合作社嵌入促进农户“肥药双减”行为了吗——以浙江省非木质林产品经营为例

doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.LYKX20240050

Abstract

Abstract:

Objective: The objective of paper is to explore the influence of cooperatives’ embeddedness on farmers’“fertilizer and pesticide double reduction” behaviors, analyze the influence mechanism of different functions within cooperatives on farmers’ fertilizer and pesticide reduction and their differences, and give recommendation to reduce farmers’ fertilizer and pesticide application precisely, so as to promote green production behaviors of forestry, change the mode of forestry development, and guarantee the quality and safety of forest products. Method: On the basis of existing research, based on the theory of industrial organization and the theory of farmers’ behavior, using the survey data of 688 household samples with non-timber forest product management in 7 case counties (districts) of Zhejiang Province in 2023, the Tobit model was used to analyze the impact of cooperative embedding on fertilizer and pesticide application during farmers’ non-timber forest product operations, to analyze the mechanisms of the three functions of technical support, organizational constraints and premium incentives of cooperatives on the fertilizer and pesticide reduction behaviors of farmer members for non-timber forest products, to reveal the differences of the three paths on the fertilizer and pesticide application of cooperative members, and give recommendations to promote the fertilizer and pesticide reduction of farmer members. Result: 1) Participation in forestry cooperatives can significantly reduce the amount of fertilizers and pesticides applied by non-timber forest product farmers, and there are differences in the reduction effects on farmers with different forest land sizes, forestry income dependence and adoption of ecological management techniques. Especially for small-scale farmers and farmers with low dependence on forestry income, participation in cooperatives can effectively reduce the amount of fertilizer applied by these farmers. 2) Relying on the technical support, organizational constraints, and premium incentives provided by cooperatives can effectively promote“fertilizer and pesticide double reduction”. 3) Three different functions within the cooperative had more significant effects on the reduction of fertilizers and pesticides by the core members than by the non-core members, among which the two functions of the cooperative, organizational constraints and premium incentives, had better effect on the promotion of the“fertilizer and pesticide double reduction”behavior of the core members. Conclusion: Firstly, we should rely on farmers’ professional cooperative organizations as a platform to promote green production behaviors. Secondly, we should continue to improve the multi-service functions within the cooperatives, so as to motivate farmers to carry out the“fertilizer and pesticide double reduction”behaviors; and lastly, we should give full play to the role of the demonstration of the core members, such as the large-scale households, in the promotion of the double reduction of fertilizer and medicine behaviors. Finally, in the promotion of the“fertilizer and pesticide double reduction”, the role of core members, such as large-scale households, should be given full play, and more farmers, especially small farmers, should be supported and guided to join cooperatives.

Key words: cooperatives, technical support, organizational constraints, premium incentives, fertilizer and pesticide double reduction, non-timber forest product

CLC Number:

F307.2

Zhen Zhu,Yuchen Yao,Han Shen,Han Zhang,Wenrong Qian,Zheyi Zhu. Has Cooperative Integration Promoted Farmers’ “Fertilizer and Pesticide Double Reduction” Behaviors? The Case from Non-Timber Forest Product Management in Zhejiang Province[J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2025, 61(4): 215-230.

Figures/Tables 10

Fig.1

Table 1

Table 2

Variable definitions, assignment descriptions and descriptive statistics"

变量 Variable	变量名称 Variable name	变量定义 Variable definition	均值 Mean	标准差 Standard deviation
被解释变量 Explained variable	化肥施用强度 Fertilizer application intensity	亩均化肥成本, 作对数处理 Average fertilizer cost per acre, logarithmic treatment	5.836	2.699
被解释变量 Explained variable	农药施用强度 Pesticide application intensity	亩均农药成本, 作对数处理 Average pesticide cost per acre, logarithmic treatment	3.816	3.064
解释变量 Explanatory variable	是否加入合作社 Membership in cooperatives	0=否；1=是 0=No; 1=Yes	0.256	0.437
	合作社是否提供技术支持 Whether cooperatives are provide technical support	合作社提供的培训次数 Participation in training provided by cooperatives	1.537	1.735
	合作社是否统一提供农资 Whether cooperatives are unified in the provision of agricultural materials	0=否；1=是 0=No; 1=Yes	0.381	0.487
	合作社是否统一加工销售 Whether the cooperative is unified for processing and marketing	0=否；1=是 0=No; 1=Yes	0.494	0.501
	是否使用合作社品牌 Whether or not the cooperative brand is used	0=否；1=是 0=No; 1=Yes	0.455	0.499
	是否设立农产品生产达标奖励机制 Whether to establish incentives for agricultural production to meet standards	0=否；1=是 0=No; 1=Yes	0.261	0.441
控制变量 Control variable	户主年龄 Age of head of household	农户实际年龄/周岁 Actual age of farm household/year	60.525	9.412
	户主受教育程度 Educational level of head of household	受教育年限/年 Years of education/year	7.168	3.570
	户主自评健康状况 Health status of head of household	1=健康；2=偶尔生病；3=经常生病；4=丧失劳动能力 1=Healthy; 2=Occasionally sick; 3=Often sick; 4=Incapacitated	1.190	0.526
	家庭劳动力占比 Percentage of household labor force	劳动力人数/总人数 Labor force/total	0.369	0.293
	林地面积 Forest land area	公顷Hectare/hm²	2.246	6.009
	林地细碎化程度 Degree of forest land fragmentation	实际经营林地块数 Actual number of forest plots in operation	3.857	3.623
	地块土壤肥力 Plot quality	1=好；2=中；3=差 1=Good; 2=Medium; 3=Bad	1.680	0.736
	地块坡度 Plot slope	1=<15°；2=15°~30°；3=>30°	1.959	0.887
	家庭林业收入 Household forestry income	2022年林业收入, 作对数处理 Forestry revenue in 2022, logarithmic treatment	9.414	3.151
	林业补贴 Forestry subsidies	2022年林地获得补贴金额, 作对数处理 Amount of subsidy received for forest land in 2022, logarithmic treatment	1.938	3.058
	工具变量 Instrumental variable	除该农户外所在镇其他农户加入合作社的比例Proportion of farmers other than the farmer in the township who are members of the cooperative	0.255	0.257
	经营品种虚拟变量 Operating product dummy variable	1=油茶；2=茶叶；3=香榧 1=Camellia oleifera; 2=Camellia sinensis; 3=Torreya grandis	2.516	0.903
	地区虚拟变量 Regional dummy variables	1=安吉；2=开化；3=景宁；4=松阳；5=遂昌； 6=龙游 1=Anji ; 2=Kaihua ; 3=Jingning ; 4=Songyang ; 5=Suichang ; 6=Longyou	3.820	1.991

Table 2

Table 3

Table 4

Table 5

Table 6

Estimated results of the effect of cooperative participation on the intensity of fertilizer and pesticide application by forest farmers under the grouping of forest land size and forestry income share"

变量 Variable	化肥施用强度Fertilizer application intensity				农药施用强度Pesticide application intensity
	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	（5）	（6）	（7）	（8）
	规模户 Large-scale household	小农户 Smallholder	林业收入依赖度低Low dependence on forestry income	林业收入依赖度高High dependence on forestry income	规模户 Large-scale household	小农户 Smallholder	林业收入依赖度低Low dependence on forestry income	林业收入依赖度高High dependence on forestry income
参与合作社 Participation in cooperatives	?0.094	?0.685^**	?1.128^***	?0.276	?1.070^**	?0.534^*	?0.621	?0.824^**
参与合作社 Participation in cooperatives	(0.523)	(0.275)	(0.403)	(0.290)	(0.460)	(0.315)	(0.430)	(0.337)
户主年龄 Age of head of household	0.001	0.016	0.020	0.005	0.022	0.025^*	0.023	0.025
户主年龄 Age of head of household	(0.028)	(0.012)	(0.016)	(0.015)	(0.025)	(0.014)	(0.017)	(0.017)
户主受教育程度 Educational attainment of the head of household	0.008	0.019	0.031	?0.005	0.003	?0.011	?0.061	0.060
户主受教育程度 Educational attainment of the head of household	(0.071)	(0.031)	(0.042)	(0.037)	(0.062)	(0.035)	(0.044)	(0.043)
户主健康状况 Health status of household head	?0.271	0.205	0.323	0.118	?0.229	0.023	?0.053	0.071
户主健康状况 Health status of household head	(0.497)	(0.183)	(0.246)	(0.239)	(0.437)	(0.210)	(0.263)	(0.277)
劳动力占比 Labor force as a percentage	?0.789	0.109	?0.010	?0.188	1.322^*	0.109	?0.028	0.172
劳动力占比 Labor force as a percentage	(0.881)	(0.358)	(0.524)	(0.414)	(0.774)	(0.410)	(0.559)	(0.481)
林地面积 Forest land area	?0.040^*	?0.023	?0.072^**	?0.057^***	?0.045^**	?0.580^**	0.038	?0.044^*
林地面积 Forest land area	(0.022)	(0.203)	(0.032)	(0.020)	(0.020)	(0.233)	(0.034)	(0.024)
林地细碎化程度 Degree of forest land fragmentation	0.017	0.021	0.008	?0.012	0.152^***	0.028	?0.041	0.045
林地细碎化程度 Degree of forest land fragmentation	(0.059)	(0.035)	(0.067)	(0.030)	(0.052)	(0.040)	(0.071)	(0.035)
地块质量 Plot quality	0.276	?0.293^**	?0.166	?0.327^*	?0.439	?0.010	0.176	?0.376^*
地块质量 Plot quality	(0.344)	(0.134)	(0.185)	(0.167)	(0.303)	(0.153)	(0.197)	(0.194)
地块坡度 Plot slope	?0.689^**	?0.313^***	?0.292^*	?0.312^**	?0.368	?0.202	?0.001	?0.512^***
地块坡度 Plot slope	(0.273)	(0.117)	(0.167)	(0.137)	(0.240)	(0.134)	(0.179)	(0.159)
家庭林业收入 Household forestry income	?0.001	?0.035	?0.092^**	?0.130	0.079	0.148^***	0.126^***	?0.290^*
家庭林业收入 Household forestry income	(0.071)	(0.037)	(0.042)	(0.142)	(0.062)	(0.043)	(0.045)	(0.165)
林业补贴 Forestry subsidies	0.024	?0.001	0.023	?0.006	0.039	?0.032	?0.078	0.018
林业补贴 Forestry subsidies	(0.061)	(0.039)	(0.049)	(0.041)	(0.053)	(0.044)	(0.053)	(0.048)
经营品种虚拟变量 Operating product dummy variable	已控制 Controlled	已控制 Controlled	已控制 Controlled	已控制 Controlled	已控制 Controlled	已控制 Controlled	已控制 Controlled	已控制 Controlled
地区虚拟变量 Regional dummy variable	已控制 Controlled	已控制 Controlled	已控制 Controlled	已控制 Controlled	已控制 Controlled	已控制 Controlled	已控制 Controlled	已控制 Controlled
样本户 Sample size	121	567	344	344	121	567	344	344

Table 6

Table 7

Estimated results of the effect of co-operative participation on the intensity of fertilizer and pesticide application by foresters under the grouping of ecologically based management techniques"

变量 Variable	化肥施用强度 Fertilizer application intensity		农药施用强度 Pesticide application intensity
变量 Variable	采纳测土配方肥 Adoption of soil testing and formula fertilizer	未采纳测土配方肥 Failure to adopt soil testing and formula fertilizer	采纳生物防治技术 Adoption of biological control techniques	未采纳生物防治技术 Failure to adoption of biological control techniques
参与合作社 Participation in cooperatives	?3.420^***	0.579^**	?1.878^***	?0.382
参与合作社 Participation in cooperatives	(0.646)	(0.276)	(0.598)	(0.357)
户主年龄 Age of head of household	?0.000	0.010	?0.011	0.028^**
户主年龄 Age of head of household	(0.038)	(0.011)	(0.024)	(0.013)
户主受教育程度 Educational attainment of the head of household	?0.059	0.013	0.000	?0.003
户主受教育程度 Educational attainment of the head of household	(0.089)	(0.028)	(0.060)	(0.034)
户主健康状况 Health status of household head	?0.880	0.187	?0.505	0.113
户主健康状况 Health status of household head	(0.729)	(0.169)	(0.415)	(0.208)
劳动力占比 Labor force as a percentage	?0.256	0.016	0.858	0.055
劳动力占比 Labor force as a percentage	(0.903)	(0.337)	(0.636)	(0.410)
林地面积 Forest land area	?0.008	?0.070^***	?0.020	?0.058^**
林地面积 Forest land area	(0.022)	(0.027)	(0.017)	(0.028)
林地细碎化程度 Degree of forest land fragmentation	?0.007	0.018	0.151^***	0.013
林地细碎化程度 Degree of forest land fragmentation	(0.066)	(0.030)	(0.055)	(0.036)
地块质量 Plot quality	0.159	?0.195	?0.178	?0.044
地块质量 Plot quality	(0.501)	(0.123)	(0.333)	(0.149)
地块坡度 Plot slope	?0.414	?0.231^**	?0.713^***	?0.216^*
地块坡度 Plot slope	(0.360)	(0.107)	(0.241)	(0.129)
家庭林业收入 Household forestry income	?0.120	0.006	?0.033	0.122^***
家庭林业收入 Household forestry income	(0.074)	(0.034)	(0.059)	(0.040)
林业补贴 Forestry subsidies	0.158^**	?0.021	?0.011	?0.034
林业补贴 Forestry subsidies	(0.072)	(0.033)	(0.055)	(0.041)
经营品种虚拟变量 Operating product dummy variable	已控制 Controlled	已控制 Controlled	已控制 Controlled	已控制 Controlled
地区虚拟变量 Regional dummy variable	已控制 Controlled	已控制 Controlled	已控制 Controlled	已控制 Controlled
样本户 Sample size	72	616	89	599

Table 7

Table 8

Table 9

Estimated results of the effect of whether or not core community members on the intensity of pesticide application by farm households"

变量 Variable	化肥施用强度 Fertilizer application intensity		农药施用强度 Pesticide application intensity
	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)
	核心社员 Core members	非核心社员 Non-core members	核心社员 Core members	非核心社员 Non-core members
合作社是否提供技术支持 Whether cooperatives are provide technical support	?0.205^*	0.026	?0.074	?0.278
	(0.119)	(0.118)	(0.099)	(0.224)
合作社是否统一提供农资 Whether cooperatives are unified in the provision of agricultural materials	?0.988^*	?0.245	?0.330	0.133
	(0.553)	(0.288)	(0.461)	(0.546)
合作社是否统一加工销售 Whether the cooperative is unified for processing and marketing	?1.837^***	0.968^***	?1.350^**	1.081^*
	(0.670)	(0.298)	(0.558)	(0.564)
是否使用合作社品牌 Whether or not the cooperative brand is used	?1.143^**	0.306	?1.374^***	?0.871
是否使用合作社品牌 Whether or not the cooperative brand is used	(0.566)	(0.314)	(0.472)	(0.595)
是否设立农产品生产达标奖励机制 Whether to establish incentives for agricultural production to meet standards	?0.656	?0.799	0.107	?0.825
	(0.552)	(0.907)	(0.460)	(1.718)
户主年龄 Age of head of household	?0.016	0.022	0.022	0.014
户主年龄 Age of head of household	(0.026)	(0.017)	(0.022)	(0.032)
户主受教育程度 Educational attainment of the head of household	0.017	0.065^*	0.074	0.088
户主受教育程度 Educational attainment of the head of household	(0.067)	(0.037)	(0.056)	(0.070)
户主健康状况 Health status of household head	0.328	?0.547^**	?0.022	0.150
户主健康状况 Health status of household head	(0.336)	(0.268)	(0.280)	(0.507)
劳动力占比 Labor force as a percentage	0.645	0.627^*	0.895	?1.358^*
劳动力占比 Labor force as a percentage	(0.712)	(0.366)	(0.593)	(0.693)
林地面积 Forest land area	?0.034	?0.044	?0.021	0.028
林地面积 Forest land area	(0.021)	(0.034)	(0.017)	(0.063)
林地细碎化程度 Degree of forest land fragmentation	0.030	0.001	0.083^*	?0.140^*
林地细碎化程度 Degree of forest land fragmentation	(0.058)	(0.041)	(0.049)	(0.077)
地块质量 Plot quality	?0.321	0.235	?0.637^**	0.048
地块质量 Plot quality	(0.367)	(0.176)	(0.306)	(0.333)
地块坡度 Plot slope	?0.590^**	?0.122	?0.245	0.060
地块坡度 Plot slope	(0.257)	(0.140)	(0.214)	(0.266)
家庭林业收入 Household forestry income	0.051	0.025	0.056	0.081
家庭林业收入 Household forestry income	(0.073)	(0.043)	(0.060)	(0.081)
林业补贴 Forestry subsidies	0.089	?0.073	0.019	?0.123
林业补贴 Forestry subsidies	(0.061)	(0.047)	(0.051)	(0.089)
经营品种虚拟变量 Operating product dummy variable	已控制 Controlled	已控制 Controlled	已控制 Controlled	已控制 Controlled
地区虚拟变量 Regional dummy variable	已控制 Controlled	已控制 Controlled	已控制 Controlled	已控制 Controlled
样本户 Sample size	92	84	92	84

Table 9

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样本县（区） Sample counties (districts)	地区总GDP Total regional GDP/10⁸yuan	人均GDP Per capita GDP/yuan	林业产值Forestry output/10⁴yuan	林地面积Forest land area/10⁴ hm²	加入合作社比例 Proportion of membership in cooperatives (%)	非木质林产品经营品种 Non-timber forest product management varieties
浙江省 Zhejiang Province	77 715	118 496	1 830 000	660.20	—	—
临安 Lin’an	672.34	104 239	203 970	26.60	8.57	山核桃 Carya cathayensis
安吉 Anji	582.37	97 796	94 821	13.25	86.95	茶叶 Camellia sinensis
开化 Kaihua	181.35	71 538	48 792	18.07	37.62	油茶、茶叶、香榧 Camellia oleifera, Camellia sinensis, Torreya grandis
景宁 Jingning	93.24	84 378	16 017	16.40	20.00	茶叶 Camellia sinensis
松阳 Songyang	142.98	69 745	24 566	11.23	10.64	油茶、茶叶Camellia oleifera, Camellia sinensis
遂昌 Suichang	172.75	88 819	39 522	22.21	16.82	油茶、茶叶、香榧Camellia oleifera, Camellia sinensis, Torreya grandis
龙游 Longyou	298.66	81 937	18 573	6.48	20.00	油茶、茶叶Camellia oleifera, Camellia sinensis
平均值 Mean	306.24	85 493.14	63 751.57	16.32	25.58	—

变量 Variable	属性 Causality	样本户 Sample size	化肥施用强度 Fertilizer application intensity		农药施用强度 Pesticide application intensity
变量 Variable	属性 Causality	样本户 Sample size	均值 Mean	均值差 Mean difference	均值 Mean	均值差 Mean difference
是否加入合作社 Membership in cooperatives	是Yes	176	5.455	0.512^**	3.078	0.992^***
是否加入合作社 Membership in cooperatives	否No	512	5.967	0.512^**	4.070	0.992^***
合作社是否提供技术支持 Whether cooperatives are provide technical support	是Yes	111	4.880	1.557^***	2.689	1.054^***
	否No	65	6.437	1.557^***	3.743	1.054^***
合作社是否统一提供农资 Whether cooperatives are unified in the provision of agricultural materials	是Yes	67	3.963	2.410^***	2.289	1.273^***
	否No	109	6.373	2.410^***	3.562	1.273^***
合作社是否统一加工销售 Whether the cooperative is unified for processing and marketing	是Yes	87	4.521	1.847^***	2.515	1.113^***
	否No	89	6.368	1.847^***	3.628	1.113^***
是否使用合作社品牌 Whether or not the cooperative brand is used	是Yes	80	4.076	2.530^***	1.882	2.192^***
是否使用合作社品牌 Whether or not the cooperative brand is used	否No	96	6.605	2.530^***	4.075	2.192^***
是否设立农产品生产达标奖励机制 Whether to establish incentives for agricultural production to meet standards	是Yes	46	2.620	3.838^***	1.116	2.656^***
	否No	130	6.458	3.838^***	3.772	2.656^***
是否采用生态化经营技术 Adoption of ecological management techniques	是Yes	465	5.505	1.023^***	3.097	2.220^***
是否采用生态化经营技术 Adoption of ecological management techniques	否No	223	6.528	1.023^***	5.317	2.220^***
是否套种 Whether or not to plant an allotment	是Yes	63	5.479	0.393	2.830	1.086^***
是否套种 Whether or not to plant an allotment	否No	625	5.872	0.393	3.916	1.086^***
是否人工除草 Whether manual weeding	是Yes	413	5.480	0.892^***	2.979	2.095^***
是否人工除草 Whether manual weeding	否No	275	6.372	0.892^***	5.074	2.095^***
是否施用测土配方肥 Whether soil-tested fertilizer is applied	是Yes	72	3.521	2.586^***	2.093	1.925^***
是否施用测土配方肥 Whether soil-tested fertilizer is applied	否No	616	6.107	2.586^***	4.018	1.925^***
是否采用生物防治技术 Adoption of biological control techniques	是Yes	89	4.172	1.912^***	2.589	1.410^***
是否采用生物防治技术 Adoption of biological control techniques	否No	599	6.084	1.912^***	3.999	1.410^***
样本村是否存在合作社 Existence of cooperatives in the village	是Yes	607	5.786	0.428	3.605	1.791^***
样本村是否存在合作社 Existence of cooperatives in the village	否No	81	6.214	0.428	5.396	1.791^***

变量 Variable	是否施用化肥 Whether fertilizer is applied	化肥施用强度 Fertilizer application intensity	是否施用农药 Whether pesticides are applied	农药施用强度 Pesticide application intensity
参与合作社 Participation in cooperatives	?4.682^*	?0.377^***	?1.231^***	?1.220^***
参与合作社 Participation in cooperatives	(0.264)	(0.110)	(0.392)	(0.152)
控制变量 Control variable	已控制 Controlled	已控制 Controlled	已控制 Controlled	已控制 Controlled
样本户Sample size	688		688
LR chi(11)	87.89		119.04
Log likelihood	?1 594.75		?1 469.41
Prob>chi2	0.000		0.000

[1]	Xue Caixia, Yao Shunbo. Impact of Labor Allocation on Households' Option Behavior for Non-Timber Forest Products: Based on the Survey Data from 1 131 Households of Shaanxi and Sichuan Provinces in China [J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2018, 54(1): 128-140.
[2]	Huang Senwei, Zhang Chunxia, Zheng Yifang, Su Shipeng, Zheng Jing, Huang Ansheng, Xu Jiaxian. Operating Efficiency of Forestry Specialized Cooperatives [J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2015, 51(8): 95-103.

Has Cooperative Integration Promoted Farmers’ “Fertilizer and Pesticide Double Reduction” Behaviors? The Case from Non-Timber Forest Product Management in Zhejiang Province

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