the water use patterns of desert plants under different intensities of rain events are helpful to understand the growth regulation and distribution tendency of plants and their response mechanism to rainfall.[Method] To quantify the utilization of rains with different pulse intensities by H. songaricum and Sarcozygium xanthoxylum, we established and analyzed relationships between plant xylem water of H. songaricum and S. xanthoxylum and potential water (precipitation, soil water and ground water) within 9 days following each natural rain eventusing hydrogen stable isotopes.[Result] 1) We found that the soil moisture increased and soil water δ Ddecreased in the surface soil of 0-20 cm after 8.6 mm within 9 days, and the soil moisture and soil water δ Dchanged obviously in the soil of 0-40 cm after 12.1 mm within 9 days, whereas the soil moisture and soil water δ Dchanged significantly in all soil depth after 79.6 mm with in 9 days. 2) For the three rain events observed, the utilization rate of rain water by H. songaricum and S. xanthoxylum within 9 days was the highest under the large rain event (>20mm) at 76.4%-98.5% and 55.6%-74.3% respectively. The highest utilization rate of rain water by H. songaricum within 9 days was 67.0% under the small rain event(<10 mm)and 71.8%under the intermediate event.It is indicated that H. songaricum could use the limited rain water effectively, which could greatly improve its chance for survival. 3) The utilization rate of rain water by H. songaricum was significantly higher than that by S. xanthoxylum in despite of the intensities of rain events.4) In the intermediate rain event, the competition between H. songaricum and S. xanthoxylum for the soil water was obvious.However in the small rain event,no competition between the two species was observed in the same vegetation communities as they were dependent on soil water in different layers.5) The root of H. songaricum was mainly distributed in soil layers of 0-40 cm, its fine roots are mostly distributed in the layers of 0-20 cm and 20-40 cm, which accounted for 58% and 37% of the total fine root biomass respectively, while the root biomass of S. xanthoxylum was primarily distributed in soil layers of 20-60 cm, its fine roots were mostly distributed in the layers of 20~60 cm (68.2%).[Conclusion] The large rain event (>20 mm) affected the soil moisture and soil water δ D in all soil layers, whereas the intermediate rain event (10-20 mm) displayed influences in the soil layers of 0-40 cm and the small rain event (≤10 mm) only in the surface soil layers of 0-20 cm.H. songaricum could use the rain water effectively under different invensity rainfalls, but S. xanthoxylum only depended on heavy rain.The water use patterns of H. songaricum and S. xanthoxylum were consistent with the distribution patterns of their root systems.

We investigated the relationship between the growth characteristics and the change of endogenous hormone contents in needles and root tips of Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) with different phosphorus (P) use efficiency under lower P condition, to provide a basis for further understanding of the mechanism of responding to the P stress.[Method] Two half-sib families of Chinese fir (No.4 and No.41, respectively with low and high P use efficiencies under no P supply condition) were treated with three different P levels (P₁:no P supply, 0 mmol·L^-1 KH₂PO₄; P₂:low P supply, 0.5 mmol·L^-1 KH₂PO₄; P₃:normal P supply, 1.0 mmol·L^-1 KH₂PO₄) and cultured in sand medium indoor to investigate the growth of seedlings under different P levels, and the contents of cytokinins (ZT), gibberellins (GA₃), growth hormone (IAA) and abscisic acid (ABA) in needles and roots.[Result] 1) Under no P supply condition, the increments of the average length, surface area and diameter of roots, and the root to shoot ratio of family No.41 were significantly higher than those of family No.4 (P<0.05). 2) Under low P supply condition, the contents of ZT and IAA in the needles of family No.4 were significantly higher than those of family No.41; the content of ZT in roots of the two families were lower than those of normal P level (P<0.05), but both of IAA and ABA contents were significantly increased; the content of ABA in family No.41 seedlings roots was higher than that in family No.4 (P<0.05). 3) Under normal P supply condition, there was no significant correlation between the contents of endogenous hormones and the growth characteristics of the seedlings. Under low P supply condition, the contents of IAA and GA₃ in family No.4 both were negatively correlated with the root length increment (P<0.05); for family No.41, the content of ZT in needles was positively correlated with root length increment, like as root surface area increment (P<0.05), and the content of IAA was positively correlated with the height increment, which was negatively correlated with ABA (P<0.05). Under no P supply condition, the content of IAA in needles of family No.4 was positively correlated with the height increment (P<0.01), whereas the content of ABA in the roots was negatively correlated with the increments of root length, root surface area and root diameter respectively (P<0.05); for family No.41, only the root diameter increment was significantly correlated with the content of ZT, like as GA₃. The seedlings treated with low P and normal P levels displayed no significant correlation between the endogenous hormone contents in needles and the root to shoot ratio; the contents of ZT and GA₃ in roots of family No.4 was positively and negatively correlated with the root to shoot ratio respectively, while the ZT content of family No.41 was negatively and positively correlated with the root to shoot ratio respectively (P<0.01).[Conclusion] Under low P supply condition, compared with family No.41 with higher P use efficiency, the root growth of family No.4 with lower P use efficiency was significantly inhibited. Under no P supply condition, the contents of ABA in needles and roots of the two families with different P use efficiencies (No.4 and No.41) were both significantly increased, but the content of ZT in roots significantly decreased; moreover, there was positive correlation between the ZT content and the root to shoot ratio in seedlings of family No.4, or negative correlation in seedlings of family No.41 which had a high P use efficiency. This is probably related to the capacities of different families with different P use efficiencies in diluting and releasing P nutrient by the aerenchyma of the roots under low P condition.

[Objective] This study was aimed to studying the suitable conditions of in vitro pollen germination and the methods of pollen viability test for Acacia auriculiformis in order to provide a basis for hybrid breeding of A. auriculiformis and creating new breeding material by artificial pollination.[Methods] Pollen of A. auriculiformis was collected after 10:00 am on the next day of collection of flower clusters using the brush method. The pollen was germinated in vitro in conditions with different temperatures, the different concentrations of sucrose and boric acid, and suitable conditions for in vitro pollen germination of A. auriculiformis were chosen. Peroxidase method, I₂-KI method and in vitro pollen germination method were used to detect the pollen viability of A. auriculiformis, and the effectiveness of these methods was assessed.[Results] When the pollen was cultured at 28℃, germination rate was 71.99%, the average length of pollen tubes was 5.3 D (1D=the length of pollen grain), the average number of pollen tubes was 6.2, which were significantly higher than those of the other culture temperatures. When the culture medium contained 200 g·L^-1 sucrose, the pollen germination rate was 84.96%, the average length of pollen tubes was 5.8 D, the average number of pollen tubes was 6.2, which were significantly higher than those of the other sucrose concentrations. When the culture medium contained 300 mg·L^-1 boric acid, the pollen germination rate was 75.32%, the average length of pollen tubes could reach 4.8 D, the average number of pollen tube was 5.4, which were significantly higher than those of the other boric acid concentrations. A. auriculiformis pollen in the culture medium at 30℃ culture temperature with 200 g·L^-1 sucrose and 300 mg·L^-1 boric acid had a germination rate of 98.26%, and the length of pollen tubes could be up to 10 times of the composite pollen length, and 10 pollen tubes could be produced at most, significantly higher than other treatments. When cultured for 3 h, the pollen germination rate was 65.74%, when cultured for 6 h, the pollen germination rate was 90.5%, and for 24 h the pollen germination rate tends to be stabilized, reaching the maximum rate of 98.26%. By peroxidase method, pollen viability was 99.67%, by I₂-KI method it was 99%, and by in vitro pollen germination it was 98.15%. There were no significant differences among the viabilities detected by the three methods.[Conclusion] Among the different treatments of A. auriculiformis pollen, the pollen germinations were significantly different. The most suitable conditions for in vitro pollen germination of A. auriculiformis was 200 g·L^-1 sucrose and 100 mg·L^-1 boric acid and 30℃ culture temperature, in which the pollen germination rate was 98.26%. There were no significant difference among the pollen viabilities detected by peroxidase, I₂-KI and in vitro pollen germination. The results provide a theoretical basis for collection, storage, and viability test of pollen of A. auriculiformis, and also an important foundation for controlled artificial pollination and breeding new hybrid varieties of Acacia in the future.

[Objective] By frequently investigating and collecting specimens of Cerambycidae adults, the species composition was compared in different times. Flight activity period of Cerambycidae adults were described scientifically and compared precisely, which is important for monitoring pest and making use of biological indicator species.[Method] Temporal dynamics of species diversity of Cerambycidae were systematically surveyed in broad-leaved Korean pine forest of Jiaohe Forestry Experimental Administration in southern Zhangguangcai Mountains, Jilin Province with flying intercepted traps from 2012 to 2013, and by systematically quantitative analysis of 11 different specimen collection time.[Result] a total of 1252 Cerambycidae adults specimens, belonging to 7 subfamilies, 41 genera, 64 species were caught by intercepted traps, including 44 rare species, accounting for 68.75% of the species number. Anaglyptus colobotheoidae, recorded in the first time in this area, was collected frequently. The species number and individual number were significantly different in different collection time, the peak time of the numbers of species and individuals of Cerambycidae adults occured from late June to middle July, and then the numbers gradually deceased to the lowest in early September. The similarity of Cerambycidae was the highest between June and July, and reached moderate similarity. The mean ordinal dates of Aseminae(220±10)and Disteniinae(220±10)adult emergence were significantly higher than that of other subfamilies. Cerambycinae(187±25), Lamiinae(187±24), Lepturinae(183±25), Aseminae(177±15) and Necydalinae(175±13) adult emergence were not significantly different in the mean ordinal dates.[Conclusion] The peak time of the eclosion and activity of Cerambycidae is in ordinal dates 170, 180, and 190, by which most of plants are in full blooms, thus many Cerambycidae adults with flower-visiting behavior begin activity, and Cerambycidae shows higher species diversity. The flight activity period distribution of Cerambycidae adults in this study is similar to that of Hanks et al. in Canada, and the peak time of flight activity period in this study is earlier. The beginning time of activation and duration are different for different species, which shows the diversity of the eclosion time and activity period of Cerambycidae. Thirteen species of Cerambycidae appear only in a sampling time, indicating that the activity time of these species adults are short, and sensitive to environmental change. The activation peak time of dominant species should receive more attention, especially for potential hazards species.

[Objective] This research aims at providing theory and scientific evidence for the forest sustainable development, management and biodiversity conservation in Liangshui Nature Reserve, Xiaoxing'anling Mountains, by surveying the responsion of the insect community to the ecological environment of six forest types.[Method] To systematically study the diversity and structure of insect community in Liangshui Nature Reserve, the structure, characteristic indexes of diversity, temporal dynamics, stability, principal components and similarity were investigated by the sweep-net, shaking-off and observation methods from May 2013 to September 2013, in the present study. Sample locations included spruce plantations (YR), natural secondary birches forest (B), Korean pine plantation (HR), linden-Korean pine (DY), picea-Korean pine (YY) and maple birch-Korean pine forest(FY).[Result] A total of 4,599 insects belonging to 188 species, 67 families and 9 orders, were collected in the six forest types, among which Hymenoptera and Diptera were the dominant groups. The insect diversity indexes in the six forest types were relatively high. The diversity index and evenness index in YR and YY were higher, while the dominant concentration were lower than that in other forest type. In all sample locations, the diversity index (H') of the insect community had significantly consistent seasonal variation trend was with the evenness index (J) (r=0.708~0.955, P<0.05), and negatively correlated with the dominant concentration index (C) (r=-0.863~-0.983, P<0.001). The diversity index (H') of the insect community also was significantly correlated with the richness index (S), except the forest type of YR. While, the diversity index (H') of the insect community in YY, DY, and B was significantly correlated with the individual number. There was difference in the insect community stability calculated by different method. The S_t/S_i ratio showed that the community stability was in a decrease order YY> YR> B> FY> DY> HR, while, the S_n/S_p ratio showed YR=HR> FY> B> YY> DY. The above results showed that the insect community stability was higher in YR and YY, but lower in HR and DY. In forest insect communities of every forest type, defoliator insect community was always the most divers. In YR, the individual number of neutral insects was most divers. While, in YR, the individual number of phytophagous insects was the most. In other four forest types, the individual number of predatory insects was always the most. The principal components analysis indicated that the dominant factor of community in YY and YR, was species number of neutral insects. While, in DY and HR, the individual and species numbers of phytophagous insects were the dominant factors. In B and FY, the dominant affective factor of community first was the individual number of neutral insects, and then changed into individual number of phytophagous insects. Cluster analysis showed that the all insect communities were able to be divided into two major communities in the surveyed six forest types. One community contains the insect communities in B, YY and YR. The other community occurs in other three forest types (HR,DY and FY).[Conclusion] The results of this study showed that the insect community stability of HR and DY, was lowest among the all forest types. It would be useful to increase the plant diversity for increasing the individual number of insects in the first nutritional layer. In DY, the largest insect community was phytophagous, therefore, the insect community stability should be enhanced by increasing the richness of the natural enemy insects.

[Objective] The objectives of this study were to investigate and evaluate the influences of shrub plantation on the ground-dwelling arthropod diversity and their functional structure. With the adjacent exclosure grassland as a control, the effectiveness of afforested shrub plantation on the mobile sand land fixation was examined in terms of ground-dwelling diversity and trophic structure.[Method] In the desertified grassland of Yanchi County of Ningxia, the mobile sand land, and 6-, 15-, 36-years-old shrub plantations, as well as the adjacent exclosure grassland were selected as the experimental sites. The ground-dwelling arthropods and their functional structure were investigated by pitfall trapping method.[Result] 1) It was found that the Labiduridae, Tenebrionidae, and Melolonthidae families were the dominant groups, accounting for 78.84% of the total individuals. There were seven common groups, accounting for 15.23% of the total individuals. The other 26 taxon belonged to the rare groups, accounting for 5.93% of the total individuals. Meantime, there was marked different distribution of arthropod individuals between the microhabitats. For example, the Phalangidae, Lycosidae, Sphecidae families dominated the microhabitats beneath the shrub cover, whereas the Carabidae family dominated the mobile sand land. 2) Abundance of total ground-dwelling arthropods and the abundance of predators and herbivores decreased markedly (P<0.05) after the establishment of shrub afforestation for 6 years in the previous mobile sand land, whereas a reverse pattern was observed in the taxa richness and the Shannon index, as well as taxa richness of predators and herbivores. The total individuals of ground-dwelling arthropods in 6-, 15-, and 36-years-old shrub plantations and the exclosure grassland, and the individual number of predators and herbivores decreased by 79%-95%, 83%-95% and 72%-95%, respectively, whereas the taxa richness, Shannon index, and the richness of predators and herbivores increased by 0.6-1.4, 1.0-2.0, 0.2-1.0, 1.0-2.0, respectively, in comparison to the mobile sand land. 3) During the process of the stabilization, the total abundances and the abundance of both functional groups were found no significant (P>0.05) changes between the afforested shrubland and the exclosure grassland, whereas the taxa richness and Shannon index increased markedly (P<0.05). Taxa richness in 15-years-old shrubland was found to be close to that in the exclosure grassland, whereas the Shannon index in 36-years-old shrubland was found to be close to that in the exclosure grassland. 4) During the process of the stabilization, the taxa richness of predators and herbivores increased (P<0.05) markedly, with 6-years-old shrubland being close to the exclosure grassland, whereas the taxa richness of herbivores reached the peak before those of predators did, with the former in 15-years-old shrubland and the latter in 36-years-old shrubland. The interaction between predators and herbivores was impacted more by the land cover changes from mobile sand land to afforested shrubland, whereas little effect of shrub age was found. The herbivore groups quantitatively contributed much more to the trophic relationship in comparison to the predator ones.[Conclusion] It was suggested that the afforested shrubland could facilitate the fast recovery of taxon richness and diversity of ground-dwelling arthropods. After the establishment of shrub plantation, the relative stability of taxonomic and throphic structure of ground-dwelling arthropods could be maintained. During the process of shrub plantation development, the herbivores groups recovered before the predators groups did, which is beneficial to the maintenance of trophic structure stability and restoration of ecosystem functions. The shrub plantation had better effectiveness on recovery of ground-dwelling arthropods biodiversity conservation than the exclosure grassland.

[Objective] Cellulose microfibril aggregate is the main component of bamboo cell wall which is important to study. However, bamboo cell wall is too hard to prepare the sample, and the technology with high resolution is not enough. Therefore, it is very different to study the cellulose micrifibril aggregates in bamboo cell wall.[Method] Bamboo strips were delignified by chemical treatment before being immersed in resin. Then the delignified bamboo cell wall was cut and polished by diamond knife which was ready for observing with an atomic force microscopy(AFM). The cellulose microfbril aggregates in bamboo fiber and parenchyma cell wall were investigated by Tapping Mode using an AFM.[Result] Height images and phase images were obtained by observing the prepared bamboo samples with an AFM.There were polylamellate structures in both fiber and parenchyma cell wall which changed according to the position in the vascular bundle. The amount of high bright material changed in different position of each layer was calculated by observing the phase images in one vascular bundle. Besides, the high bright material between the neighbor layers was more than other place; the size of high bright materials was similar in fiber cell wall, but different in parenchyma cell wall.[Conclusion] The Tapping Mode in AFM is an effective method to observe bamboo cell wall with pre-treatment which can not only get the image chosen before but also can get the information both on polylamellate structure and on cellulose microfibril aggregates in each cell wall layer. Cellulose microfibril aggregates distributed randomly in the cross section of both fiber and parenchyma cell wall. The amount of cellulose microfibril aggregates was various in different layers of bamboo fiber cell wall. Cellulose micrifibril aggregates in fiber cell wall were obviously higher in the edge of each layer than that in the middle place, which was more obvious in the parenchyma cell wall. The size of cellulose microfibril aggregate was almost the same in fiber cell wall, but different in parenchyma cell wall.

[Objective] DOM (dissolved organic matter) is an important labile carbon source in soil, and can be an important factor regulating CO₂ emission of forest soil. This study will improve understanding of the role of DOM on forest C cycle.[Method] We added DOM from leaf litter and dead roots of Cunninghamia lanceolata and Castanopsis carlesii to soil to examine the effects of carbon inputs on soil CO₂ efflux and microbial community composition by phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis through laboratory incubations for 36 hours. The treatments were as follows:soil with DOM from C. carlesii leaf litter, soil with DOM from C. lanceolata leaf litter, soil with DOM from C. carlesii dead root, soil with DOM from C. lanceolata dead root, and a control (soil with deionized water). Mineral soil (0-10 cm) was from an 11-year-old C. lanceolata plantation in Sanming of Fujian Province, China. Carbon mineralization was determined using CO₂ respiration method.[Result] The contents of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) from leaf litter were much higher than those from dead roots, and the humification index (HIX) values of the DOM were opposite. The maximum rates of C mineralization occurred in 2 hours following addition of DOM from dead roots of C. lanceolata and C. carlesii, and were 7.3 and 8.3 times higher than that of control respectively, then decreased to 78.9% and 66.3% of the maximum values by 24 hours. In contrast, the maximum rates of C mineralization were in 12 hours following addition of DOM from leaf litter of C. lanceolata and C. carlesii, and the magnitudes were 20.6 and 13.2 times that of control respectively, then decreased to 84.0% and 53.1% of the maximum by 24 hours. PLFA analysis showed that the contents of gram-positive bacteria, gram-negative bacteria, actinomycetes and fungi in soils added with DOM from C. carlesii leaf litter were 27%, 38%, 46% and 41% lower than those of soils added with DOM from C. lanceolata leaf litter, respectively (P<0.05). Compared to soils added with DOM from dead roots of C. lanceolata, the contents of gram-positive bacteria, gram-negative bacteria and fungi were 21%, 21% and 22% lower in soils added with DOM from dead roots of C. carlesii, respectively (P<0.05). After 36 h incubation, the ratios of gram-positive bacteria to gram-negative bacteria in soils added with DOM from C. carlesii leaf litter and the control were higher than those in untreated soil, while compared to untreated soil, the ratio of fungi to bacteria was lower following additions of DOM from leaf litter of C. carlesii.[Conclusion] There was significant difference in the microbial community composition following additions of DOM from various sources, and the maximum rates of C mineralization following addition of DOM depended on the quantity and quality of DOM.

[Objective] The laticifer cells in rubber tree (Hevea brasliensis) are characterized by the presence of abundant rubber particles, a kind of organelles specific for rubber biosynthesis and storage. However, the origination of rubber particles still remains controversial. Ultrastructural observation was performed to ascertain rubber particle origination and lay a foundation for further understanding of the function of rubber particles.[Method] By using transmission electron microscope (TEM) technique, the ultrastructure of laticifer cells at different development stages in the bark of both tender shoot and mature rubber tree trunk was investigated.[Result] In primary laticifers of the tender shoot, the recognizable original rubber particles appeared as small electron-dense spherical particles in the dense cytoplasm. The particles mainly distributed in the regions where abundant endoplasmic reticula (ER) and ribosomes were present. In the trunk of mature rubber tree, the young secondary laticifer cells near the vascular cambia contained abundant endoplasmic reticula and scattered rubber particles as well as various organelles with legible outlines, which is suitable for exploring the origination of rubber particles. At higher magnification, small electron-dense spherical particles with a diameter of about 50 nm were found to connect to the ERs while larger spherical particles with clear membrane and electron-lucency dispersed in the surrounding. The changes in diameter and interior of the spherical particles were consistent with the rubber particle development. There were small spherical particles near Golgi body. These particles were different from the original rubber particles in that their inclusion appeared to be granular other than homogenous electron-dense. The matured and ageing secondary laticifer cells were not suitable for investigating organelle origination since the matured secondary laticifer cells filled with rubber particles while rubber particle coagulation occurred in the ageing secondary laticifer cells.[Conclusion] The immature secondary laticifer cells near the vascular cambia are suitable for studying the origination of rubber particles. At this developmental stage, the connection of original rubber particles to ERs was clearly observed in the secondary laticifer cells, supporting the viewpoint that the rubber particle was originated from ERs. The results not only provide the cytological evidence for origination of rubber particles, but also provide a basis for studying the derivation of other organelles. It is necessary to investigate the origination of small and large rubber particles by using techniques as colloid gold-labeled immunocytological localization, considering the difference in composition of membrane proteins and function between the two kinds of rubber particles.

[Objective] High groundwater salinity magnetization treatment measures are advanced international alkali-saline land treatment technology. The investigation on the magnetic treatment influence of photosynthesis and physiological characteristics of Fraxinus velutina further showed the mechanism of how to promote F. velutina's growth under magnetic treatment. The study also provides reference and a basis in agricultural for the application of magnetic technology, forestry production, soil improvement and vegetation repair.[Method] In this study, we imitated the seawater composition and proportional allocation series of concentration gradients used as the irrigation water (0, 6, 10 mg·L^-1). After magnetic treatment the water was used to continuously irrigate the potting one-year-old Fraxinus velutina. seedlings. Photosynthesis, chlorophyll fluorescence and the seedling growth were used as the parameters to test effects of the magnetic water on the seedlings. The height increment and biomass were measured at the end of the experiment. Root system characteristic was analyzed by a root analysis system.[Result] 1) There were significant differences in photosynthetic parameters (P_n, Tr, G_s, C_i, P_n/Tr, F_v/F_m, ΦPSⅡ) between magnetic and non-magnetic water irrigation. The magnetic water irrigated seedlings had stronger photosynthetic capacity. The non-magnetic water irrigated seedlings suffered greater harm. 2) The higher salt concentration, the lower biomass F. velutina obtained. The magnetic water irrigation promoted the biomass's accumulation to a certain degree. 3) Based on the results, the possible mechanism of the improvement of photosynthetic capacity is proposed. That is, more free water molecules would be produced after the magnetic treatment. The water molecules enter the plant cells, forming more hydrogen bonds with chlorophyll a, which would increase conversion rate of plant chlorophyll a. Thus, the photosynthesis would be increased, the resistance be enhanced and the growth be promoted.[Conclusion] The magnetic treatment improved the photosynthetic capacity and biomass of F. velutina, therefore reduced the level of salt damage to plants.

[Objective] ‘Yuluxiangli’ forms wizened buds in some pear orchards. In this study, the dynamic changes of the mineral elements in normal flower buds in short shoot and adjacent blades were measured to investigate the effects of mineral elements on flower bud differentiation, and further explore the formation mechanism of ‘wizened buds’ in pear. This study aims at providing the theory for preventing wizened buds formation.[Method] The Yuluxiangli short branches flower buds with normal development and the adjacent leaves, collected in Shanxi Taigu and Hebei Weixian, were used as the experimental materials. The flower bud development was observed with paraffin method and section. The K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn and Zn contents during flower bud differentiation were determined with flame atom absorption method.[Result] 1) The time of stopped growth of annual branches in wizened bud pear orchard was later and the growth amount were significantly more than that in normal pear orchards. This result indicated that the delay stop growth and excessive growth of branches affected the flower bud development. 2) The bud morphological differentiation stage of ‘Yuluxiangli’ began from early June to mid-June. After flower bud differentiation phase finished (in middle of July), buds appeared browning and death, which was observed under the microscope. The result suggested that wizened buds in pear would happen in mid July during the sepal differentiation phase.3) The contents of mineral elements were obviously different in wizened bud pear orchard and normal pear orchards. From June 15 to August 15, contents of K, Ca, Mg, Mn and Zn in the buds in the wizened bud pear orchard were lower than that in normal pear orchards; Fe content in the buds in the wizened bud pear orchard was higher than that in normal pear orchards; Ca and Mg contents in the leaves in the wizened bud pear orchard were higher than that in normal pear orchards; Mn and Zn contents in the leaves in the wizened bud pear orchard were lower than that in normal pear orchards; K and Fe content of the leaves were no significant difference in different pear orchards.[Conclusion] In normal pear orchard in Weixian the cultivation measures, such as water-controlling, fertilizer-controlling, branch-drooping, girdling, plant growth retardants, were applied besides the regular management, which effectively inhibited the vegetative growth, returned to normal mineral nutrition metabolism and significantly reduced formation of wizened buds.

[Objective] A survey of infection in equids Gasterophilus spp. was conducted in Inner Mongol-Xinjiang region and Qinghai Tibet region in order to examine the infection diversity and parasitic characteristics of Gasterophilosis epidemic in the three regions.[Method] Equids in the Kalamaili Nature Reserve, Xinjiang, and Duolun, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region in Mongol-Xinjiang region, Maduo, Qinghai Province in Qinghai Tibet region were treated with ivermectin to investigate and analyze the number and species of Gasterophilus spp. in the desert, desert-steppe and cold alpine steppe of these regions in the same winter.[Result] 1) Infection with Gasterophilus larvae was very common in horses in all these regions with an infection rate of 100%. 2) Gasterophilus spp. infecting the horses in both Xinjiang and Inner Mongolia belonged to six species of the genus, including G. pecorum, G. nasalis, G. intestinalis, G. nigricornis, G. haemorrhoidalis and G. inermis, which have been all reported in China, while only two species of the genus (G. pecorum and G. nasalis) were found in Qinghai. The component similarity index of Gasterophilus spp. was 1 (Xinjiang and Inner Mongolia), 0.33 (Xinjiang and Qinghai) and 0.33 (Inner Mongolia and Qinghai), respectively. 3) Shannon-Wiener index of Gasterophilus spp. that infected hosts was 1.31 in Duolun, Inner Mongolia, significantly higher than Maduo, Qinghai(0.23)and Kalamaili, Xinjiang (0.21), which also being part of Mongol-Xinjiang region. The evenness index of Gasterophilus spp. that infected hosts was highest in Duolun, Inner Mongolia (0.73), followed by that in Maduo, Qinghai (0.34), and lowest in Kalamaili, Xinjiang (0.12). This indicated a wider variety of Gasterophilus spp. species in Duolun, Inner Mongolia. 4) G. pecorum accounted for 96.17% and 93.17% of the larvae in Kalamaili, Xinjiang and Maduo, Qinghai, respectively, and was absolutely the dominant species in these two regions, while G. intestinalis (infection rate was 52.40%) and G. nasalis (infection rate was 23.80%) were the dominant species in Duolun, Inner Mongolia.[Conclusion] 1) The intensity of infection in Mongol-Xinjiang region was higher than that in Qinghai Tibet region. 2) More species were found in Mongol-Xinjiang region than Qinghai Tibet region. 3) The diversity of Gasterophilus spp. was influenced by the environmental conditions of its hosts. There would be a direct relationship between the differences of Gasterophilus species in Mongol-Xinjiang region and Qinghai Tibet region and the big differences of natural conditions of the two regions. Lower diversity was discovered under harsh conditions because there was oversize in some individual species or the small number of species. 4) G. pecorum would have successful reproductive strategies that adapts to the harsh environmental conditions. The prevalence of G. pecorum infection was more than 90% in both desert-steppe and cold alpine environment, and this might be closely related with its unique mode of transmission that laid eggs on grass and contaminated the pasture.

The variety, ‘Huilin88’, was selected from the open-pollinated progeny of elite female clones of Populus simonii. Based on clonal test of 17 years, it was found that the variety has notable vigor in growth. The seedling survival rate of the variety could be 87% using traditional seedling method, and the basal diameter and stem height increased by 28.2% and 22.4% than control, respectively. The measurements of 7-year-plantations in sandy field showed that the volume of wood of the variety was 60.9% greater than control. In summary, the variety has some good characteristics, such as fast-growth, strong resistance in cold, drought, barren and pest.