The Pinus tabulaeformis plantation is a low and middle hill type of the zonal vegetation and is distributing in the low hill shade slope and half shade slope in Beijing mountainous areas.Due to a generally high stand density and the lag of tending,the forests could not grow well and the general quality of the stand is in poor condition.The ecological functions of the plantation therefore cannot be fulfilled.In order to investigate the dynamic variance of the undergrowth and to provide reference for reasonable thinning,in 2000 and 2004,24 sample plots in the low hill shade slope with thick soil were selected in Beijing mountainous areas and the light,medium and heavy thinning,pruning,and bushing were conducted on each sample plots respectively.In the summers of 2005 and 2006,the changes of the growth and the undergrowth diversity of the P.tabulaeformis were investigated and analyzed.The results showed:In the 2^nd year after thinning,the DBH,height,crown length,individual volume and stocking of the tending group were significantly higher than that of the control group,while no clear evidence was observed regarding the variance on growth of the P.tabulaeformis among the light thinning,medium thinning and heavy thinning groups.In the 6^th year after thinning,the growth of the P.tabulaeformis of the 3 groups were ranked in such order:heavy thinning > medium thinning > light thinning;the growth of medium and heavy thinning groups were much better than that of the light thinning group and the control group;and the heavy thinning group obtained the best growth;In the first 2 years of thinning,the species and quantity of the undergrowth,Simpson index,Shannon-Wiener index,Evenness index and the total amount of the undergrowth biomass all increased along with the enhancing of the thinning;In the 6 th year after thinning,The species,Simpson index,Shannon-Wiener index and Evenness index all depressed and the species number increased 5,10 and 12 respectively;For the Simpson index and Shannon-Wiener index,the 3 groups were ranked under the order:heavy thinning > medium thinning > light thinning.Compared with the first 2 years after thinning,the quantity of the undergrowth was decreased for every group,but the undergrowth coverage was increased as the thinning was enhancing,and the community vertical structure became much clearer for the heavy thinning group.Besides,the medium and heavy thinning increased the ratio of the highly water demanded plants,and had an effect of turning the undergrowth to meso-xerophytes and mesophytes;After the thinning,the total amounts of the undergrowth biomass were increased as the thinning was enhancing and were ranked in such order:6^th year > 2^nd year > 1^st year.In the 6^th year after thinning,the undergrowth biomass are increased by 29.1%,45.2% and 70.9% respectively for the light thinning group,medium thinning group and heavy thinning group;Thinning has a significant effect on the growth and diversity of undergrowth of the P.tabulaeformis plantation;It would improve the plantations in Beijing mountainous area turning to a sustainable development pattern.For increasing the growth and diversity of undergrowth,the heavy thinning has the best effect,and the appropriate stand density for the Pinus tabulaeformis plantations,on 35～37 a shady slope with thick soil and an original density of 3 200～3 467 tree·hm^-2,is 1 240～1 500 tree·hm^-2.

Due to adaptive to the infertile habitat,Acacia mangium is widely planted as pioneer species in tropical and south subtropical regions in China.In order to understand the soil fertilities changes in A.mangium plantation,the soil physical and chemical properties and enzyme activities with different age classes were studied.The results showed that with the stand age increases,soil water-stable aggregate,non-capillary porosity,capillary porosity,maximum moisture capacity,minimum moisture capacity and field moisture capacity of A.mangium plantation increased,there was similar tendency changes on the content of soil humus(humic acid and fulvic acid),total N,hydrolyzable N,total P,available P,and the activities of catalase,urease,protease and acid phosphatase,but the rate of structure destroy and density of soil were in reverse trend.Enzyme activities in soil were closed related to soil fertilities,it could also be used as an evaluation index of soil fertility.Therefore,the A.mangium plantation could significantly improve soil structure and moisture condition,improve the content of soil organic matter and nutrients,prevent soil degradation and protect eco-environment,which was advantageous to the sustainable development of forestry.

By adopting the concept of space as a substitute for time,we analyzed the dynamics of species composition and diversity of different restoration series(20,30,40 and 50 years)in two secondary forest types in western Sichuan,China,distributing in the north or north west aspect based on the 50 plots at the altitudes between 3 100～3 600 m,the forests came from natural regeneration in combination with reforestation of spruce when the old-growth bamboo-dark brown coniferous forests and moss-dark brown coniferous old growth forests were harvested and the similar old-growth dark brown coniferous forests with the ages of 160～200 years were selected as the reference forests for comparisons.We recorded 167 species of vascular plants from 44 families and 117 genera.There was no significant difference in terms of species number among secondary forests,but the importance value of dominant species varied with restoration processes.The dominant species in the secondary forests is Betula albo-sinensis,While Abies faxoniana is the dominant species in old-growth dark brown coniferous forests.Species richness increased significantly with restoration processes.It increased quickly in secondary forests during the period of 30～40 years,but decreased significantly in the old-growth dark brown coniferous forests.The species richness among growth forms varied as follows:herb layer>shrub layer>tree layer.The maximum value of evenness index occurred in secondary forests with age of 40 years,and remained relatively stable in bamboo-birch forests,but evenness index tended to decrease in moss-birch forests and slightly increased in the old-growth moss-dark brown coniferous forests.There was significant difference in evenness index between tree layer and shrub layer,and between tree layer and herb layer,respectively.But there was not significantly difference between shrub layer and herb layer.The value of Shannon index varied with an increasing trend with increasing restoration time.In bamboo-birch forests,the maximum value of Shannon index was 3.796 7,which recorded in the forest with age of 50 years.However,in moss-birch forest,the maximal value was 3.654 3,which recorded in the forest with age of 30 years.The value of Shannon index of old-growth dark coniferous forests was recorded between younger secondary and older secondary forests.The value of dominance index of communities varied in a increasing way firstly,and then in a decreasing way.The dominance index of tree layer had the similar trend with community dominance index,but with large variation.The minimum value of dominance index of tree layer which moss-birch forests reached ahead of 20 years earlier than that of bamboo-birch forests.There was significant difference among restoration series on α diversity except dominance index,but not significant difference between two secondary forest types.With increasing age,the value of Bray-Curtis index between secondary forest and old-growth dark brown coniferous forest had an increasing trend.

Taking unconverted steep slope farmland as control site,a study on biomass of fine root and its relationship with water-stable aggregate in two herbaceous modes of four years triploid Populus tomentosa lands converted from agricultural lands were conducted.Results showed that the biomass of fine root(≤1 mm)in different layers are different as following descending sequence:upper layer,middle layer,lower layer,and at an approximately ratio as 50∶30∶20.Average biomass every year of fine roots in ryegrass were two times more than that of natural grass-forest compound lands;Total amount of natural grass root was 4.4 times than that of ryegrass mode.Water-stable aggregate of upper layer,middle layer,lower layer and unconverted lands represented no significant differences,whereas water-stable aggregate of big-particle in upper and middle layer were much higher than that of unconverted lands,water-stable aggregate of natural grass-forest lands were higher than that of managed grass-forest lands.Two-way analysis of variance indicated that fine root(≤1 mm)can enhance water-stable aggregate and total water-stable aggregate significantly.Consequently,project converting agricultural lands to forest-grass lands were effective on improving anti-erosion capability.

The two-year-old seedlings of Populus euphratica and Populus pruinosa were grown in pots to study the effects of soil water stress on the response of photosynthetic parameters to light intensities(PAR 0～3 000 μmol photons·m^-2s^-1).There were three soil water stress treatments:70%～80%(normal water supply),50%～60%(mild stress)and 30%～40%(severe stress)of field water-holding capacity.The results showed that light response curves of net photosynthetic rate(P_n)in P.euphratica and P.pruinosa were nonrectangular hyperbola function.Under Normal water supply condition,P.euphratica and P.pruinosa maximum net photosynthetic rates(P_{n max})were 24.59,16.68 μmol CO₂·m^-2s^-1,apparent quantum yields(AQY)were 0.059,0.036 μmol CO₂· μmol^-1 photons,light saturation points(LSP)were 603,517 μmol photons·m^-2s^-1,light compensation points(LCP)were 42,41 μmol photons·m^-2s^-1 and dark respiration rates(R_d)were 2.99、1.45 μmol CO₂·m^-2s^-1,respectively.Under the soil drought stress the values of P _{n max},AQY,LSP and R_d were declined and LCP values were not changed.Compared with P.pruinosa,there were higher values of P_n,P_{n max},LSP,AQY and R_d in P.euphratica,except for LCP.These results revealed that P.euphratica had higher capacity to acclimate to different soil water supply and light intensity than P.pruinosa grown under the same habitat type.

In this paper,comparing and analyzing with fatty acid contents of 156 walnut ecotypes of 13 production areas in Sichuan Province and analyzing the canonical correlations of ecology factor with fat characters and fatty acid compositions were conducted.The results showed that total of palmitic,stearic,oleic,linoleic and linolenic content of walnut was 99% of fat,unsaturated fatty acids was 91% of fat,total of linoleic and linolenic was 60% of fat.Altitude,average temperature in January,longitude,accumulative temperature over 10 ℃ degree were the main factors for accumulation of saturated fatty acid(SFA),monounsaturated fatty acid(MUFA)and polyunsaturated fatty acid(PUFA).The level of SFA increased with average temperature in January and longitude.The level of MUFA and PUFA increased with altitude and accumulative temperature over 10 ℃ degree.Average annual relative humidity and annual average temperature mainly affected accumulation of linolenic.The level of linolenic increased with average annual relative humidity and annual average temperature.Annual average temperature and average temperature in January mainly affected accumulation of oleic and linoleic.The level of oleic and linoleic increased during annual average temperature and average temperature in January decreasing.

Seed germination characteristics of 7 spatially isolated populations of the endangered plant Euonymus chloranthoides were studied in the laboratory condition.The differences of the seed germination rates among 7 populations were found to be extremely notable.The seed germination rates of the studied populations are positively correlated with their population sizes,while show no correlation with the soil parameters.The differences of the seed germination rates between big populations and small populations reach the extremely notable level.The average seed mass of 7 populations are not copiously correlated both with their population size and with soil parameters in the habitats,which indicates that the average seed weight of a studied population is relatively stable and less influenced.The low seed germination rate in smaller populations may mainly due to the inbreeding depression,and/or loss of genetic diversity in the isolated,smaller populations,while not due to the environmental factors.The study suggests that we should take both the non-genetic,demographic factors and the genetic factors into consideration and enlarge the population to maintain higher seed germination rate and restore the normal regenerations among the smaller and isolated populations of this endangered plant.

The study area was chosen in Yijinholo County,Mu Us sandland,Inner Mongolia.According to the orientation investigation data in the field and the corresponding RS and GIS information,by means of principal components analysis,common factor analysis and multiple linear regression analysis,the vegetation coverage and biomass estimation models were set up.Through the analysis of the math models,the main factor of influencing the vegetation coverage and biomass were found out.After desertification degree quantum,quantitative estimation model of desertification degree was set up by the vegetation coverage and biomass as main factors.Quantitative estimation model of desertification degree was fulfilled.

Based on triaxial compression tests,this paper researched the stress-strain and strength characteristics of root-soil composite.The ultimate σ₁-σ₃,reinforcement and shear strength index of composite were investigated under the conditions of different root diameter,root arrangement,water content of composite and confining pressure.It was found that the strength incremental ratio of root-soil composite increased with the increasing of root diameter when the water content of composite in the steady state.The strength incremental ratio of horizontal root-soil composite decreased with the increasing of water content,while the strength incremental ratio of vertical and complex root-soil composites increased.Except for the horizontal composite,the vertical and complex root-soil composites obviously improved soil strength.

The larvae of Micromelalopha troglodyta were fed with leaves of transgenic poplars expressing Bt gene only and expressing Bt and CpTI genes,the activities of esterase in the midgut of larvae raised in the earlier stage,but restricted later.When the larvae were treated with leaves of transgenic poplars expressing Bt alone and expressing both genes respectively,the corresponding highest restrictive stage was 48,12 h,and the activities decreased by 15.8%,38.1%.The restrictive efficiency of the clone expressing both Bt and CpTI was superior to that expressing Bt alone.The restriction of the poplars with Bt gene to carboxylesterase in the midgut of larvae was not notable,but the plants with Bt and CpTI genes could restrain the activities of the Carboxyleterase significantly.When the larvae were fed with leaves of transgenic poplars expressing both genes for 24,36,48 h,the activities of carboxyleterase decreased by 33.4%,22.5%,29.6% respectively,which had a significant difference with CK.So it was shown that the transgenic poplars disturbed the insect regular metabolism mainly by restraining the activities of esterase and carboxyleterase in the midgut of larvae,then killed the pests.

By the infection experiment of Beauveria bassiana to the overwintering larvae of Monochamus alternatus under different temperatures and dosages,the results showed:20～25 ℃ was the fittest temperature range for B.bassiana to M.alternatus.Under 20 ℃,parasitic rates of B.bassiana to M.alternatus by three kinds of concentration of B.bassiana spore suspension were 58%、95% and 100% respectively.By comparing mortality of M.alternatus at 4 th instars after inoculation of B.bassiana,Scleroderma guani and S.guani with B.bassiana,on the 7 th day,the highest mortality of M.alternatus only inoculating B.bassiana was 26.3%;the highest mortality of M.alternatus only inoculating S.guani was 55.0%;and the highest montality of M.alternatus inoculating and S.guani with B.bassiana was 94.4%.The field experiment showed that the mortality of the M.alternatus larvae treated by S.guani with B.bassiana was 61.1%,by S.guani was 40.8%,and by B.bassiana was 0.0%.So S.guani with B.bassiana might have better effect to the larvae of M.alternatus.

A lot of prepupae of Artona funeralis were collected in succession after they broke out in a large area and were reared in the lab.during the process,11 species of parasitic enemies,1 white muscardine fungi,3 parasitic flies and 7 parasitic chalcids were discovered.All the parasitic flies and chalcids collected are new record enemies of A.funeralis in China.Two newly-recorded genus,Diaglyptidae Vieredc and Caenocryptoides Vchida and 1 newly-recorded species,Theronia depressa were discovered.There were 4 dominant species among the 11 parasitic natural enemies,and the parasitic rate of each enemy is over 10%.Extraordinarily,the parasitic rate of C.sp.is 47%.C.sp.could complete 3 generations during the period of prepupa for overwintering of A.funeralis in bamboo forest.

We identified the mostly component(Z)-7-tetradecenyl-1-ol(Z7-14∶OH)、(Z)-7-tetradecenyl acetate(Z7-14∶Ac)and(E)-7-tetradecenyl acetate(E7-14∶ Ac)of sex pheromones of Holcocerus hippoophaecolus by gas chromatography(GC)and electroantennographic(EAG)analyses,and trapping trial of male moths with synthetic sex attractant in our laboratory was made.Two years field trial showed that the biological activities of mixture of(Z)-7-tetradecenyl acetate(Z7-14∶Ac)、(E)-3-tetradecenyl acetate(E3-14∶Ac)and(E)-7-tetradecenyl acetate(E7-14∶ Ac)in a 10∶10∶1 ratio are the strongest,and the lure with the mixer had accurate reflection of H.hippophaecolus presence and density.

A kind of active reagent that could reduce the cost of urea-formaldehyde(UF)manufacture successfully was investigated by FTIR and DSC analysis.The results indicated that the main efficient component of active reagent was the methylolated urea,and the electrolyte had no chemical linking with urea derivatives.The active reagent reduced the surface tension of resin which improves the resin wettability onto wood.During the solidifying reaction,active reagent would reduce the activated energy of UF resin which implied that more resin molecules had attended the reaction and the bonding efficiency was improved macroscopically.The plywood and paperboard testing indicated that the synthetic technology introduced electrolyte properly could improve reaction rate and bonding strength,but reduced the tensile strengthen under the wet condition.The effect of electrolyte was discussed theoretically.It offered a good method for controlling the UF synthesis and cost during application.

To establish a new method for the extraction of turmeric oil and curcumin by supercritical CO₂ and microwave combined technique,turmeric powder was pre-treated with supercritical CO₂ to obtain turmeric oleoresin,and then microwave was used to extract curcumin.Orthogonal experiment was applied to optimize the process parameters of the microwave assisted extraction,and the parameters about extraction condition,production yield,purity of different extraction technologies were compared.The optimum conditions of curcumin extracting were:temperature 45 ℃,ratio of material to liquor 1∶11,80% ethanol as extracting solvent,time 2 min,yield of 3.22%.

Ginkgo biloba var.epiphylla,with important ornamental and scientific values,is an extremely peculiar germplasm.It is reported that the number of G.biloba var.epiphylla is only 47 in the whole world,their age ranged from 36 to 1200.As far the whole tree is concerned,the epiphyllous ovules(seeds)accounted for 5% to 25% of the total ovules(seeds)produced by the tree.The paper reviews many opinions about the taxonomic status,summarizes the distribution,and the previous study on G.biloba var.epiphylla,comprising the morphology,anatomy,cell biology,molecular biology.The morphogenesis of Ginkgo female reproductive organ from the teratological data of G.biloba var.epiphylla,possible relationships and possible genesis mechanism of G.biloba var.epiphylla are discussed in the paper.The whole reproductive short shoot of G.biloba correspond to the a megasporophyll strobilus(female cone).G.biloba var.epiphylla may have a close relationship with the Pteridospermidae and Cycas.There are atavism theory,senile form theory and environment inducement theory with respect to the genesis mechanism of G.biloba var.epiphylla.After all-round analysis,we think they may be a chimera,and their occurrence may relate to the expression of homeobox gene.The main problem existed in the study of G.biloba var.epiphylla is presented.

An overview of recent advances in biological lignocellulose to ethanol technology is presented.The emphasis of discussion is especially on pretreatment,enzymatic/metabolic engineering,C₆/C₅ cofermentation,lignin utilization,and process optimization,which are of primary importance to the successful application and commercialization of lignoceellulose-based bioethanol technology.A consolidated lignocellulose-to-ethanol process model is proposed as conceptual improvement to the simultaneous saccharification and cofermentation(SSCF)model endorsed by U.S.DOE national renewable energy laboratory(NREL)and modified by various industrial applications.

The sap flow velocity and the micro-meteorological environment of Sophora japonica f.pendula were measured from Aug.to Oct.2006 with sap flow gauge based on heat balance principle and auto-weather station in Ludong University.The time lag effect of sap flow compared to meteorological factors was analyzed,and the regressive analysis between comprehensive affecting factor put forward by principal component analysis and sap flow was conducted.The time lag effect analysis results showed that the sap flow lag effect existed compared to total solar radiation,wind speed and photosynthetically active radiation,and the lag time was 10 min,20 min and 10 min,respectively.The time lag effect was the reason of water storage adjustment of leaves,branches and trunks.The sap flow lag time to total solar radiation and photosynthetically active radiation was shorter than wind,because solar radiation affected tree transpiration directly,and the wind affected tree transpiration through affecting boundary resistance of leaves.In the case sap flow time lag considered or not,the determination coefficients between comprehensive meteorological affecting factor and sap flow were 0.830 and 0.944,respectively,and the determination coefficient ascending 13.735% because of lag effect considered.In conclusion,the fitted precision would be improved with the time lag effect of trunk sap flow compared to micro-meteorological factors considered.

The rapid propagation of plantlets of Vaccinium corymbosum in vitro was studied by using the stem-segment with buds as the explant.The optimal culture conditions were set as follows:1)for the initial culture,the explants were sterilized with alcohol,sap nation of cresol and HgCl₂,and then cultured on WPM medium containing ZT 3.0 mg·L^-1 and 3% sucrose;2)the medium for clump bud induction was WPM + ZT 2.0 mg·L^-1 + 3% sugar;3)the medium for robust shoot was WPM + ZT 0～1.0 mg·L^-1 + 3% sugar;4)for adventitious root induction from shoots,the medium was 1/2 WPM liquid nutritions containing IBA 1.0～5.0 mg·L^-1 and 2% sugar,in which either vermiculite,filter paper or sterilized cotton were added,and shoots were cultured under a photoperiod of 12 h illumination and 12 h darkness alternatively after 14 days in darkness;5)the medium for transplanting was turfy-soil and mosses(V∶V= 1∶1).

A kind of cultural vessel for sugar-free micropropagation was designed,and a new system of controlling CO₂ concentration,according to the principle of PWM domination,was developed.This apparatus can control CO₂ concentration in the cultural vessel automatically.The system characteristics were analyzed;it was showed that the system,with high precision and convenient manipulation,could be run steadily,the sugar-free tissue culture enhanced growth of plantlets,and greatly increased the adaptive capability of the plantlets to natural environment.

Reproductive techniques for the new variety Qinzhong No.1～4 of Eucommia ulmoides were studied to resolve the bottleneck problem of being difficult to be cultivated in large areas.These problems are mainly lie in difficult rooting in cutting and tissue culture propagation,material deficiency in root burying propagation,low survival rate of branch grafting and budding in spring etc.A new propagation method of budding in Eucommia ulmoides was summarized in this study.Higher propagation coefficient and survival rate was achieved by using this budding method on the propagation of Qinzhong No.1～4(the survival rate was up to 97%).Effect of variety improvement and large tree crow can be achieved by cutting the mature tree(10～13 a)and budding with the new propagation method.In July of the second year after grafting,the new shoot biomass can be up to 135.4 cm and the tree crow can be 105.6 cm.

The minute size of orchid seeds have made them difficult to observe,orchid seeds germination and mortality of seedlings in suit difficult to study.Recently,a new technique was described by which orchid seeds were sowed and retrieved in the field under natural conditions.It is possible to conduct a quantitative study of orchid germination in suit and observe seasonal growth and mortality of seedlings.The technique has also enabled us to bait appropriate fungus from the germinated seeds and young seedlings,which could be beneficial both to the orchid propagation and conservation.For the further studies,the potential issue and application perspective of this technique are also discussed in this text.

Based on analyzing the mechanism of different types of forest ecological benefit,the forest ecological benefit region was divided in Hubei Province with GIS.The main results as followings:According to the degree of the benefit,Hubei Province was divided into three kinds regions.Grade A was the highest benefit region,second was B,which was transitional one.The lowest was C,which was the main grassplot benefit region,in which there were all kinds of forest ecological benefits.Each kinds of benefits region had tied relationship with local economic development and natural geography environment.A was in Jianghan plain and similar region,C was almost in mountains,and B was surrounding the Jianghan plain and in Laohekou、Xiangyang and Zaoyang city ect.Different compensation strategy must be applied in the special benefit regions,A was region of out forest benefit compensation,C was grassplot compensation one,and B undertook double compensation responsibility because of intercrossing benefit region.Similar region in lower reaches of Changjiang river also must undertake compensation responsibility.Owners of the forest resources in plain should compensate the value by themselves.