As part of China FLUX program, CO₂ fluxes were measured continuously by an open-path eddy covariance system over a broad-leaved Korean Pine forest in northeastern China, during the non-growing seasons. The CO₂ flux between forest and atmosphere ranged from -0.3 to 0.5 mg·m^-2 s^-1 during the observational days, with most positive fluxes occurred in the late autumn and the early spring. Though the air temperature was lower than 5 ℃, the studied forest still showed a clear evidence of carbon assimilation for several hours at noon of late autumn. When covered by snow, the efflux of CO₂ from forest was low and with a constant rate, whereas there was a peak of CO₂ efflux during snow-melt period. The net ecosystem carbon exchange (NEE) showed an exponential regression relationship with 5 cm depth soil temperature when the later was above 0 ℃. The total NEE was 127 g C·m^-2 in 190 observational days, which indicated that the broad-leaved Korean Pine forest of Changbai Mountain was functioning as a moderate carbon source outside the growing season.

Fine roots turnover play an important role in carbon allocation and nutrient cycling in forest ecosystems. Seasonal dynamics of fine roots is the key for understanding the processes of fine roots turnover. From May to October in 2002, soil core method was used for estimating seasonal pattern of fine root (diameter<1 mm) parameters I.e. biomass, specific root length(SRL) and root length density (RLD) in Fraxinus mandshurica plantation located in Maoershan Experiment Station. The relationships of fine root biomass, SRL and RLD with soil N availability, average soil temperature in 10 cm depth and soil moisture were analyzed. Seasonal variation of fine root biomass was significant (P<0.05). The peak values of fine root biomass were observed in spring and autumn, but SRL and RLD were the highest in spring and lowest in autumn. SRL and RLD were higher in spring and summer means fine root diameter was thinner, in autumn, both parameters changed to small values significantly due to secondary thickening of fine root diameter or non-structure carbohydrates accumulation. Seasonal dynamics of fine roots was associated with soil N availability, soil temperature in 10 cm depth and soil moisture. Fine root biomass has significant relationship with NH₄⁺-N availability, but less correlated with NO₃^--N availability, soil temperature in 10 cm depth and soil moisture. Correlation of fine root parameters (biomass, RLD and SRL) seasonal dynamics and multi-factors (soil available N, soil temperature and soil moisture) were significant (P<0.05), which indicated that multi-factors were responsible to fine root dynamics. Further studies about the effects of soil temperature on SRL, RLD and non-structure carbohydrates will help us to understand fine root functions in different growing seasons and turnover of Fraxinus mandshurica plantations.

Gymnosperms originated earlier than angiosperms. Elongation in gymnosperms pollen tube exhibits some evolutionarily primitive characteristics, I.e. slow germination and growth, branching and longevity. These differences may be orchestrated by cytoskeletal organization. In the study, microtubule organization in germinated pollen of Pinus thunbergii is investigated using a confocal laser scanning microscope after immunofluorescence labeling. Within germinated pollen, microtubules are arranged obliquely or transversely. In elongated tubes, microtubules are arranged along the longitudinal axis. An enriched microtubules network is presented in the pollen tube tip and has a unique functional role. Following colchicine treatment, the organization of microtubules within pollen tubes is disrupted and the morphology of pollen tubes is changed. Colchicine significantly induces tube tip swelling. Swollen tip is considered to be caused by the disorganization of microtubules in the tip. Our results indicated that microtubules in gymnosperms pollen tube tip play an important role in maintaining tip integrity. The present paper also suggests that microtubules participate in directing tip extension in gymnosperms pollen tube and gymnosperm pollen tubes elongate in a mechanism that is different from angiosperm pollen tubes.

Water is the key factor to vegetation growing in Loess area. Therefore, researchers are keen on the study of tree transpiration for a long time. In order to provide the scientific basis and practical instruction for the vegetation reconstruction and recovery in Loess area, the paper measured and calculated water consumption of potted Platycladus orientalis, Robinia pseudoacacia, Armeniaca vulgaris and Pyrus hopeiensis separately during the growing season (from Apr. to Nov.), which were the main afforestation species in western Shanxi of Loess area, based on the principle of water balance. Besides, according to the data of soil water dynamic and the range of available moisture of potted mature trees, the relationship between water supply and consumption and the soil moisture availability and deficit state were analyzed. Several conclusions are listed as follows: 1) In the dry year (2002), during the growing season the precipitation was 430.7 mm and the water consumption of potted trees was from 430 mm to 490 mm. More water consumption and less available water supply occurred, showing a serious water deficiency. In the rainfall_rich year (2003), during the growing season the precipitation was 870.2 mm and the water consumption of potted trees was from 480 mm to 515 mm. Due to uneven distribution of rainfall, the water budget lost balance a bit in May and Nov. 2) The curves of soil water content of different species had similar change trends in annual but different in the same month, and those of the same tree species in different test plots had different change trends in the same month either. 3) Non-available soil water content of P. orientalis, R. pseudoacacia, A. vulgaris and P. hopeiensis was less than 8.0%, 8.4%, 9.2% and 9.7% respectively, which indicated that P. orientalis used water more efficiently than others. In the deficit water year (2002), for several months, soil water content of potted trees was lower than its non_available soil water content, which could influence trees healthy growing. After supplements of precipitation of winter in the year and spring in the next year, soil water contents were higher than the lower limit of soil readily available moisture content, which implied that interannual water supply and consumption could keep balance.

The physiological and biochemical responses of Pinus massoniana to low phosphorus stress were investigated in this study, and the different phosphorus concentrations of the treatments were conducted by using a single factor experiment with sand culture in the green house. Results showed that the increase of root-shoot ratio was an active adaptive response of P. massoniana to low phosphorus stress. Under the situation of low phosphorus stress, the concentrations of soluble sugar and free proline increased whereas the chlorophyll and soluble protein decreased. The decrease of chlorophyll and soluble protein would result in a decrease in net photosynthetic rate of P. massoniana. Thus the major factor affected the biomass of P. massoniana is the decrease of net photosynthetic rate and transpiration rate as well as the increased dark respiration rate. Moreover, the homeostasis established by the increase of MDA concent and protective enzyme (POD, SOD) activity in needles is the mechanism of the adaptive response for P. massoniana to low phosphorus stress.

Using mature zygotic embryos as initial explants, the effect factors including basal medium and plant hormone on organogenesis, somatic embryogenesis and adventitious buds induction roots were investigated respectively. The origin and development of somatic embryos and adventitious buds were observed through the paraffin method. The results indicated that the medium of DCR+6-BA 1.0 mg·L^{-1 +TDZ 0.002 mg·L-1 +NAA 0.1 mg·L-1 was optimal for mature zygotic embryos to induce adventitious buds. The optimal medium for mature zygotic embryos to induce somatic embryos was DCR+6-BA 1.0 mg·L-1+TDZ 0.003 mg·L-1 + NAA 0.1 mg·L-1 . Adventitious buds can elongate effectively on the DCR medium without plant hormone. 1/4MS+IBA 0.2 mg·L-1 +NAA 0.1 mg·L-1 was the optimal medium for adventitious buds to root. Histological observation indicated that there were two ways in which adventitious buds originate. The first way of origination was from meristematic tissue developed from epiderm cells and three or four liners under epiderm. The other was that the little vascular bundle dedifferentiated into meristematic tissue, which in turn developed into adventitious buds. Both of the two ways were direct organogenesis.}

Sophora japonica is a valuable gardening tree that has been planted in the North of China. However, a problem hampering the application of its full potential is susceptibility to insect. In this study, taking leaves of Sophora japonica as the explants, the optimum medium for the induction of adventitious bud differentiation was selected. Modified cowpea trypsin inhinitor(CpTI)gene sck(Signal-CpTI-KDEL), an insecticidal gene, was introduced into S. japonica by Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation. After cocultivation of leaves of S. japonica with Agrobacterium tumefaciens harbored sck gene, kanamycin resistance shoots were transferred to selective MS medium containing 3 mg·L^-1 BA, 0.05 mg·L^-1IAA, 8 mg·L^-1 G418 and 500 mg·L^-1 cefotaxime. Transgenic plants were obtained after rooting on half-strength MS medium supplemented with 1.0 mg·L^-1 indole-3-butyrique acide (IBA), 10 mg·L^-1 G418 and 100 mg·L^-1 cefotaxime. PCR and Southern blotting confirmed that Modified CpTI gene(sck)was successfully transferred into S. japonica mediated by A. tumefaciens.

4 plant species arranged in groups were used in this test, including Artemisia desertorum, Caragana tangutica, Hippophae rhamnoides and Achnatherum splendens, for simulating aerial seeding in sand of the upper reaches of Yellow River. 4 types of site preparation, I.e. barrier, ditch, hole and no preparation (CK) were selected. 7.5, 15, 20 g·kg^-1 contents of absorption agent were selected also for treating the seeds. Simulating aerial seeding was tested by multiple factor design on left bank sands of Longyangxia Yellow River, The survey and statistical analysis of the random samples were made after autumn. The results showed that the average emergence rate of various plant species was 2 811 seedlings per hectare in the test of aerial seeding, among which H. rhamnoides amounted to 6.6%, C. tangutica 0.1%, A. desertorum 91.2%, and 1.2% for A. splendens, indicating that the A.desertorum seeds were best suitable for aerial seeding in the experimental region, and A. splendens seeds could be used as species arranged in groups, and the seeds of H. rhamnoides and C. tangutica should be used in direct seeding planting. The emergence rate of aerial seeding increased with the increase in the amount of absorption agent. The artificial site preparation created a favourable conditions for the germination of seeds by aerial seeding, however the cost of aerial seeding in a large area would be increased. Both A. desertorum and A. splendens are drought-enduring plants, and thousand kernels weight (TKW) of their seeds are extremely light. It is very economical to seeding them with ultra-low aerial seeding.

The effect of soil water on the growth of callus and bark regeneration of Eucommia ulmoides was studied on the 12-year-old and 25-year-old trees by artificial watering with the levels of I, II, III and IV. The results showed that artificial watering improved the soil water conditions, manifested by the increase of soil water content and water storage capacity in different irrigating levels. 25-year-old trees of E.ulmoides consumed more soil water than those of 12-year-old ones, and made the lower soil water content. Irrigating could accelerate the formation of the callus. The pale green callus were formed in treatment Ⅰ,Ⅱand Ⅲ after 5 days debarking and 5 days earlier than those in control treatment. The thickness of callus of 12-year-old and 25-year-old trees were 1.00 mm and 0.94 mm respectively after 25 days debarking, the growth speed was 0.040 mm·d^-1 and 0.037 mm·d^-1 respectively, and increased 47.1% and 80.8% than those in control. The thickness of regenerated bark in 12-year-old and 25-year-old trees in the treatments ofⅠ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ and Ⅳ increased by 5.0%,22.5%,75.8% and 71.7%, 18.5%,29.3%,80.7% and 95.0% respectively. June was the key period of the growth of regenerated bark and irrigating was most important. The water use efficiency of the trees in treatment Ⅲ was the greatest of all the treatments, increased by 39.3% and 37.4% respectively in 12-year-old and 25-year-old trees compared with the controls. The favorable soil water content in the growing season should maintain between 160～170 g·kg^-1 during growing season.

There are abundant wild wood use plants in Changbai Mountains area where the climate is temperate. After investigation for three years, the results of investigation were reported for the first time in this study. There are wild wood use plants 28 families,52 genuses,112 species in all together in Changbai Mountains area among which there are trees: 24/42/93; shrubs: 9/11/18; woody vines: 1/1/1. 19 species of main wild wood use plants and 11 species of rare wood use plants, distribution of the wild wood use plants in five different landscape zones and some other uses are introduced. The concrete suggestions of exploitation and protection are put forward. The study provides source material for further studying the wild wood use plant in Changbai Mountains area.

The host choice action of Anoplophora glabripennis was studied in different analog mixed forest of Ailanthus altissima and Populus bolleana. The result showed that the effect of the types of the mixed forests on the beetle's host choice was significant. Along with the reducing of individuals of P. bolleana in the mixed stands, the landing and mating frequencies of the beetle were reduced, but the total landing frequencies of some types of mixed stand were invariably. Mating action of the beetle mainly occurred on the individuals of P. bolleana in analog stands. According to the analog stand experiment result, the two insect resistance mixed stand types (mixed proportion was 3∶2 or 2∶3) were acquired.

The regeneration system of the hybrid triploid of Chinese White Poplar was established and the partly modified two insect-resistant genes BtCry1Ac gene and arrowhead proteinase inhibitor (API) gene were transformed to the hybrid poplar clone. After transformation, 18% leaves could be induced shoots in specific medium contained 50 mg·L^-1 kanamycin. The transgenic plants were selected further on the MS medium used for root induction added 50 mg·L^-1 Kanamycin and 50 transformed subclones were obtained. The transformed plants got by reaping selection were detected by PCR and 80% took on positive reaction. Some subclones were tested by southern blot and proved the exogenous gene has inserted in the poplar genome. Leaves of transformed plant were detected by ELISA using antiserum. The result indicated that the Bt toxoprotein was found in 7 transgenic subclones and the proportion of the Bt toxoprotein expressing to the total fusible protein was 0.001 1～0.016 1%, markedly higher than the control (0.000 6%). One-year old leaves of 28 subclones transformed with Bt-API genes successfully tested by molecular biological method, and were used to feed the Lymantria dispar and the Clostera anachoreta. Result indicated that 39.3% of tested plants (11 subclones) took on high resistance and the larvae mortality was over 80%; 25 percent (7 subclones) possessed relatively lower resistance and the mortality was 60%～80%; the other 10 subclones took on very low resistance with the mortality of below 50% and some even did not have any resistance. The transgenic plants with high insect-resistance could also obviously inhibit the development of the larvae.

Steroid saponins ? was extracted from the rhizomes of Smilax scobinicaulis by systemic solvents. Different polarity steroid saponins R-5、R-6、R-7、R-8、R-9 and R-10 were isolated by DM-101 with different ethyl alcohol, four compounds were isolated from R-6 and R-8 separately by column chromatogramphy on silica gel,sephedax LH-20 and ODS. Sample R, R-5、R-6、R-7、R-8、R-9 and the isolated compounds was tested against six bacterium and five fungus respectively.The results indicated that sample R, R-5 and R-6 have weak or almost no inhibitory activity; But R-7、R-8、R-9 and the four compounds had remarkable inhibitory activity against almost all the tested bacterium and fungus. Four compounds were all steroid saponins determined as laxogenin-3-O-α-L-arabinopyranosyl-(1→6)-β-D-glucopyranoside (Ⅰ);laxogenin-3-O-β-D-gluco-pyrnosyl -(1→4)-O-α-L-arabinopyranosyl-(1→6)-β-D-glucopyranoside (Ⅱ);3β,27-dihydroxy-(25s)-5α-spiro-stan-6-one3-O-β-D- glucopyrnosyl-(1→4)-O-α-L-arabinopyranosyl-(1→6)-β-D-glucopyranoside (Ⅲ) and (25D)spirost-5-en-3β,17α,27-triol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)-O-α-L-arabinopyranosyl-(1→6)-β-D-glucopyran-oside (Ⅳ). Compound Ⅲ was first isolated from S. scobinicaulis. Steroid saponins from rhizomes of S. scobinicaulis have inhibitory activity and there are inhibitory activity active molecule cluster and their opposing molecule cluster.

It was investigated the harm of zokor for economic forest in Guyuan replacing agriculture by afforestation, the result showed that there was a marked correlative relation between the zokor density and the death rate of forest, y=-1.923 4+3.432 0x(r=0.934 8). On the basis of the losses of economic forest to various planting years damaged by zokor, the control cost, the tree price of almond etc., the control economic threshold value of zokor for economic forest was put forward. When the age of forest planted is 1 year, the control economic threshold value (density of zokor) is 1.907 ind·hm^-2 , when the age ranges form 2～4, the density is 0.989～1.273 ind·hm^-2 , when the age ranges form 4～6, the density is 0.859～0.989 ind·hm^-2 . According to the zokor density and the death rate of forest. The author established the divisiory standard of zokor harm to economic forest in replacing agriculture by afforestation.

The data analysis of 277 plots in forest farms in southern China indicated the development of Sphaeropsis sapinea is affected by stand and site factors. The ecological model of the shoot blight of S. sapinea was established as follows:y=41.38 -16.56x₁₁+5.08x₂₁+18.62x₃₁-3.78x₄₁+19.94x₅₁+7.32x₆₁+4.27x₆₂-4.06x₇₁-10.56x₇₂-13.88x₇₃ . In this formula y represents forest disease index and x₁₁ ～x₇₃ represent ecological factors (levels). The partial correlations between the disease index and soil moisture, stand canopy density, stand age and slope lever are significant at P<0.01, and they are the main inducing factors of incidence of S. sapinea in the south of China. Suggestions and measures of ecological control by afforestation were proposed.

Based on the standard curve of the catenary,the strop ropeway is designed and calculated. Many factors of influencing on sliding speed were analyzed from the viewpoint of energy,and the calculation formulas of sliding speed were deduced by kinetic energy theorem.They were applied to the design of strop ropeway engineering in Ruiyun Mountain in Sanming City of Fujian Province.The theory of strop ropeway is verified to be correct through measuring data on the spot.

The acoustic emission (AE) evolution process of David Poplar (Populus davidiana) samples was investigated by combining the two methods of mechanics testing and AE technique when the samples were imposed to the dynamic loads. By analysis of AE parameters and the elastic-viscosity of wood, the AE characterization under different loads was explored. The results are: 1) AE amplitudes are not continuous and leap from one another. The AE amplitudes and energy before fracture damage are lower than those after fracture damage. Moreover, while the material is fracturing the local maximum of AE amplitudes and AE energy appears. 2) With the time and loads changing, the increase speed of AE cumulative hits and AE cumulative energy can exactly identify complete elasticity, dominant elasticity with the coexist of elastic-plasticity and dominant plasticity with the coexist of elastic-plasticity of wood, which of the three stages are the most important feature of wood under loads. 3) The AE rate and amplitude can be employed to predict two “critical points" of wood fracture damage. The first point represents that the fibers begin to peel off from each other and a few of fibers begin to rupture, which means the material is in the state of slight danger. The other point represents lots of fibers begin to rupture, which means the material is in the state of serious danger. If loaded continuously the material will fracture.

In the wood industry ,When the fiber into micron-composition was studied, the mathematic model should be set up. At the same time, the related profession such as wood science、simulation、computer graphics、sensor technique and cross much kinds of technology such as CAD's technique and so on should be utilized. That will establish a fictitious message environment in the many-dimensions for the study. In the study on micron_composition of the fiber, by means of the statistical analysis that adjust the hundreds of Korean Pine cell picture,established the concrete mathematical model of Korean Pine cell.Applying computer graphics technical, the rule that in three_dimensions to establish the simulated micron-composition of the fiber organization was put forward. And by means of pro_engineer、CAD technology and so on, simulating the alternating process that the cell was cutting. For different cutter thickness and cutter angle, the alternating process is different, all kinds of likelihood to study the different parameter worked on the fiber quality would be simulated. By means of these simulations, the best process technology parameter formulation would be put forwand. It is the key technology to the study of cell micron-composition in the cutting process.

Bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescens) residue and its three components could be hydrolyzed by strong acid to produce bamboo vinegar. The forming mechanism of its components of acetic acid, furfural and methanol was discussed. Bamboo residue was separated to xylan, lignin and cellulose by Alcell pulping process. By hydrolyzing these components with strong acid, a new way of friendly utilization of bamboo residues and it's Alcell pulping black liquor was discovered. Chemical analysis of the distillates of bamboo residue and its main components with low temperature pyrolysis and/or acid hydrolysis was compared. The results showed that the distillates collected in the range of 120～140 ℃ contained little methanol and comparatively more of acetic acid and furfural. From acid hydrolysis of single component, acetic acid and furfural mainly came from the decomposition of xylan, while the methanol was mainly originated from the hydrolysis of the methoxyl group of the lignin. There were far more distillates, with mass of 212.78 g from acid hydrolysis than that from carbonization, with mass of 12.341 g by processing the same amount of bamboo residue. High quality bamboo vinegar rich in acetic acid, furfural and ethanol, and with little methanol could be obtained from the acid hydrolysis of xylan separated from Alcell pulping liquor.

The adsorption capacities of the bamboo-charcoal for mercury(Ⅱ)was studied in aqueous solution. Parameters studied include contact time,pH value,mass of absorbent, adsorption temperature,and initial concentration of mercury in solution.Results showed that bamboo-charcoal could effectively remove mercury from aqueous solution. The bamboo-charcoal showed high adsorption ability for mercury at a wide pH range(pH=3.2～6.2), The optima adsorption acidity of bamboo-charcoal for Hg(II) is pH=5.90 in Hac-NaAc medium. Adsorption decreased with increases in adsorption temperatures, it means that the adsorption process is a exothermic process. The adsorption behavior of the bamboo-carbon for mercury(Ⅱ) obeys the Freundlich isotherm model. After the bamboo-charcoal of adsorption can be regenerated quantificationally with H₂O and microwave heating,the percentages of regeneration reach upwards of 97%. The bamboo-charcoal are the better absorptive material removing mercury(Ⅱ)from aqueous solution.

The paper makes up the estimation index systems for Chinese forestry industry based on the Porter theory and character of forestry industry. From the view of producing factors, needs, relative industries, enterprise strategy, the competitive environmental characteristics of Chinese forestry industry were qualitatively analyzed, and quantitative analysis on the main products of Chinese forestry industry competitiveness were also made with the index of product exporting, international market occupation ratio, international trade price, average profit level and productivity.

Through the technique of internet, ASP, and database, building up the digital wood exemplar museum which not only solve the many problems such as the small storage space and worse environment conditions, but also make the property of sample to gain perpetual reserve. The user of the sample enlarge to the engineering designer and most wide internet users, which make the limited wood resources to be more utilization.

The anthropogenic activities changing forest landscape was classified into two types: land use and forest management. Land use change includes urbanization and agriculture, which usually change forest landscape to non_forest landscape. Forest management occurred within forest landscape mainly consist of timber harvest and road construction. Timber harvest effects forest landscape pattern and habitat pattern. The former focus on the relationship between harvest parameter and pattern structure characteristics and the latter emphasis on the harvest pattern planning from the view of habitat conservation. Roads change landscape pattern and processes, it focus on the relationship between road nets and pattern feature, the special rule across variety of spatial scale and the processes change under road nets affect, but the research on road ecology does not draw enough attention. We point the questions and the future trends in this issue: 1) Quantifying spatial pattern of anthropogenic activities is very important for this issue, nevertheless, in China, the little research blocked the further progresses; 2) The models develop more rapidly. Foreign research developed the plentiful model from the non-spatial model on the late 1980's to the spatial explicit model and modeled the long-term dynamic of forest landscape pattern successfully. In present, the focus is establishment and application of modern,sensitivity analysis of model and validation of simulation result; 3) Pattern research is deepening into process, including both hot points of landscape pattern—wild animal habitat relationship and landscape pattern—hydrological process, the former emphasizes on the relationship between animal movement and landscape pattern and the latter does on the hydrological response to the changing vegetation; 4) More attention is paid to driving force of anthropogenic policy and the change direction and velocity under alternative economic and social policy is useful for government to make decision.

Natural rubber, which is produced as a secondary plant metabolite, has been well recognized as an important raw industrial material due to its unique properties that can not be substituted by any alternative synthetic ones. This makes the worldwide supply of natural rubber is barely keeping up with its demand, and such resultant gap is expected to be wider even more significantly in the future. Hevea brasiliensis is the only one qualified as a commercial source for natural rubber production. The large yield, high quality and easy manipulation of culture and harvest all count Hevea brasiliensis as a predominant natural rubber provider with valuable economical significance. However, the fact that the limited rubber supply due to the limited rubber plantation is far behind the ever-stringent demand makes it necessitated for exploration of new approaches aimed for significant increase of the yield of Hevea brasiliensis. Both latex regeneration and latex flow are the main limiting factor in the control of the rubber production, so insight into the mechanisms of them will greatly benefit the bio-breeding of high-yield strains and rubber tree plantation.

The six years walnut(Juglans regia)cultivars (grafting plant) and three years seedlings were used as material to study the change of the endogenous hormone contents in roots and buds and the correlation with growth vigor of walnut in the same year. The results indicated that the endogenous hormone contents in bud of different walnut cultivars had insignificant correlation with the growth vigor. The GA₃ content in roots of walnut seedlings had positive significant correlation with tree height and its increment. The ABA content in roots of walnut seedlings had strikingly negative relationship with tree height and its increment, and trunk girth. The GA₃ content in buds of walnut seedlings had positive correlation significantly with the increment of tree height and the ABA content in buds of walnut seedling had strikingly negative relationship with tree height and its increment. The IAA content in roots of walnut seedlings had bally positive correlation significantly with that in buds.

The effect of different nitrogen and phosphorus sources on pH and the availability of mineral nutrients in the root/soil interface of Larix gmelinii seedlings were studied by means of root-mat method. The results showed that the addition of NH⁺₄-N decreased the pH in the root/soil interface, while the addition of NO^-₃-N increased the pH in contrast with the control treatment. The sort of the P sources and the distance from the root plane remarkably influenced the changes of pH in the root/soil interface induced by the addition of the nitrogen sources. Compared with the addition of only NH⁺₄-N, the extent to which the pH in the root/soil interface decreased was obviously smaller when treated by NH⁺₄-N and rock P. When treated with different P sources, the contents of available P in the root/soil interface were affected by the sort of the N sources. When treated with soluble P, the contents of the available P in the root/soil interface obviously increased for the addition of both NH⁺₄-N and NO₃^--N. When treated with rock P, the contents of the available P increased only in the area 0～3 mm from the root plane for NH⁺₄-N, whereas the contents of available P in the root/soil interface changed little for NO₃^--N. The results above showed that the protons excreted by the roots were the main driving force for the solution of the rock P in the root/soil interface. The availability of Fe in the root/soil interface increased as a result of acidity induced by the NH⁺₄-N, whereas the availability of Fe in the root/soil interface decreased because of the pH increase induced by the NO₃^--N. The effect of different N sources on the availability of Fe in the root/soil interface was also affected by the sort of P sources. The concentrations of P、Fe in the leaves remarkably differed when treated by different N、P sources and concentrations of the P、Fe in the root/soil interface were correlated to those in the leaves of the seedlings.

Solid phase micro-extraction (SPME) technique was applied to extract the volatiles and wound-induced volatiles of Ricinus communis, the volatiles were isolated and identified by GC-MS. The main volatile from intact leaves of Ricinus communis was 3 kinds of different constitution of dibutyl phthalate (87.81%), and dibutyl phthalate has the highest content (61.73%); besides the main volatile, a small quantity of decanamine, N-butyl (5.11%) and morpholine,4-octadecyl (7.07%) were identified too. When the leaves were broken to pieces, more volatiles were isolated, and 8 kinds of wound-induced volatiles were identified, they are unsaturated hexyl ester、hexyl aldehyde and hexyl-ol mostly, among them 3-hexen-1-ol, acetate was the main component, with content of 92.28%.

To find out the feasible compensation rate for ecological beneficial forest, the ecological benefits such as fixation of solar energy, absorption of carbon dioxide, release of oxygen, and maintaining the global atmosphere balance, were evaluated with the employment of emergy synthesis for the ecological beneficial forest in Guangdong Province. The result showed that ecological benefit of the ecological beneficial forest in Guangdong Province was significant, and the emergy output value was 0.285 billion per year. The emergy investment ratio (EIR) and environmental loading ratio (ELR) of ecological beneficial forest system were on a low level. More emergy should be input to the system in order to improve the utilization efficiency of resources. It was suggested that 136 ·hm^-2 a^-1 , I.e., 99 ·hm^-2 a^-1 for ecological benefit and 37 ·hm^-2 a^-1 for management expenditure, should be compensated at average level in Guangdong Province for the ecological beneficial forest.