By burning samples in a GR-3500 Oxygen Bomb Calorimeter, the caloric values and the total amounts of energy of Casuarina equisetifolia plantation planted in 1989 were determined at Chongwu forestry centre of Hui'an county, central coastline of Fujian Province. The standing crop of biomass, net productivity and litter production of the C. equisetifolia plantation were 152.60 t·hm^-2 , 10.17 and 14.17 t·hm^-2 a^-1 , respectively. The gross caloric values of various components varied from 19.26 kJ·g^-1 to 20.53 kJ·g^-1 , with the weighted average of 19.70 kJ·g^-1. Ash content ranged from 1.20% to 11.92%, and averaged 5.23%. Total amounts of energy of plantation was 2 986.92 GJ·hm^-2, the rank order of various components was stem (43.30%) > root (24.10%) > branch (13.60%) > bark (10%) > foliage (6.60%) > dead branch (1.60%) > fruit (0.80%). Energy return through litter and net energy fixation were 294.56 and 196.80 GJ·hm^-2, respectively. The energy conversion efficiency of the photosynthetic active radiation was 0.90% on the whole stand. These results demonstrated that C. equisetifolia is a good tree species for silviculture in east-south coastlines of China because of its high energy conversion efficiency and ecological adaptation.

Pure plantation improvement is an emphasis-field in close-to-nature forest management. This article reports a case of close-to-nature forest improvement in an artificial woods of Cryptomeria fortunei at Chongzhou Forest Farm, Southwestern China. In this investigation, the authors selected some C. fortunei which could be cultivated well as “target trees", and the companion species Cunninghamia lanceolata reserved as “ecological target trees", others surrounding trees were selected-cut as “disturbing trees", due to heterogeneity could be rather improving stand mingling, thereby the stand spatial structure of C. fortunei plantation could be modified optimizingly. It is expected that the paces of turning pure plantation into fixed forest were anticipated to be accelerated. Alteration of the spatial structure of C. fortunei plantation after close-to-nature forest improvement was analyzed in advance by employing four structure parameters: mingling, neighborhood comparison, neighborhood pattern and opening degree. The results showed, the mingling of C. fortunei was improved relatively after thinning, whereas that C. lanceolata was decreased. On the contrary, the neighborhood comparison of C. fortunei and C. lanceolata were both increased. The latter, however, had a more significant increase than the former. As to the distribution of neighborhood pattern, it kept the uniform pattern along before and after the treatment. Opening degree of the two investigated trees were both improved obviously, caused by the distance between each individual being increased after thinning. We access the conclusion that the individual dominant status, the degree of spatial separation, as well as the space sizes occupied by each stem, were ameliorated well after the treatment. The modification was beneficial to both native species invasion and the target stem diameter. Nevertheless, distribution pattern reconstruction was lagged evidently, owing to neighborhood pattern remained uniform pattern after manual thinning. Our study could be instructive to close-to-nature plantation management in terms of the theory and practice aspects.

From April to October of 2001, the standard trees of a 31 years old Pinus tabulaeformis and Quercus variabilis mixed stand were studied on its specific conductivity using thermal dissipation technology, and 13 environmental factors in western mountain area of Beijing were measured simultaneously. The results showed that the specific conductivity of P. tabulaeformis and Q. variabilis had obvious change law in standard day, and that of Q. variabilis was always higher than that of P. tabulaeformis. The factors that influence specific conductivity of trees could basically be divided into two types: the genetic characteristics and environmental factors. The function of environmental factors on specific conductivity of two tree species was not the same. Even for the same tree species, the environmental factors that have eminent influence on specific conductivity were not the same. Generally, we could accurately model the change of specific conductivity using a few important environmental factors.

The shapes of the leaves of adult Populus euphratica are varied from lanceolate to dentate broad-ovate. In order to find the ecological adaptation mechanism of the varied typical leaves, the dentate broad-ovate、broad_ovate and lanceolate leaves as the typical leaves were chosen to study their stomatal and photosynthetic characteristics. It is observed that the stomas on the adaxial and abaxial epidermis of the same leaves open unequally and their densities are similar. The stomatal densities of the three typical leaves are different, which decrease from broad-ovate to lanceolate leaves. Their stomatal sunken degree varies obviously, which is lessened from broad-ovate to lanceolate leaves. The changes of the diurnal photosynthetic rate of the three typical leaves are basically accordant with a curve of single apex. The average values of the diurnal photosynthetic rate of these leaves are different, which decrease from broad-ovate, dentate broad-ovate leaves to lanceolate. The compensation points of light are similar in the three typical leaves, while the saturation points of light are varied obviously among them. The efficiency of solar energy conversion and potential activity of the PSⅡ in the leaves are distinct, which of the dentate broad-ovate leaves is the highest. The results imply that their leaf shapes, anatomic structures and photosynthetic characteristics are varied during the leaf development.

A plantlet regeneration protocol was developed for Pinus elliottii. Adventitious bud formation was obtained from mature embryos of P. elliottii by a soaking-treatment with liquid medium containing 6-benzyladenine (6-BA) at different concentration for 12, 24 and 36 h respectively, followed by culture on 1/2 modified Gresshoff and Doy medium (GD) without hormone. The highest differentiation frequency and the largest number of adventitious buds were obtained in the pretreatment with 60 mg·L^-1 6-BA for 12 h, 24 h respectively. Relatively high frequencies of large buds were obtained after a pretreatment with 30 mg·L^-11 6-BA for 24 h. On subculture medium, adventitious buds derived from a pretreatment with 60 mg·L^-1 6-BA elongated slowly and were smaller in size than those pretreated with 30 mg·L^-1 6-BA. The concentration of 6-BA up to 80 mg·L^-1 would inhibit the formation of adventitious buds. Roots were formed when excised shoots planted on 1/2 GD supplemented with naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) 0.05 mg·L^-1 for 4 weeks, and the rooting rate was 50%. The survival rate was 60% when the rooting shoots were moved to the greenhouse.

Climate matching is a useful method to predict the suitable areas for exotic tree species to be planted. In most cases such work is mostly dependent on compatible climate zones, otherwise the result may lead to mismatching. In order to examine mismatching caused by incompatible climatic classifications between Australia and China, the climate zones were developed for both countries according to unique classification of China. Visual check approved significant differences between new developed and currently used climate zones of Australia as a result of incompatible classifications, particularly in identifying most temperate climate into subtropical climate. A compatible classification model with 15 groups was derived from a joint climate dataset of two countries with nine climatic variables in grid format using numerical clustering analysis. The spatial similarity of groups were displayed by GIS using compound of three primary colors to represent three dimension configuration of group similarity transformed from intra_group climatic variable mean matrix. Among the 15 groups in respect of climatic types seven groups were located only in China, others were shared by Australia and China. Although resultant maps indicated the unbalanced relative areas of shared climatic types in Australia and China, the most similar types were promisingly complementary to each other country in richness of tree resources and potential planting areas. The difference of rainfall regimes within developed climatic types in Australia should be high lighted. The potential of climate matching was discussed not only for exotic tree species introduction but also for native tree species management and ecosystem security assessment.

After 13 years observing the seabuchthorn's crown density and height, the woodland's illumination, soil bulk density, soil porosity, soil nutrient, and the Chinese Pine's survival percent, height, basal diameter and top shoot growth of mixed stands of seabuckthorn and Chinese Pine that mixed by rows, by rows and cutting seabuckthorn, by strips, by wide rows, by wide rows and cutting seabuckthorn, and comparing these treatments with pure stand of Chinese Pine in loess hilly and gully region of northern Shaanxi. The results showed that the seabuchthorn's crown density and height of mixed by rows and mixed by wide rows were higher than mixed by rows and cutting seabuckthorn, mixed by strips, and mixed by wide rows and cutting seabuckthorn. Woodland illumination of pure stand of Chinese Pine was higher, mixed by strips, that of mixed by wide rows and cutting seabuckthorn, and mixed by rows and cutting seabuckthorn was in the middle, that of mixed by rows and mixed by wide rows was lower. After 11 years, soil water content of mixed by rows and mixed by wide rows was higher, that of mixed by rows and cutting seabuckthorn, mixed by strips, and mixed by wide rows and cutting seabuckthorn was in the middle, pure stand of Chinese Pine was lower. The higher the seabuchthorn's crown density and height were, the lower the soil bulk densities of different treatments were, and the higher the soil porosity and soil nutrient were. The height and the basal diameter of Chinese Pine that mixed by rows and mixed by wide rows were lower obviously after 6 years, the survival percent was increased obviously after 7 years. The heights of Chinese Pine that mixed by rows and cutting seabuckthorn, mixed by wide rows and cutting seabuckthorn and mixed by strips were higher after 7 years, and the height of Chinese Pine that mixed by rows and cutting seabuckthorn, mixed by wide rows and cutting seabuckthorn were higher than that mixed by strips after 10 years. The basal diameter of Chinese Pine that mixed by rows and cutting seabuckthorn, mixed by wide rows and cutting seabuckthorn and mixed by strips were bigger than that of pure stand of Chinese Pine after 9 years. The annual increment of top shoot of Chinese Pine that mixed by rows and cutting seabuckthorn, mixed by wide rows and cutting seabuckthorn and mixed by strip were higher, mixed by rows and mixed by wide rows were lower. The growth of Chinese Pine, mixed by rows and cutting seabuckthorn, mixed by wide rows and cutting seabuckthorn and mixed by strips had been promoted. The survival percent of Chinese Pine mixed by rows and mixed by wide rows had been reduced, and had restrained the growth of Chinese Pine.

To explore comprehensive control of soil erosion after the conversion of cropland to forest in hilly areas of the middle Sichuan basin, a single factor experiment with random block design was conducted in an artificial fruit-grass ecosystem to study the influence of different soil management ways on the physical and chemical properties of soil, microbial quantities in soil, and enzyme activities of soil. The reaults showed that the effect of mowing and covering management way on the water conservation, heat preservation, and drop in temperature of soil were better than that of other management ways.Soil density was least and all the chemical nutrient values were highest in the treatment of returning the livestock's feces to the orchard. Microorganism quantity and enzyme activity of soil in all four treatments were significantly different, which was best in the treatment of returning the livestock's feces to the orchard and had a significant correlation with soil nutrient contents.Therefore microorganism quantity and enzyme activity of soil could also be used as an evaluation index of soil fertility. In all treatments, mowing and covering and returning the livestock's feces to the orchard had the best ecological benefits.

Through biochemical tests of bamboo leaves, surveys of undergrowths and arthropod communities in Phyllostachys heterocycla cv. Pubescens forests managed with 5 different measures including cultivating and fertilization, cultivating, weeding, spraying herbicide and non-management in Sanming, Fujian Province from 2001 to 2002, the relationships among undergrowths, contents of chemical subtances in bamboo leaves and the arthropod community were studied. The results showed that 1) the effects of management measures on the monthly contents and their time dynamic of the chemical substances in bamboo leaves were significant and complex greatly; 2) the chemical substances of protein, water_soluble, tannin and flavonoid in bamboo leaves could all promote or restrain the numbers of the dominant pest populations in the canopy of bamboo forest, and so the structure of the arthropod community was affected significantly, which appeared to the promotion of the contents of flavonoid and tannin to the arthropod evenness in the canopy of forest; 3) the relationships between the undergrowths and the arthropod community appeared to the promotion of the plant species diversity in the shrub to the arthropod species diversity in the canopy and underlayer of forest, and the promotion of the plant species diversity in the liana to the arthropod evenness in the underlayer of forest; 4) changes of the undergrowths and the chemical substances' contents in the leaves due to the management measures could lead to significant changes of the arthropod community, thus, scientific management and protection of undergrowths would be regarded in the IPM of bamboo forest.

Chromatics is a science of color measuring and appraising, which can describe quantificationally object color. In this study Nitrocellulose varnish, Alkyd varnish and Polyurethane varnish, which are commonly used for wood products painting in China, were used to study chromatic parameters change of three Eucalyptus plantation woods. The object is to reveal the change rule of color of three Eucalyptus plantation woods during the course of painting and provide reference for making painting process and controlling color after painting. The study shows: 1) Wood color change during painting is gradual, which is concerned with the number of painting. 2) Using different varnish painting, the chromatic parameters of the three Eucalyptus plantation woods is different.

Nondestructive testing(NDT) for wood inner-defect detecting, combined with wood sciences, electronics, signal procurement and processing, and pattern diagnosing, are very important for timber production, wood processing, evaluation of standing trees and assessment of wooden structures. This paper carried out the indoor experiments for NDT of Elm wooden test samples using ultrasonic instrument in order to identify the inner-defect patterns. Wavelet transform and wavelet packet analysis was employed to identify the characteristic values of defect signals. The original signals were decomposed, and then the energy varieties of traveling signals for different layers were calculated. The energy spectrum variety of ultrasonic signals at layer 5 were taken as the eigenvalues of transform matrix. The results of test showed that :1) The energy spectrum changes of a ultrasonic signal is proportional to the degree of defects in wood; 2) Energy spectrum changes at crunode 32 of layer 5 are the mostly significant compared with those at other crunodes; 3) Taking the energy varieties of signals at crunode 32 of layer 5 and the (5,0) crunode's wavelet radix as the character inputs of the artificial neural network respectively, the latter network for identifying the defect patterns works more efficiently than the former one with accuracy rate over 90%.

Through analysis and evaluation on four kinds of wood transportation models commonly used in our country's southern artificial forest area,the result shows that under the same operation conditions,the economic benefits,ecologic benefits,social benefits and comprehensive benefits of different operation models of different wood transportation are different.It is proposed that the production decision department of the forestry should consider the economic,ecologic and social benefit synthetically in choosing the model of wood transportation for artificial forest cutting area.Wood transportation by boat or by rafting should have priority to be selected in the cutting area with the condition of waterway transportation.Wood transportation by farm truck should have priority to be selected in the cutting area without the condition of waterway transportation.

The exiting relation of planting forest and cutting-transport production in state-owned forest region came in the period of the planned economy, which serviced the forestry system that made the wood production as the center, and which embodied the heavy arrangement of administration guiding. This article sets out from the objective contact between planting forest and cutting-transport production and operation efficiency of improving the new system arrangement, to study and produce the formation motive of relationship between planting forest and cutting-transport production in state-owned forest region and the substance reflection is the result of market mechanism. Mainly include, in a specific way, the market contact of reflecting professional division, integration contact under the action of market mechanism, and the loose consociation between planting forest and cutting-transport production. The formation of new relationship system should start from breaking the current contact, firstly build up the subjectivity of planting forest and cutting-transport production separately, then build up the relationship of integration or loose consociation under the principle of each management subjectivity is voluntary and benefits each other according to the market economy principle.

It's a breakthrough to develop the accounting of forest ecology value created by forest ecology construction organization or conservation organization. There is consistence between the forest ecology accounting and the traditional accounting in obeying the accounting principle because of belonging to general accounting, for example, the objective principle, the correlativity principle, the comparability principle, the consistence principle, the materiality principle, the seasonable principle, the readability principle and the prudence principle. But the forest ecology accounting must do some especial accounts in obeying some accounting principles or to obeying some new accounting principles because of its specificity. Different accounting entities of forest ecology should chose the accrual-basis or the cash-basis accounting principle, according to its own characters. There are should some especial accounts or some new understandings of these principles, in aspects of obeying the matching principle, the capital expenditure and revenue expenditure principle and the objective principle. The specificity of forest ecology value accounting decides that it should obey the social principle, the economic and ecological efficiency principle.

Niche theory is one of the core thoughts in modern ecology. This paper deeply and comprehensively reviewed the process of formation and evolvement, and the latest development of the niche theory, and the main standpoints of the representative genres. The paper also pointed out the most influential genres, and analyzed the differences and the connections, the advantages and the shortcomings among these genres. The developing history of the niche research was classified. The directions and the prospects of the niche theory were deeply discussed.

Bamboo ecosystem, one of the important components of forestry ecosystem, is usually made use of foods, structure material, biological energy and so on, especially in Southeast Asia. Development groups have proposed bamboo production as an opportunity for increasing the wealth of the lower-income groups. The area of world forest decreases by predatory uses of people, on the contrary, bamboo increases mainly for economical causes and specialized functional uses like soil and water preservation or sight-seeing matter. As for the study of bamboo ecosystem is rare, except some of incomplete discussion,and the most of papers are inclined to the positive effects of bamboo in the ecosystem. But those studies last so short that the ecosystem restoration is only at the beginning of initial phase and the results can not be the proofs of positive effects that preserve the soil and water and improve soil fertilization in the long-term dynamic change. Meanwhile, the global climate changes so acutely that some catastrophic climate phenomenon like EI Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) will help the bamboo to expand the habitats and even area of high latitude, if the powerful propagation capacity of bamboo is cared less. Nowadays, more and more natural bamboo system has been changed into semi-artificial or artificial system without conforming to the natural succession principle. Coupled with bamboo ecosystem maybe is in the status of discontinuity that the structure, procession and function are back out for its monocarpic perennial character and the disturbance from nature and human. Moreover, if there is no subtle management and decrease of the damaging disturbance, the bamboo ecosystem is unsustainable and even under the menace of crash. So we discuss the sustainability and plasticity response of bamboo ecosystem that acts the roles in components of agriforestry system, specialized functional groups and part of natural ecosystem. And we strongly suggest the long-term investigation for bamboo through integrating a wide range of experimental, comparative and theoretical approaches, for which nowadays from study cases from home and abroad, ecologists are inclining to gain a detailed understanding of the long-term dynamics behavior of vegetation like the invasion of bamboo ecosystem.

This paper, dealing with the development and prospect of the thermal methods which can be divided into three ways (Heat Pulse Velocity, Heat Balance Method and Thermal Dissipation Method), advances the problems in practical applications and emphasizes on the principles and research instances up to date by reviewing the history of using it in sap flow calculation. The in_depth investigations and appropriate solutions of some intractable problems, such as extrapolating the stand water consumption from whole tree water use measured by thermal technique, considering the dominant environment factors in scale-up model and determining the transpiration of a heterogeneous canopy, will promote the thermal methods in theory and in practice. Analyzing the actual research progress and targets, we can make a conclusion that Thermal Dissipation Method will be the vital techniques on stem sap flow measurement and calculation in the future.

The latest results, from both domestic and foreign research, on the relation of pest abundance and control in forest plantations are analyzed and reviewed. Factors are plant diversity, insect diversity, and their intrinsic function mechanisms. Plant diversity helps control pests when target tree species are dispersed among other species and by increasing overall insect diversity, including natural enemies and competitors of the pests. Compared to tree plantations, natural forest has both higher tree species and insect species diversity and this provides some pest control. Drawing lessons from natural forest, we can adjust the compositions of plantations and secondary forests by adopting eco-silviculture, closing hillsides to allow natural afforestation, and applying biotechnology. All should enhance species diversity and therefore strengthen pest resistance.

The heat and mass transfer theory in the porous media and wood fields was studied, and introduced in detail to find a promising method in the process of particles drying with convection. Furthermore, according to un-equilibrium thermodynamics theory and phase equilibrium theory, an un-equilibrium thermodynamics model, which could describe the processes of the heat and mass transfer with convective drying outside the particles, and heat and moisture transfer inside the particles was given out.

Forest property rights system has been always main question in collective forest area of south China,which interfered with forestry sustainable development.This paper analyzed main property right questions in collective forest area of south China, and put forward the main contents of reform forest property rights:1) Forest property rights should be clear by the followings measures:the principal part of ownership of forest land must be defined and the relation between clients and agency of ownership ought to be perfected,the relation between clients and agency of usage right should be set up and the rights and obligations for the owners and managers of collective forest ought to be determined,principal part of forest ownership(or forest land use right) must be defined scientifically.2) The safety of forest property rights should be ensured by reforming system of administrative requisition and compensation of forest land,establishing system of administrative requisition and compensation of public benefical forest,reforming the quota harrest system of commercial forest and unreasonable policy of forestry tax.3) Commercialization of forest property rights should be driven by reducing the transaction cost,strengthening appraisal of the forest resources and property,promoting transaction demand and supply of forest property rights.

Foliar spraying with different concentrations of paclobutrazol was conducted to two-year-old seedlings of Populus alba×Populus berolinensis, Ulmus pumila, and Betula platyphylla under drought stress. Results showed that paclobutrazol could lower the decrease of leaf water potential and soluble protein content, increase water use efficiency of seedlings of these three species to different extent, and also had various influences on free proline content and membrane-lipid peroxidation. The synthetic evaluation of drought-resistance of seedlings from different treatments showed that the seedlings pretreated with paclobutrazol had distinct drought-resistance. Low concentrations of paclobutrazol made a great impact on the improvement of drought-resistance of P. alba×P. berolinensis seedlings, while high concentrations of paclobutrazol had a favorable regulative effect on the drought-resistance of U. pumila seedlings, and for B. platyphylla seedlings a relative good result only be obtained with paclobutrazol at the concentration of 750 mg5L^-1 .

Trapping experiments were carried out on the import timber to evaluate the trapping effect of seven kinds of bark beetle's attractant. The attractants contain the components of host volatile, bark beetle's feces and the synthetic components of the host pathogen. The result showed that the attractants were efficient. They were cheaper than the Canadian attractant. The technique can be generalized in timber quarantine. Trapping effect was influenced by the weather condition (temperature, wind and rain) and how long and where the traps established.

Two kinds of petrophifle plants (Pogonatherum panideum and Erioophorum comosum) are broadly grown on the rock slope of roads in the southwest of China. The microfloras in the soil nearby the rhizosphere of two kinds of petrophifle plants were studied in different month in order to investigate the pattern of ecological distribution of soil microbes. The results of incubation by the dilution plate count showed the amount of soil microbes significantly varied with time. The amount of microbes in the soil under P. panideum got the peak in May, then decreased in September, November, July, March and January; and to E. comosum, the amount of soil microorganisms was greater in September than in other months and became less in November, May, March, January and July. Preliminary analysis showed there were the differences of soil microbial composition between two kinds of petrophifle plants; Bacteria was superiority in soil under P. panideum, while the average ratio of actinomyces was the greatest among the main soil microbial populations under E. comosum. Besides, 10 genera of heterotrophic bacteria, 13 genera of heterotrophic filamentous fungi and 2 genera of heterotrophic actinomyces were identified, P.asymmetrica, Trichoderma, Fusarium, Paecilomyces, Cladosporium, Griserubro-violaceus, Albosporus, Gloucus, Aureus, Cinereus, Grideofuseus, Bacillus and Pseudomonas were dominant in soils under two kinds of petrophifle plants, and it indicated the dominant genera of soil microbes were varied with season turning. When biochemical activities of soil microbes were detected, we found 42.7% of microbes excreted amylase and 53.4% of microbes could decompose cellulose.

Jujube Witches' Broom (JWB), caused by phytoplasma, is the most serious and destructive disease of Chinese Jujube. The distribution and year-round concentration variation of JWB phytoplasma were studied under fluorescence microscope using DAPI. The results showed that phytoplasma might exist in the sieve tubes of all organs, phytoplasma contents varied with organs, sides of organs and growing seasons, phytoplasma usually existed in the roots of the same direction with diseased branches. The uneven-distribution could be observed much often in lightly diseased trees than in seriously diseased one. In roots, the content of phytoplasma was highest in May, relatively low in June, July and August, and lowest in December to March. In branches, the content of phytoplasma increased gradually with the rising of the temperature after bud sprouting in April and May, then increased dramatically and reached peak in July and August, thereafter decreased in autumn. From December to February, there was still a large amount of phytoplasma in diseased branches. The content of phytoplasma in branches kept higher than in roots throughout a year.