This paper is mainly dealing with three aspects of aerial sowing in site,species and time to approach the feasibility for afforestation. The comparison was made of the results of aerial sowing between four different types of environment,the arid,semi-arid,semi-humid and humid.An analysis was done of the biological characters and the regularity of seeding surviving for Pinus massoniana,P.yunnanensis,P.tabulaeformis,Astragalus adsurgens and Hedysarum mongolicum which might represent species suitable for aerial sowing.The work of sowing seeds could be done all the year round depending upon the condition of rainfall and temperatures in different regions. From what have been achieved in the past 20 years in China it may be concluded that the application of the technology for aerial sowing has broad prospects in afforestation.

This paper is a continued work of the similar research conducted by the senior author et al in 1978—1979.The area covered by this research has been expanded to the whole western mountain area in Beijing.66 new sample plots were set up in various site conditions,in which besides all the ordinary measurements 4 additional growth parameters (top heights Ⅰ and Ⅱ,growth intercepts Ⅰ and Ⅱ) were measured.After statistical processing of the data with the emphasis on the multiple regression analysis of the growth parameters in connection with their site factors,it has been found out that the soil fertility is the dominant factor and the elevation and aspect are the subdominant factor that influnce the growth of Pinus tabulaeformis.Some multiple regression equations have been worked out,according to which the growth prediction tables for the top heights and growing stocks of Pinus tabulaeformis at the standard age of 25 have been made.The most suitable sites,normally suitable site and unsuitable site for Pinustabulae-formis have been distinguished.

Considering the realities of China,the author in this paper uses TASITI SUZIKI's forest transition matrix model theory to establish the growth and yield models for each of the three working groups,China fir,Masson pine,mixed hardwood forest,in Kai Hua county,Zhejiang province. Using linear programing,the author works out the most optimum project of forest management.

This paper is a synopsis of the Chinese Diprionidae.At present 6 genera and 29 species belonging to 2 subfamilies are known in our country.Of these species 7 are new to science and 3 are recorded for the first time from China.All the type-specimens are preserved in the insect collection of the Division of Forest Entomology,the Forest Research Institute,the Chinese Academy of Forestry,Beijing,China. 1. Nesodiprion deqenicus Xiao et Zhou n.sp.(figs.3-12,5-30) The new species is closely allied to Nesodiprion yananicus Huang et Zhou,but differs from the latter in having the head and thorax with bluish purplish lustre,posterior angle of pronotum bright yellowish white,mesoscutellum with sparse coarse punctures abdominal tergite I only central part with punctures;apices of ventral lobes of annuli 2—4 slightly immarginate;central part of velviceps projecting dorsally and ventrally,about 8 spines on ventral projecting portion,ergot definite. Holotype ♀,Yunnan,Deqen Zang Aut.Pr.,Zhongdian Co.,1983.Ⅳ.20,3320 m.Li Zhi xin leg.,Allotype♂,same data as for holotype; paratype 4♀,1♂ same data as for holotype. 2. Gilpinia baiyinaobaoa Xiao et Huang n.sp.(fig.4-21) This species is closely related to Gilpinia virens (Kl.),but differs from the latter in having each antenna yellowish brown with its both sides blackish,base of pterostigma blackish brown,and lancet with 10 annuli. Holotype ♀,Nei Mongol (Inner Mongolia) (Baiyinaobao),1958.Ⅶ. 10 Wang Geicheng leg. 3. Gilpinia pinicola Xiao et Huang n.sp.(fig.4-26) The female of the new species is easily distinguished from that of other species in the genus by the first two segments of antenna,pronotum,mesopleuron and legs yellow,and by the anterior margin of clypeus moderately immarginate,arcuate. Holotype ♀,Heilongjian (Dailing),1959.Ⅳ.10,Zhou Shi-xiu leg. 4. Gilpinia lipuensis Xiao et Huang n.sp.(figs.3-18,4-24) The new species resembles Gilpinia socia (Klug),but distinguishes from the latter by female yellowish brown without black spots,antenna shorter than width of head,mesoscutellum with sparse coarse punctures,lancet with 12 annuli,median portion of annulus 1 without tooth,ventral lobes of annuli 2 and 3 quadrate in shape;penis valve slender,apex of valviceps forked. Holotype ♀,Guangxi,Lipu Co.,1981.Ⅳ.25,Hu Chaofeng leg.;Allotype♂,same data as for holotype;paratype 34♀,2♂,same data as for holotype. 5. Neodiprion guangxiicus Xiao et Zhou n.sp.(figs.3-20,5-32) The new species is close to Neodiprion huizeensis Xiao et Zhou,but differs from the latter in having mesoscutellum,mesoprescutum,mesoscutum with same coloration,cenchrus deep yellow,wing veins blackish brown,central portion of pterostigma subhyaline,scopal pad blackish yellow with its lower part more acute,lacent generally with 9 annuli;penis valve relatively straight with a small spine on its apex. Holotype ♀,Guangxi,Bobai Co.,1981.Ⅺ.23,Lu Xian-wen leg.;Allotype♂,same data as for holotype,except for date "1981.Ⅹ.31";paratype 8♀,9♂,same date as for holotype and allotype respectively. 6. Neodiprion piceae Xiao et Zhou n.sp.(figs.3-19,5-34) The new species recembles Neodiprion tsugae Midd.,but distinguishes from the latter by female reddish brown,spots on abdominal tergite Ⅰ mostly and on Ⅱ entirely black or blackish brown,lancet with 10 annuli;apex of penis valve truncate. Holotype ♀,Hebei,Fengning Co.,1982.Ⅶ.15,Wang Da-zhou leg.;Allotype♂,same data as for holotype except for date "1980.Ⅳ.";paratype 3♀,2♂,same date as for holotype and allotype respectively. 7. Neodiprion dailingensis Xiao et Zhou n.sp.(fig.5-33) The female of the new species is very similar to that of Neodiprion sertifer (Geoffroy),but differs from the latter in having the lancet with only 8 annuli. Holotype ♀,Heilongjiang (Dailing),1959.Ⅸ.9,Zhou Shi-xiu leg.;paratype 35♀,1956.Ⅷ.3;Ⅸ.14,same data as for holotype. 8. Gilpinia fennica (Fors.) Host:Picea sp. Distribution:Heilongjiang Prov.(Dailing);South Finland. 9. Gilpinia virens (K1.) Host:Picea koraiensis Nakai Distribution:Heilonjiang Prov.(Dailing);From Europe to Siberia. 10. Gilpinia tohi Takeuchi Host:Picea Koraiensis Nakai Ditribution:Heilongjian Prov.(Dailing);Hokkaido,Japan.

The scale Eulecanium gigantea Shinji.injures mainly on Robinia pseudoacacia L.and Sophora japonica L.in Lanzhou.It has one generation a year and serious damages may be occurred during April-May of the year.The 2nd instar nymphs overwinter mainly on the 1 or 2-year branches.The development time for adult females,males,eggs,nymphs and pupae usually takes 27.2,2.7,25.1,321.8,and 14.5 days respestively on average. Parthenogenesis is not occurred in this species.A female scale lays 2888 eggs on average.The fluctuations of daily temperature and relative humidity have profound effect on this insect. A species of encyrtids and a parasitic moth seem to play an important role in the natural control of this insect. For chemical control 90% fluoroacetamide (1:1500—1000),50% fenitrothion emulsion (1:500—350) and 50% carbophenothion emulsion (1:1500—1000) applied at early nymphal stage gave good control and resulted in 94.3—99.7% mortality.

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate some research results on quantitative analysis of wood and tomical elements of two Poplar species (Populus pseudo-simonii and P.X xiaozhuanica). The measurements are made with an automatic image analyser on microscopic transverse sections of the stem of some 18 years old trees.The proportions of the various tissues in growth rings and the dimensions of vessels,fibers and rays,etc.are tabulated.The difference in the proportion of the rays in these two poplar species is not significant. But in P.X xiaozhuanica the proportion of vessele lumen areas is larger than that of cell walls of vesseles and its fiber is smaller then the other one.

An index system in this paper has been established to measure the economic benefitof forest ecosystem by following the classical theory of differential rent of Marxist economics.The index system is basically consisted of three elements,i.e,direct,indirect and economic measurements.The index system also make it possible to evaluate forest resources economically and to realize systematization of examining into the function of forest-economic ecosystem.

The author described the situation and trends of the development of appropriate technology both at home and abroad.And proposed the concept of appropriate technology for our forestry,and a novel idea on the criterion of appropriate logging technology for the first time in our country. As the result of investigation of existing three different technological methods for production in the cutting chances and development,a new one appropriate for the operating condition in the northeastern forest region and new four kinds of machinery are recommended.That is cutting with power saw Model GJ85A,logging with wheeled tractor Model J-80 (or cable skidding with yarder Model SJ-23B) and loading with yarder Model HJ-3.As compared with old ones,the efficiency of cutting,logging and loading is 64% higher,the cost for per cubic meter is 0.98 Yuan lower and the consumption of fuel for per cubic meter is 0.34kg less. Experiments also demonstrated that the log stacker,the grapple type skidding device and wheeled loader we introduced from abroad are high in initial investment,high in energy consumption and low in economic effect.They do not match the local condition in our country and in our forest region,so they are not appropriate to be used at present.

In this paper,the karyotype of Pinus Koraiensis Sieb.et Zucc. Was studied and analysed in detail.The results indicated that its chromosome number is 2n=24.All of the chromosomes of 1st.to 11th.pairs are metacentric chromosomes and the lenth of neighboring chromosomes seems to be very similar.The 12th.chromosome pair being very much shorter than 1st.to 11th.pairs shows submedian centromeres and distinguishes easily from other chromosome pairs under microscope.There is an apparent secondary constriction on the short arms of chromosomes of 5th.pair.It was observed that some times the clear band patterns are showed on several chromosomes without cold pretreatment and staining,especially on the short arms of 8th.and 10th.pairs of chromosomes.

Since 1950's Dailing Experimental Bureau of Forestry located in the North of Heilongjiang Province has started to transform its swamp land in large scale by the means of afforestation and 7600 hectare plantations have been established so for.After establishing plantations the ecological conditions of the swamp were greatly changed in many respects. In contrast to the prior to afforestation the moisture of soil in a depth of 0—30cm was decreased to 65.3—76.2% from the origional 330—606%;the maximum and the minimum temperature were increased by 7.5℃ and 2.4℃ respectively,and the temperature of soil in a depth of 5cm was also increased by 2.5℃ as well as the temperature beneath 20cm by 1.5℃. The status of soil nutrition was much improved with the reduce of organic matter accumulated on the ground to 28.8% from 31.6% and the increase of dissolvable substance,for instance,nitrogen by three times and potassium by five times. The improvment of environmental quality resulted in changes in some elements of the flora,more species of mesophytes occurred while hydrophilous species were reduced.It is much better for the development of forest in such environment than previously.

1. Total biomass and net production in Rhododendron-Larix,Ledum-Larix and Sphagnum-Ledum-Larix forest types are respectively 285.27ton/ha,196.08ton/ha,and 115.14ton/ha.The biomass of Rhododendron-Larix type has large percentage in storey,but the Ledum-Larix and Sphagnum-Ledum-Larix types have quite large percentage in understorey. 2. The total net production has only a small diference in three types,but the distribution is different obviously within the community. 3. For increasing the biomass and net production,It is necessary to drain the water from forest land,take appropriate cutting system and improve the soil water in forest area of Great Xinganling Mountains.

This paper deals with the biological characteristics of the pathogenic fungus of soft-rot disease of oil-tea tree.The optimumtem perature for growth of mycelia of the fungus is 20—25℃,and the optimum pH value is 4.8—5.7.The favorable temperature that the agaric-like sporodochia infects hosts is 15—25℃,the optimum is 15℃,the maximum is 30℃,and the minimum is 10℃.The relative humidity of 100% or near to 100% is necessary to the agaric-like sporodochia infects hosts.The life period of the agaric-like sporodochia is about a month at room temperature.Drying process at lower temperature may prolong the life period.The source of C,N is necessary to the growth and development of the fungus.

The EucalyptuThe Eucalyptus leaf-roller (Pelochrista sp.) is an important insect pest of Eucalyptus in South China.It has 8 to 9 generations a year in Canton.The pest does not enter hibernation in winter and the population has its maxima from September to December.Raining may check its multiplication while drought favours it. It is a oligophagy insect.It infests some species of cultivated and wild plants belonging to Myrtaceae.The larvae may cause serious injury to the young buds and leaves.They web several leaves together to form temporary nest.They feed on the planttissue enclosed by their nests.The larval stage has five instars and the mature larva pupates mostly in the soil. The moth needs supplemental water or nutrients after emergence.It hides during the day in shaded places and mating and oviposition take place at night.The eggs are laid singly on the surface of the leaf and the maximal number of eggs produced by a single female is 264(56 in average). Preliminary field control experiments showed that 50ppm TH6040 and 0.075% Phoxim or 0.080% Dichlorvos emulsion were very effective against the larva,mortality reached 89—100%.

This paper reveals some differences existing in the wood ultrastructures of Pinus koraiensis Sieb.et Zucc.and Larix gmelini (Rupr.) Litvin.The peculiar structure of the tori of tracheids maybe one of the obstacles hindering the impregnation of fluid and drying wood of Larix gmelini (Rupr.) Litvin.