Soil water holding capacities and infiltration characteristics had been studied in 7 vegetation restoration communities in Nüerzhai watershed in the northwest of Hunan Province in this paper. The results showed: 1) Soil saturated water storage and the maximum water holding capacity in capillary porosity in forest communities were higher than that in wasteland-shrub type, proving that forests had relatively ideal functions of meliorating soil properties and enhancing soil water holding capacity. 2) The common experienced infiltration model was the most suitable model for simulating the infiltrating processes in different vegetation communities in this region, followed by Kostiakov equation,and the Horton equation was the most unsuitable model. 3) The initial and mean infiltration rates of Phyllostachys edulis-Cunninghamia lanceolata mixed forests were the highest, which were 17.10 and 7.42 mm·min^-1respectively, and C. lanceolata plantations had the highest stable infiltration rate (11.51 mm·min^-1). However, Vernicia fordii plantations had the lowest initial infiltration rate (4.93 mm·min^-1), stable infiltration rate (0.52 mm·min^-1) and mean infiltration rate (1.23 mm·min -1). 4) The influence of slope position on the infiltration rate had no obvious regularity; there was the regularity of upslope>middle slope>down slope in Eucommia ulmoides plantations; however, there existed a contrary tendency in Pinus massoniana natural forests, Machilus pingii secondary forests and wasteland-shrub community, that is, the highest was observed in down slope and the lowest in upslope. For C. lanceolata plantations and P. edulis-C. lanceolata mixed forests the highest infiltration rate was observed in upslope and the lowest in middle slope; and in V. fordii plantations the highest in middle slope and the lowest in upslope. 5) According to principal component analysis, the closely relative factors to soil water infiltration properties were picked out, which included soil water holding capacity, porosity, forestry structure, vegetation biomass, elevation, slope degree and slope position, and slope exposure, herbaceous layer coverage ratio and soil density had little bearing on the infiltration. 6) Through double sieving stepwise regression analysis, the driven factor equations of initial infiltration rate, stable infiltration rate and mean infiltration rate had been established.

Based on twenty-three sample plots' survey data on the lowland rain forest, Vatica mangachapoi communities from varied latitudes in Jianfengling National Nature Reserve of Hainan Island, interspecific association among thirty-two dominant species were analyzed. Then the ecological species groups and functional groups division were discussed. The results showed that the dominant populations had general positive interspecific association, but the species pairs with significant positive associations were only ten percent of the total 496 species pairs, and most of the species pairs showed weak interspecific association or without interspecific association. That is, the investigated forest populations had characteristics of relatively independent distribution. Finally, through the interspecific association coefficients and species cluster analysis, thirty-two dominant species were divided into four ecological species groups and ten functional groups, and recognition characters of these ten functional groups were proposed.

Based on the balance between water supply (available soil moisture) of soil and water consumption by vegetation transpiration and soil evaporation, this study focus on determining the suitable vegetation coverage in the slope of loess area where carried on the policy of returning farmland to forests and grass land. Loess area, Ji County in Shanxi Province, was taken as a case study. According to a long-term monitoring in the research area, the following parameters, available soil water content, the intercepting rate, runoff coefficient, soil water content, soil evaporation and evapotranspiration were get in the main forest lands. Based on all the above variables, the suitable vegetation coverage of the main species (including Pinus tabulaeformis, Robinia psedoacacia, shrub and grass) in the research area was calculated using the model developed. The results will provide the theoretical foundation for the project of returning farmland to forests and grassland and other forestry ecological engineering projects on the designing of efficient spatial distribution and stable stand structure for protection forest.

Five provenances of Zenia insignis were used as materials to observe their leaf structural features by epidermal and paraffin slice methods, measure leaf semi-lethal temperature by electric conductivity, and measure leaf supercool point temperature by differential scanning calorimetry. The cold resistance of Z. insignis from different provenances and the correlation between the clod resistance and leaf structural features were analyzed together with field survey. Provenance from Tongdao, Hunan showed the strongest cold resistance. Its cold injury percentage in Zhuzhou, Hunan and Lishui, Zhejiang was zero and 4.83%, respectively, which were significantly lower than that of the other provenances. Its leaf semi-lethal temperature and supercool point temperature were -5.34 ℃ and -15.04 ℃, respectively, which were lower than those of the provenances from Wengyuan, Guangdong and Xincheng, Guangxi. In addition, cell tense ratio (CTR) and spongy ratio (SR) of Z. insignis leaf were correlated with its cold resistance; the cold resistance ability became stronger with the increase of CTR and the decrease of SR.

Induction of autotetraploidy Paulownia forunei from the pre-cultured leaves of the diploid with different concentrations of colchicines on the double (liquid and solid) media MS+NAA 0.1 mg·L^-1+BA 18 mg·L^-1 through chromosome numbering of the plant tip cells was conducted, and DNA content in leaf cell were investigated. The results indicated that a more significant difference of explant survival and shoot induction rates and non-significant difference of tetraploid induction rate occurred among various treatments with colchicines, a significant difference of tetraploid induction rate occurred within the treatment time of explants with colchicines, and a more significant difference of shoot and tetraploid induction rates occurred for the time of explants precultured. The tetraploid induction rate might reach 20.0% from the explants pre-cultured for 12 d and treated with 5 mg·L^-1colchicine for 72 h on the double media among the nine experiments. Moreover, leaves of the tetraploid seedlings were larger and thicker than those of the diploid ones, and the stomatal size and density on the leaf larger and thicker than those of the diploid respectively.

A MADS box gene PtSEP3 was isolated from young female flower of Populus tomentosa using PCR strategy. Alignment and homolog tree analyses show that PtSEP3 is a homologous gene of Arabidopsis SEP3. PtSEP3 expression can be detected not only in pistil and stamen, but young shoot, terminal bud and young leaf of an adult tree. Driven by 35S promoter, PtSEP3 over-expression leads to severe morphologic alterations in leaf phyllotaxis and in leaf form. In transgenic plants, several leaves usually initial from one stem node and leaf base most are cuneate, which are obviously different from alternate phyllotaxis and cordate leaf base in wild type. Ovary-like structures each with 1～2 styles and an ovate-form womb can be induced in volume, when leaf explants or root explants of transgenic lines are incubated on bud differentiation medium. The phenotypes in PtSEP3 over-expression lines combined with its expression pattern suggest it play roles in regulating floral organ initiation, probably in maintenance of shoot meristem property for correct initiation of normal leaves.

The Eucalyptus grandis×E.urophylla cuttings from different ages of stock trees were taken as the experiment materials. The physiological and biochemical index of the cutting leaves, such as their photosynthesis, nitrogen metabolism, endogenous protected enzyme system, membrane lipid reaction, etc. were tested to explore the rules on Eucalyptus grandis×E.urophylla senescence with different age of scion mother tree. The results showed the indices had obvious different on chlorophyll content, soluble content, SOD activity, POD activity, CAT activity, MAD content and PRO content of different age of scion mother tree. The physiological index of the cuttings leaves measured accurately, controlled conveniently scion mother tree ages, and ensured the quality of the cuttings. The age of scion mother trees and the leaves of cuttings on senescence physiology had a clear link, chlorophyll content, soluble protein content, POD activity, SOD activity and PRO content and scion mother tree ages had negative correlation. The CAT activity and scion mother tree ages had negative correlation. Through measured the above physiological and biochemical indicators could determine the scion mother tree ages, the physiological indices of the cuttings' leaves were small, the ages of the scion mother trees were greater, the growth of the cuttings recessed quickly. MDA and the ages of scion mother trees were a positive correlation, the age of the scion mother tree could be determined by the amount of MAD, the greater the MAD, scion mother tree ages showed greater, and the growth of the cuttings recessed quickly. And CAT activity and the age of scion mother tree had no regularly , CAT activity should not be used to determine scion mother tree ages. So according to above testing results, it could be indicate synthetically that among the 3 young forests, the resistance to senescence of the one-year-old was the strongest, the two-year-old was stronger, and the three-year-old from cutting was the weakest. The change of physiological index was often affected by environmental conditions, Therefore, It should be under the same environmental conditions to judge the declines of cuttings' descendant, when the age of the ortet were determined, physiological index was first, the growth and morphology index must be considered, at the same time,they could be used to judge the senescence speed in cuttage propagation process of Eucalyptus grandis×E.urophylla.

It was different significantly that the activity of the carboxylesterase of the Anoplophora glabripennis feeding different poplars, with the same negative correlation trend as the resistant sequence of the six poplars species. The activity of the carboxylesterase in Populus tomentosa, a resistant poplar, decreased gradually as the time of eating increased. But kinetics studies showed that this change is mainly because of the change of CarE molecular before the ten-days of eating. Quantitative differences might gradually replace the role within the later days. To P. canadensis, a sensitive poplar, the activity of the carboxylesterase increased gradually with the increase of eating time, and the quantitative differences play a key role in the change.

The systemic relationship among the three strains of pomegranate canker diseases, the disease symptom, pathogen morphology, culture and physiological characters and molecular diversity was studied by comparison. The pomegranate scab and fruiting pathogen are belonged to same pathogen and deduced the pathogen infect to pomegranate stem or limb at first and infect calyces and fruit second, the pathogen of pomegranate stem rot mainly infect stem or limb, whether the pathogen infect fruit and produce symptom or not is needed to continue studying and identification.

Mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal Cinnamomum camphora (camphor tree) seedlings were exposed to Al³⁺ levels of 0, 0.5, 8 and 15 mmol·L ^-1 in acid solutions for 10 weeks. We evaluated if arbuscular mycorrhizas (AM) and its host’ growth could be responsible for the tolerance to acid solutions with different Al³⁺ level. The results showed that as far as morphology and biomass of aboveground and belowground were concerned, mycorrhizal plants had higher resistance to Al than non-mycorrhizal plants with 0 and 0.5 mmol·L^-1Al³⁺ in acid solutions; mycorrhizal plants appear better or similar with non-mycorrhizal plants with 8 and 15 mmol·L^-1 Al³⁺ in acid solutions. Mycorrhiza significantly increased ZR contents of leaves and IAA & ZR contents of roots, decreased ABA contents of leaves and roots. At the same time, the index of growth, morphology and P content is significantly correlated with phytohormones contents in different organs. Our results indicated the AM fungal consortium confer Al resistance to camphor tree seedlings.

Mean forest tree height is one important allometric parametric for the measurement of forest stand volume and above ground biomass. The development of quantitative tree height reversion technique of remote sensing can help to improve the estimation accuracy of forest volume and biomass in large scale, and provide technique supports for the scientific management of forest and globe carbon circle study. As one active microwave remote sensing technique, polarimetric synthetic aperture radar interferometry (POLinSAR), is an advanced and effective tree height inversion technique developed by scientists of the microwave remote sensing field in recent years. Two passes of SIR-C/X SAR L band full polarization single look complex (SLC) data were acquired for the test site established in Hetian of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. In addition to the SAR data, one scene of Landsat-5 TM data and one scene of Landsat-7 ETM+ data and some sheets of 1∶50 000 topographic maps covering the test site were collected. The POLinSAR data processing and tree height reversion algorithm were studied and programmed for the tree height inversion case study using the SIR-C/X POLinSAR dataset acquired. The primary analysis and evaluation of the achieved tree height inversion result have proved the truthfulness of the POLinSAR data processing and tree height inversion algorithms adopted in this paper. It has been observed that there maybe lots of non-volumetric decorrelation scatters on the poloarimetric coherence images acquired by repeat pass INSAR mode, identifying and kicking out these scatters was an important data processing step for getting true tree height extraction result.

With the increased attention on simulations of trees and forest ecosystem, the visualization of plants quickly becomes the combinative development trend of graphics and forestry. The simulation of trees is one of the latest topics of forestry visualization. Because Pinus massoniana is a special main forestation species and it has been researched by many scholars, according to the observation data of different year of Pinus massoniana, the paper presents a interactively parameterized modeling method based on the shape of Pinus massoniana, and simulates different geometrical models of several years. Through the experiments, this method testfies that it can simulate Pinus massoniana well.

With the textural features of wood images as key bases, it aimed to realize the retrieval and identification of wood species. It adopted such contents as color, grey and texture of wood images, and measured with nine parameters: hue, saturation, illuminance, contrast, angular second moment, sum of variances, long run emphasis, fractal dimension, and wavelet horizontal energy proportion, then performed retrieval of wood species according to maximal similarity theory. The results showed that the retrieval and identification of wood species could be realized on bases of image textural features and relevant algorithms. The retrieval accuracy and uniqueness by limen discriminance of synthetical features were better than those by minimal differences method. But when the texture of samples was weak or textureless, the uniqueness of retrieval result would not be very satisfying. Even then, it is a worthwhile developing retrieval and identification method of wood species.

The leachability and decay resistance of 4-year-old bamboo wood treated with chitosan copper/zinc complexes (CCC and CZC) were reported in this paper. Results showed as follows: 1) To chitosan-metal complexes(CCC and CZC), the amount of metal ion fixed in bamboo wood was slightly higher than CCB, while significantly higher than the corresponding metal salt. 2) The decay resistance of CCC against Coriolous versicolor was better than CCB. When the metal ion retention in bamboo wood reached 6.35 kg·m^-3, mass loss of the treated bamboo wood was 0 percent. 3) The decay resistance of CZC against Coriolous versicolor was nearly equivalent to that of CCC, and remarkably better than that of only treated by relevant metal salts. When the metal ion retention in bamboo wood exceeded 2.41 kg·m^-3, mass loss of the treated bamboo wood tended to be 0 percent.

Chilling injury is one of the ecological factors causing environmental stress in plants. Exploring the physiological and ecological mechanisms of cold tolerance in plants can understand how plants grow at low temperature, which has important meaning in theory and practice. At present, study on cold tolerance in plants focuses on physiology, genes, and relationship between plants and environment and so on. This article reviews the physiological and ecological response of plants to low temperature during cold acclimation. Overwintering plants encased in ice can be exposed to anaerobic conditions and suffer phytotoxicity. Photoinhibition induced the increase of reactive oxygen species (ROS), causing the degradation of photosystems, which is unfavorable for cold hardiness of plants. Short days induce dormancy in plants, resulting in a increase in cold hardiness of plants. Phytochrome has been considered to be the photoreceptor responsible for triggering the initiation of the first stage of cold acclimation. The accumulation of carbohydrates and pathogenesis-related proteins enhances the resistance of plants to low-temperature pathogens. Scientists predict that plants will suffer greater risk of low-temperature damage with the changes in climate. An initial partial disassembly of microtubles is sufficient to trigger efficient cold acclimation. The adaptation of plants to cold also associates with the increased levels of antioxidants enzymes, sugar, proline, polymines and so on. Changes in dormancy status are more likely related to changes in ABA sensitivity than to variations in ABA levels. The expression of COR (cold responsive) genes is critical in plants for both chilling tolerance and cold acclimation. Genotypes from colder environments have greater cold hardiness in situ than those from milder environments. The QTL analysis of multiple phenotypic traits provides the basis for marker assisted selection (MAS) of important agronomic characters. Calcium is an important second messenger in a low temperature signal transduction pathway involved in regulation of cold-acclimation response. Signal transduction, gene regulation, genetics, metabolomics, and climate change affecting the plant survival are important aspects in the future study of cold tolerance in plants.

The article introduces the advantage of making green roofs. It analyzes the development of Germany's green roofs from five aspects, including the types, course and situation, policy and criterion, technology and market foreground. It also generalizes the course and situation of our country and points out some issues of making green roofs in Beijing, such as the distemperedness of market, concept confusion, high cost, limited plants resource, construction and technology problems, lack of professionals and so on. And it aslo indicated that the bottle-neck of the development of green roofs in Beijing are three aspects including the selection of suitable plants, the low load of roof tops and contravention of using water. Then it put forward that developing green roofs in china must resolve three questions: the government's guidance and technical assistance as well as spread conception.

Some serious problems are currently faced by bamboo biodiversity conservation such as taxonomic confusions, lack of resource information, weak research ability, and serious destruction. Thus, the author suggested that we should focus on the following tasks in the future for the conservation of bamboo biodiversity: 1) Conducting the investigation, identification and conservation of unique, rare and endangered bamboos; 2) Establishing nature reserves; 3) Developing the cultivation and propagation of rare bamboos; 4) Enhancing the exsitu conservation of rare and endangered bamboos.

When wood bears load, damage in its meso-structure in material would grow, and the evolving behavior of damage and crack determines its micro-mechanics behaviors. Meso-damage elements of wood could be devided into four kinds: 1)cell or cell wall interface damage; 2)cell wall bucking and local landslide damaged zone; 3)micro-cavity damage and converge; 4)micro-cracks damage. Follow-up analyzing the entire process from deformation, damage to fracture and proving up the relationship between micro-structure evolution and micro-behavior would be useful to reveal the mechnism of wood rupture from which gains the new cognition of the interrelation between wood structure and its function of strength and toughness. They have a guiding for researching and developing new types of wood-based composite materials that would overcome the flaw of wood and have a special capability of strength and toughness.

Through comparing the concentration and inventory of soil organic carbon (SOC) and its distribution in the soil profiles under several reafforestation patterns, this paper studied the effect of different reafforestation patterns on SOC in the 0～60 cm soil layer located in Lanlingxi drainage area of Zigui county, the three gorges reservoir area. The results showed: In five years after the beginning of the project of Grain for Green, the concentration and inventory of SOC in the 0～30 cm soil layer under most reafforestation patterns were higher than those under contrast 2 (cropland) conditions, while the concentration and inventory of SOC in the 0～60 cm soil layer did not change or even decreased in some cases. The concentration and inventory of SOC and the decreasing magnitude of SOC with the soil profile depth under all the studied reafforestation patterns were lower than those under contrast 1 (shrubbery land) conditions, which received the least impact of land use change. It is thus suggested that the impact of the five-years reafforestation patterns on the SOC in the 0～60 cm soil layer is insignificant. In contrast, the impact of the land use change could be one of the controlling factors affecting SOC in the three gorges reservoir area.

Using thermal dissipation probe(SF-G), a sample tree's diurnal sap flow velocity and sap flow density at different trunk heights were monitored in the Quercus acutissima plantation in the Forestry Centre of Taishan Academy of Forestry Science in spring and autumn. 5 days data both in spring and autumn were selected, and spatial variation of trunk water pondage and sap flow was analyzed. In spring, the peak value was higher and fluctuated acutely, and the peak time appeared early and lasted longer than that in autumn. Sap flow velocity at upper trunk section was higher than that at mid and lower trunk section. In autumn, however, sap flow flux at the three trunk sections was very small and similar. Sap flow movement was lagged in order from the lower trunk to upper trunk by 60～120 min in autumn. Spring trunk poundage fluctuated sharply and extended greatly than that in autumn. The relative trunk water restoring time in spring was about 20 h, and 10～12 h longer than that in autumn.

In order to study the physiological mechanism of mail sterile Chestnut during male inflorescence abortion, the activities of SOD, POD, CAT and the content of MDA of male sterile variety of `Fulaiwuhua' and male fertile variety of `Dahongpao' during the development of male inflorescence were measured. The results showed that the SOD activities of mail sterile variety were higher than that of male fertile variety during the development of male inflorescence. The POD activities of mail sterile variety were higher than male fertile variety at the early stage of male inflorescence development, and rose obviously when the male inflorescence was dropping. The CAT activities of mail sterile variety were obviously higher than that of male fertile variety and their changes trend was the same. The MDA contents of mail sterile variety were obviously lower than that of male fertile variety except the male inflorescence was dropping. It was suggested that the destroying of active oxygen eliminating system might be the physiological reason of male inflorescence abortion.

The ancient Ginkgo population in Funiu Mountain in the west of Henan Province distributes to the south of the top of Funiu Mountain, where there are old geology, warm climate, superior environment and many kinds of Ginkgo from Paleozoic. The local have the intense sense of protecting the old trees and most villages are named as Ginkgo. From then on lots of ancient Ginkgo have still live in few people hillside.The population structure approach to nature and jamming is slight which account for the ancient Ginkgo population in the west of Henan Province maybe the nature multiplication of the ancient Ginkgo.

25 clones(6 trees from each clone) were sampled (aged 15 years) from clone test stand of Populus tomentosa. The fiber forms (fiber length, fiber width, ratio of fiber length and fiber width, fiber wall thinckness, fiber lumen diameter, ratio of 2 fiber wall thinckness and fiber lumen diameter, ratio of fiber lumen diameter and cell diameter) were analysed. Variance analysis showed that these 7 traits were significantly different among clones at 0.05 level. 2 characters, Fiber width and fiber lumen diameter, were strongly inherited, and others 5 traits were under moderate genetic control. The selection could be conducted effectively among clones. The variation analysis of microfibrillar angles showed that there was significantly difference among clones at 0.05 level. The clones repeatability (0.961) and single repeatability (0.651) of microfibrillar angles indicated that the character was under genetic control. And selection could be conducted effectively among clones and within clones. The variance analysis of transverse section tissue percentage include vessel percentage, fiber percentage and wood ray percentage of Populus tomentosa were perfected. All traits except vessel percentage were observed significant clonal differences at 0.05 level. The values of clone repeatability of vessel percentage and fiber percentage were 0.437 and 0.336 separately, and the values of clone repeatability of wood ray percentage was 0.711. This showed that genetic control for wood ray percentage is feasible.

In order to investigate the changes of free radicals in the suspension liquid of wood treated by laccase, wood powder of Pinus kesiya var. langbianensis sapwood , heartwood and Liquidambar formosana were selected to detect the changes of free radicals after laccase treatment. The laccase treatment parameters were as follows: pH 3.47 and 6.50, 2 hours of laccase incubation, the temperature of 32 ℃ and enzyme dosage 19 U·g ^-1 dry wood powder. The results showed that there was a significant difference of the intensities of the reactive oxygen species (ROS) free radicals in the aqueous suspension of wood between control and samples treated by laccase. The intensities of ROS free radicals among different woods treated by laccase was marked difference. The intensities of ROS free radicals of Pinus kesiya var. langbianensis sapwood or heartwood treated by laccase were higher than that of Liquidambar formosana.

This paper initially applied the non-destructive evaluation-computerized tomography and the fractal theory to research the feature of wood fracture. Pinus elliottii, Populus×canadensis cv. ‘I-214’ and Larix gmelinii were choosed as samples. The author established the logarithm-logarithm relationship between the section area of wood fracture and its location, then defined the slope-D_L regressed by the two factors above as the section variation fractal dimension of wood fracture. The results showed: the non-destructive evaluation-computerized tomography can effectively analysis the feature of wood fracture. All the samples exist an marked linear relationship between the section area of fracture and its location, D_L is a new effective parameter to quantitatively characterize the feature of wood fracture, the delta of -2 described the complexity of fracture surface of wood. Due to the anisotropy and variation of wood properties, D_L is the statistically fractal dimension. All the results are tested by the statistic software——SARS, there exists remarkable difference between the D_L from different species. The average fractal dimension of fracture surface of Pinus elliottii is 2.25, Populus×canadensis cv. ‘I-214’ is 2.46, Larix gmelinii is 2.65.