破解林业经营小农困境：深化集体林权制度改革下联户经营对营林投入的影响

doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.LYKX20240504

Abstract

Abstract:

Objective: This study aims to explore how joint household management affects forestry management inputs, for enhancing operational efficiency and achieving sustainable development, so as to address the dilemmas faced by individual household operations under the background of the collective forest tenure reform. Method: Based on the monitoring data of collective forest tenure reform, an endogenous switching regression model was adopted to deeply analyze the impact of joint household management model on capital and labor inputs per unit area within a counterfactual analysis framework. Meanwhile, the moderating effect of non-farm employment on the relationship between joint household management and forest management inputs was explored, and the heterogeneity among farmers was analyzed. Result: 1) Under the counterfactual analysis framework, the treatment effect of joint household management on capital input per unit area is ?0.786, and the treatment effect on labor input per unit area is ?0.054, indicating that joint household management can significantly reduce both capital input and labor input per unit area. 2) Non-farm employment positively moderates the relationship between joint household management and capital/labor input per unit area. 3) Joint household management reduces both self-invested labor and hired labor per unit area, with a particularly notable decrease in self-invested labor. In addition, the provision of socialized forestry services effectively alleviates information asymmetry, thereby alleviating opportunistic behaviors. 4) The results of heterogeneity analysis show that farmers with small-scale operations, low incomes, and small-group joint households have more significant reduction effects in forest management input. Conclusion: The government should promote the scaling-up and specialization of forestry production and management, strengthen the interaction between non-farm employment and forestry management, improve the forestry socialization service system, and guide joint household management entities to optimize the interest connection mechanisms. Through differentiated strategies, the government should ensure the shared interests of all parties to promote the optimal allocation of forestry resources and the improvement of economic benefits.

Key words: collective forest tenure reform, joint household operation, capital input, labor input, endogenous switching regression model

CLC Number:

S7-9
F307.2

Yanzhen Hong,Yingjing Wang,Chenyuan Zhan,Han Zhang. Resolving the Dilemma of Smallholder Forestry Operation: The Impact of Joint Household Operation on Forest Management Inputs under the Deepening of the Collective Forest Tenure Reform[J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2025, 61(12): 206-218.

Figures/Tables 12

Table 1

Table 2

Descriptive statistics of samples"

变量名称 Variable name	变量赋值及单位 Variable assignment & unit	总样本 Total sample	联户经营均值 Mean value for joint household operation	未联户经营均值 Mean value for non-joint household operation	差异 Difference
因变量Dependent variables
资本投入 Capital input	单位面积的资本投入，取对数 Capital input per unit area/（yuan·hm^?2）, logarithm is taken	4.05	3.53	4.20	?0.67^***
劳动投入 Labor input	单位面积的劳动投入，取对数 Labor input per unit area/(yuan·hm^?2), logarithm is taken	5.81	5.31	5.96	?0.65^***
自变量Independent variables
联户经营 Joint household operation	1: 联户经营，0: 未联户经营 1 for joint household operation, 0 for non-joint household operation	0.23	1.00	0.00	1.00
控制变量Control variables
户主年龄 Age of household head	调查当年户主年龄 Age of household head in the survey year/a	51.79	51.01	52.02	?1.01^**
户主性别 Gender of household head	1: 男性，0: 女性 1 for male, 0 for female	0.95	0.96	0.95	0.01
户主职业 Occupation of household head	1: 农业，2: 兼业，3: 非农 1 for agriculture, 2 for part-time agriculture, 3 for non-agriculture	1.63	1.68	1.62	0.06^**
户主是否村干部 Whether the household head is a village cadre	1: 是，0: 否 1 for yes, 0 for no	0.37	0.41	0.36	0.06^***
家庭人口数量 Number of family members	家庭人口总数 Total number of family members	4.69	4.60	4.72	?0.12^*
家庭总收入 Total household income	家庭总收入，取对数 Total household income/yuan， logarithm is taken	10.26	10.39	10.22	0.17^***
距离县城距离 Distance from county town	住址到最近县城的距离 Distance from residence to nearest county town/km	19.96	20.02	19.89	0.31
林地地块数量 Number of forestland plots	家庭拥有的林地地块数量 Number of forestland plots owned by the family	2.77	3.25	2.64	0.61^***
林地细碎化程度 Degree of forestland fragmentation	农户家庭林地总面积/林地地块数量 Total forestland area of the family (hm²)/number of forestland plots	2.07	4.29	1.42	2.88^***
是否有生态公益林 Presence of ecological public welfare forest	1: 是，0: 否 1 for yes, 0 for no	0.19	0.23	0.18	0.05^***
林地平均经营期限Average operation period of forestland	农户家庭林地总期限/家庭拥有的林地块数 Total forestland operation period of the family/number of forestland plots	54.69	50.26	55.96	?5.70^***
工具变量Instrumental variables
联户经营率 Rate of joint household operation	除自身以外乡镇内联户经营的比例 Proportion of joint household operation within the township excluding oneself (%)	0.23	0.32	0.21	0.11^***

Table 2

Table 3

The joint estimation results of the decision-making model for farmers’ participation in joint household operation and the forest investment model"

变量 Variable	选择方程 Selection equation	结果方程（资本投入） Result equation (capital input)		选择方程 Selection equation	结果方程（劳动投入） Result equation (labor input)
	是否联户经营 Whether it is a joint household operation	联户经营 Joint household operation	未联户经营 Non-joint household operation	是否联户经营 Whether it is a joint household operation	联户经营 Joint household operation	未联户经营 Non-joint household operation
	（1）	（2）	（3）	（4）	（5）	（6）
户主年龄	?0.004^** (0.002)	?0.030^***	?0.038^***	?0.001	?0.020^**	?0.026^***
Age of household head	?0.004^** (0.002)	(0.011)	(0.006)	(0.002)	(0.010)	(0.005)
户主性别	0.111	?1.109^**	0.538^*	0.090	?0.244	0.534^**
Gender of household head	(0.089)	(0.523)	(0.319)	(0.109)	(0.481)	(0.264)
户主职业	?0.006	?0.546^***	?0.273^***	0.035	?0.396^***	?0.502^***
Occupation of household head	(0.026)	(0.142)	(0.095)	(0.031)	(0.130)	(0.079)
户主是否村干部	0.184^*** (0.039)	0.608^*** (0.221)	0.395^*** (0.145)	0.123^*** (0.047)	0.379^* (0.194)	0.588^*** (0.123)
Whether the household head is a village cadre	0.184^*** (0.039)	0.608^*** (0.221)	0.395^*** (0.145)	0.123^*** (0.047)	0.379^* (0.194)	0.588^*** (0.123)
家庭人口数量	?0.016	?0.052	0.010	?0.025^*	?0.108^*	0.061^*
Number of family members	(0.011)	(0.062)	(0.038)	(0.013)	(0.057)	(0.032)
家庭总收入	0.042^***	0.499^***	0.319^***	0.031^**	0.371^***	0.307^***
Total household income	(0.012)	(0.073)	(0.043)	(0.015)	(0.066)	(0.036)
距县城距离	0.009^***	0.013	0.018^***	0.002	0.039^***	0.026^***
Distance from county town	(0.002)	(0.009)	(0.006)	(0.002)	(0.008)	(0.005)
林地地块数量	0.118^***	0.308^***	0.399^***	0.087^***	0.197^***	0.297^***
Number of forestland plots	(0.010)	(0.073)	(0.039)	(0.012)	(0.054)	(0.039)
林地细碎化程度	0.013^***	?0.001	0.033^***	0.016^***	?0.011^**	?0.032^***
Degree of forestland fragmentation	(0.002)	(0.006)	(0.011)	(0.003)	(0.005)	(0.012)
是否有生态公益林	0.067	?0.784^***	?0.443^**	0.242^***	?0.410^*	?0.962^***
Presence of ecological public welfare forest	(0.049)	(0.246)	(0.181)	(0.056)	(0.226)	(0.158)
林地平均经营期限	?0.005^***	?0.012^*	?0.002	?0.007^***	?0.009	0.022^***
Average operation period of forestland	(0.001)	(0.006)	(0.003)	(0.001)	(0.006)	(0.003)
联户经营率	1.030^***			2.235^***
Rate of joint household operation	(0.087)			(0.133)
常数项	?1.659^***	?0.130	2.865^***	?1.693^***	2.686^**	1.547^**
Constant	(0.202)	(1.453)	(0.719)	(0.249)	(1.150)	(0.607)
ρ₁		0.398^**			1.067^***
ρ₁		(0.165)			(0.023)
ρ₀			2.149^***			1.206^***
ρ₀			(0.068)			(0.013)
方程独立性检验 LR test of independence test	195.39^***			158.81^***
模型拟合优度检验 Goodness-of-fit test for model	297.06^***			440.98^***
对数伪似然值 Log pseudolikelihood value	?13 497.256			?13 428.409
样本量Sample size	4 379	990	3 389	4 379	990	3 389

Table 3

Table 4

Table 5

Table 6

Table 7

Table 8

Table 9

Table 10

Table 11

Table 12

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变量 Variable	联户经营Joint household operation 第一阶段First stage	资本投入Capital input 第二阶段Second stage	劳动投入Labor input 第二阶段Second stage
联户经营Joint household operation		?1.668^***(0.477)	?0.727^***(0.453)
联户经营率Rate of joint household operation	0.650^***(0.036)
控制变量Control variables	已控制Controlled	已控制Controlled	已控制Controlled
Kleibergen-Paap rk LM	220.064^***
Cragg-Donald Wald F	333.911
样本量Sample size	4 379	4 379	4 379
R²	0.120	0.076	0.111

组别 Group		决策阶段 Decision-making stage		ATT	ATU
组别 Group		联户经营 Joint household operation	未联户经营 Non-joint household operation	ATT	ATU
资本投入 Capital input	联户经营	3.530	4.316	?0.786^***
	Joint household operation	(0.032)	(0.026)	(0.041)
	未联户经营	2.228	4.198		?1.970^***
	Non-joint household operation	(0.021)	(0.014)		(0.025)

组别 Group		决策阶段 Decision-making stage		ATT	ATU
组别 Group		联户经营 Joint household operation	未联户经营 Non-joint household operation	ATT	ATU
劳动投入 Labor input	联户经营	5.357	5.410	?0.054^***
	Joint household operation	(0.030)	(0.038)	(0.049)
	未联户经营	4.894	5.954		?1.060^***
	Non-joint household operation	(0.018)	(0.021)		(0.028)

变量 Variable	（1）	（2）
变量 Variable	资本投入 Capital input	劳动投入 Labor input
联户经营	?0.750^***	?0.742^***
Joint household operation	(0.125)	(0.120)
非农就业	?0.109^***	?0.134^***
Off-farming	(0.021)	(0.020)
联户经营×非农就业	0.067^*	0.068^*
Joint household operation× off-farming	(0.038)	(0.037)
控制变量 Control variables	已控制 Controlled	已控制 Controlled
R²	0.093	0.120
样本量Sample size	4 379	4 379

组别 Group		决策阶段Decision-making stage		ATT
组别 Group		合作经营 Joint operation	未合作经营 Non joint operation	ATT
自投劳动 Self-invested labor	合作经营	1.181	6.260	?5.079^***
自投劳动 Self-invested labor	Joint operation	(0.085)	(0.106)	(0.136)
雇佣劳动 Hired Labor	合作经营	0.426	0.915	?0.489^***
雇佣劳动 Hired Labor	Joint operation	(0.031)	(0.021)	(0.037)

Resolving the Dilemma of Smallholder Forestry Operation: The Impact of Joint Household Operation on Forest Management Inputs under the Deepening of the Collective Forest Tenure Reform

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变量 Variable	林业社会化服务的种类数量 The variety and quantity of forestry socialization services provided during cooperation						合计Total
变量 Variable	无None	1种One	2种Two	3种Three	4种Four	5种及以上 Five or more	合计Total
合作经营主体数量 Number of joint household management entities	14	44	16	6	3	2	85
占比Proportion (%)	16.47	51.76	18.82	7.06	3.53	2.35	100.00

组别 Group	林地规模 Forestland scale		家庭收入 Household income		联户类型 Type of joint household
组别 Group	低于均值 Below the mean	高于均值 Above the mean	低于均值 Below the mean	高于均值 Above the mean	村集体联户 Village collective joint household	小组联户 Group joint household	其他联户 Other joint household
资本投入 Capital input	?0.909^***	?0.575^***	?1.049^***	?0.588^***	?0.579^***	?0.883^***	?0.747^***
资本投入 Capital input	(0.037)	(0.048)	(0.045)	(0.037)	(0115)	(0.050)	(0.040)
劳动投入 Labor input	?0.219^***	?0.095^**	?0.197^***	?0.033^***	?0.074^***	?0.191^***	?0.094^***
劳动投入 Labor input	(0.026)	(0.049)	(0.036）	(0.014)	(0.032)	(0.039)	(0.036)

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