新一轮集体林权制度改革对农户经济福利的作用机制与影响测度

doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.LYKX20240469

Abstract

Abstract:

Objective: Improving the level of economic welfare of farm households is the main policy objective of collective forestland tenure reform. This paper tries to answer the impact of collective forestland tenure reform on the economic welfare of farm households, and reveals the mechanism of the welfare effect of collective forestland tenure reform based on the intermediary perspective of forestry production investment and off-farm employment, which is of great significance for optimizing the structure of household production and improving the economic welfare of farm households. Method: Based on the long-term tracking large-sample farm household survey data of 862 households in 18 counties (cities) of 9 provinces (regions) across China from 2003 to 2019, the mechanism of collective forestland tenure reform on the economic welfare of farm households is studied from the perspectives of investment in forestry production and off-farm employment, and the effects of collective forestland tenure reform on the economic welfare of farm households are estimated by using the difference in difference model and the mediation effect model. Result: 1) Collective forestland tenure reform can significantly increase the total income and consumption of farm households, which in turn will enhance economic well-being. 2) Increasing investment in forestry production and higher the degree of off-farm employment are the main pathways to realize the economic welfare of collective forestland tenure reform. 3) The economic welfare effect of collective forestland tenure reform on less economically developed areas and areas with higher forest resource endowment is greater; and the income-generating effect of the low-income level farm household group and the wealth effect of the middle-consumption level farm household group is more significant. 4) The promotion effect of collective forestland tenure reform on the economic welfare of farm households who have held forest right certificates for a longer period of time is greater than that of those who have held them for a shorter period of time, and the higher the proportion of collective forest land certificates, the greater the effect of improving the economic welfare of farm households. Conclusion: Collective forestland tenure reform can effectively improve the economic welfare of farm households, but the economic welfare effect of collective forestland tenure reform has a certain lag, and has obvious group and spatial and temporal heterogeneity. Therefore, it is necessary to continue to ensure that all forest land parcels of each farm household can obtain property rights certificates by confirming rights and issuing certificates, and to continue to maintain the long-term stability of the contractual relationship of collective forest land, as well as to implement precise assistance by accurately identifying the heterogeneity of the farm households’ groups, and to strengthen the forestry policy support and project tilting of economically underdeveloped areas and areas with high forest resource abundance in order to help promote the effective enhancement of the economic welfare of the farm households.

Key words: collective forestland tenure reform, economic welfare, investment in forestry production, off-farm employment, mediating effects

CLC Number:

S7-9
F326.2

Jian Wei,Yongwu Dai,Can Liu. Mechanism and Impact Measurement of the New Round of Collective Forestland Tenure Reform on the Economic Welfare of Farm Households[J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2025, 61(9): 195-210.

Figures/Tables 16

Table 1

Statistical description of variables"

变量Variable	变量说明Variable description	2003	2011	2019
总收入 Total revenue/yuan	农户家庭年总收入 Total annual income of farm households	13 342.6936 (15 911.081 4)	24 522.817 8 (26 869.762 1)	38 516.7773 (65 818.922 3)
总消费 Total consumption/yuan	农户家庭年总消费 Total annual consumption of farm households	8 780.624 3 (7 198.248 0)	15 384.580 8 (28 731.223 8)	19 165.085 2 (15 421.321 5)
新林改 Collective forestland tenure reform	是否获得林权证书（是=1；否=0）Whether forest rights certificates were obtained (yes=1; no=0)	0.070 0 (0.255 3)	0.749 7 (0.433 4)	0.755 2 (0.430 2)
林业生产费用 Forestry production cost/yuan	农户在化肥、种苗、病虫害防治、机械、雇佣劳动力等方面的资金投入Farm households’ capital investment in fertilizer， seedlings， pest control, machinery, hired labor, etc	454.843 7 (1 868.782 4)	840.278 3 (4 076.723 8)	2 520.088 3 (17 883.893 0)
林业劳动时间 Forestry labor hours/d	农户在种植、施肥、病虫害防治、森林抚育等方面的林业劳动时间投入Farm households’ labor time inputs in forestry for planting, fertilization, pest control, forest maintenance, etc.	25.323 8 (60.805 5)	37.405 7 (81.432 6)	31.324 0 (50.968 6)
非农就业 Off-farm employment/d	农户从事非农经营、非农务工的劳动时间投入Labor time input of farm households engaged in non-agricultural operations and non-agricultural migrant work	174.745 0 (216.384 5)	257.430 6 (307.299 9)	198.062 6 (217.954 7)
非农劳动力价格 Non-farm labor prices/(yuan·d^?1)	当地非农就业平均工资 Average local off-farm employment wage	40.515 3 (15.925 9)	52.223 2 (19.199 6)	121.898 6 (31.308 0)
木材价格 Timber price/(yuan·m^?3)	当地木材平均价格 Average local timber price	304.798 7 (45.320 2)	467.035 4 (82.009 0)	506.188 6 (93.897 1)
年龄 Age/a	户主年龄 Age of head of household	45.389 1 (10.543 0)	53.389 1 (10.543 0)	59.965 2 (10.102 1)
性别 Gender	户主性别（男性=1；女性=0） Sex of head of household (male = 1; female = 0)	0.976 3 (0.152 3)	0.976 3 (0.152 3)	0.961 7 (0.192 0)
受教育年限 Educational year/a	户主受教育年限 Years of education of head of household	7.249 1 (2.581 2)	7.408 1 (2.809 8)	6.965 2 (2.992 2)
健康水平 Health level	户主健康状况（健康=1；不健康=0） Health status of head of household (healthy = 1; unhealthy = 0)	0.938 3 (0.240 7)	0.938 3 (0.240 7)	0.790 0 (0.407 5)
干部 Cadre	户主是否是干部（是=1；否=0） Whether the head of household is a cadre (yes=1; no=0)	0.275 2 (0.446 9)	0.258 6 (0.548 8)	0.179 8 (0.384 3)
家庭人口数量 Household person		4.214 7 (1.441 7)	4.136 4 (1.500 3)	3.216 9 (1.587 7)
家庭劳动力数量 Household labor		2.890 9 (1.195 8)	2.890 9 (1.195 8)	2.088 2 (1.234 1)
是否有老年人赡养 Whether there is elderly support	是=1；否=0 (yes=1; no=0)	0.000 0 (0.000 0)	0.000 0 (0.000 0)	0.446 6 (0.497 4)
是否有孩子抚养 Whether there is child support	是=1；否=0 (yes=1; no=0)	0.443 7 (0.497 1)	0.402 1 (0.490 6)	0.345 7 (0.475 9)
是否参加合作经济组织 Participation in cooperatives	是=1；否=0 (yes=1; no=0)	0.000 0 (0.000 0)	0.023 7 (0.152 3)	0.041 5 (0.199 6)
林地面积 Forestland area/hm²	农户林地经营面积 Area of farm households forest land management	0.671 9 (2.398 3)	2.549 5 (4.352 7)	2.524 3 (4.450 2)
林地地块数量 Forestland plots		3.121 6 (9.670 9)	3.863 6 (4.670 8)	3.698 6 (4.101 0)

Table 1

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Fig.2

Table 7

Table 8

Table 9

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Table 11

Table

Statistics on economic welfare and collective forestland rights of sample farm households in counties and districts"

县区County	2003			2011			2019
县区County	总收入Total revenue/yuan	总消费Total consumption/ yuan	新林改Collective forestland tenure reform	总收入Total revenue/yuan	总消费Total consumption/ yuan	新林改Collective forestland tenure reform	总收入Total revenue/yuan	总消费Total consumption/ yuan	新林改Collective forestland tenure reform
山东蒙阴Mengyin， Shandong	6 468.943 2	7 231.432 3	0.000 0	19 181.938 2	9 731.314 4	0.317 1	29 382.730 5	13 210.072 9	0.317 1
山东莱州Laizhou， Shandong	7 710.002 9	8 671.645 6	0.000 0	20 065.040 3	12 842.657 5	0.050 8	24 618.378 3	13 063.376 8	0.050 8
辽宁清原Qingyuan， Liaoning	10 258.324 0	6 502.255 4	0.200 0	26 456.778 0	20 112.889 0	0.828 6	53 548.740 0	15 028.930 2	0.857 1
辽宁本溪Benxi， Liaoning	8 053.7710	5 962.244 8	0.205 1	28 099.839 8	16 476.409 2	0.923 1	52 492.255 5	19 150.896 4	0.948 7
河南舞阳Wuyang， Henan	26 570.868 0	7 778.164 2	0.000 0	20 017.862 1	9 992.686 0	0.918 4	42 629.741 3	13 765.212 5	0.918 4
河南浉河Shihe， Henan	30 117.807 2	9 574.115 9	0.000 0	21 139.408 4	10 579.845 0	0.745 1	28 471.779 0	15 494.123 3	0.745 1
四川威远Weiyuan， Sichuan	13 504.893 9	7 471.548 1	0.000 0	19 975.855 8	9 517.351 9	0.927 5	28 470.114 9	16 193.232 1	0.927 5
四川丹棱Danling， Sichuan	12 677.038 0	8 099.857 0	0.000 0	32 388.282 3	11 270.922 6	0.942 0	45 686.798 9	21 401.026 5	0.942 0
浙江德清Deqing， Zhejiang	26 215.287 6	18 631.882 6	0.016 9	47 402.043 2	42 377.552 7	0.932 2	92 160.170 5	39 041.462 3	0.932 2
浙江遂昌Suichang， Zhejiang	22 735.091 4	12 154.587 7	0.041 7	30 766.790 4	30 178.752 8	0.958 3	44 904.067 8	23 850.354 9	0.958 3
福建沙县Shaxian， Fujian	14 485.973 1	7 061.619 8	0.130 4	15 986.370 3	11 722.184 8	0.434 8	30 270.784 7	17 877.843 1	0.478 3
福建顺昌Fujian Shunchang	15 735.387 9	10 475.482 3	0.063 8	25 982.427 9	14 632.369 9	0.574 5	32 016.950 4	18 838.709 1	0.638 3
湖南平江Pingjiang， Hunan	11 195.989 0	9 718.755 7	0.000 0	26 663.366 1	14 337.338 8	0.853 7	36 337.748 1	20 820.472 4	0.878 0
湖南洪江Hongjiang， Hunan	10 384.039 5	5 827.118 3	0.000 0	20 312.380 6	9 416.835 3	0.983 1	29 052.349 6	16 669.660 2	0.983 1
江西遂川Suichuan， Jiangxi	16 383.283 4	8 531.068 6	0.037 0	19 942.040 1	10 532.721 7	0.981 5	28 880.483 0	21 761.523 9	0.981 5
江西铜鼓Tonggu， Jiangxi	11 811.875 9	12 635.730 1	0.058 8	30 541.883 7	22 178.915 5	0.911 8	33 131.050 1	26 712.739 0	0.911 8
广西环江Huanjiang， Guangxi	7 780.276 3	5 869.803 5	0.000 0	16 733.174 7	10 946.277 7	0.428 6	25 356.544 6	15 062.481 0	0.428 6
广西平果Pingguo， Guangxi	8 039.689 0	5 284.729 9	0.000 0	18 552.639 2	11 228.012 0	0.395 3	28 287.297 9	13 450.050 0	0.418 6

Table

Fig.3

Table 12

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年度 Year	年龄 Age	受教育年限 Educational year	林地面积 Forestland area	林业生产费用 Forestry production cost	林业劳动时间 Forestry labor hours	非农就业 Off-farm employment	总收入 Total revenue	总消费 Total consumption
2003	0.267 1	0.881 0	0.262 7	0.152 1	0.731 5	0.558 5	0.704 3	0.216 0
2011	0.267 1	0.523 3	0.101 7	0.929 6	0.608 2	0.234 5	0.124 5	0.550 7
2019	0.105 1	0.366 5	0.141 1	0.280 9	0.981 2	0.142 9	0.372 1	0.322 5

变量Variable	总收入模型 Total revenue model		总消费模型 Total consumption model
变量Variable	VIF	1/VIF	VIF	1/VIF
新林改Collective forestland tenure reform	1.16	0.86	1.18	0.85
非农劳动力价格Non-farm labor prices	1.27	0.79	1.41	0.71
木材价格Timber price	1.26	0.80	1.27	0.79
年龄Age	1.59	0.63	1.6	0.63
性别Gender	1.02	0.98	1.02	0.98
受教育年限Educational year	1.2	0.84	1.22	0.82
健康水平Health level	1.62	0.62	1.62	0.62
家庭成员是否干部Whether the family member is a cadre	1.07	0.93	1.08	0.93
家庭人口数量Household person	2.25	0.45	2.29	0.44
家庭劳动力数量Household labor	2.44	0.41	2.49	0.40
是否有老人赡养Whether there is elderly support	1.27	0.79	1.28	0.78
是否有小孩抚养Whether there is child support	1.18	0.85	1.19	0.84
是否参加合作社Participation in cooperatives	1.02	0.98	1.02	0.98
林地面积Forestland area	1.11	0.90	1.13	0.89
林地地块数量Forestland plots	1.07	0.93	1.09	0.92

变量Variable	总收入 Total revenue		总消费Total consumption
变量Variable	（1）	（2）	（3）	（4）
新林改 Collective forestland tenure reform	0.160 5^*** (0.056 4)	0.071 3^* (0.039 6)	0.155 0^** (0.075 5)	0.053 1^*** (0.012 5)
非农劳动力价格		0.017 8^***		0.037 2^***
Non-farm labor prices		(0.001 4)		(0.004 8)
木材价格		0.000 8^***		0.009 7^***
Timber price		(0.000 2)		(0.000 9)
年龄		?0.007 0^***		?0.020 2^***
Age		(0.001 7)		(0.004 8)
性别		0.197 6^***		0.032 3
Gender		(0.074 6)		(0.206 5)
受教育年限		0.037 9^***		0.011 1
Educational year		(0.005 9)		(0.015 3)
健康水平		0.005 1		0.173 0
Health level		(0.063 1)		(0.167 4)
家庭成员是否干部 Whether the family member is a cadre		0.092 5^*** (0.034 4)		0.253 1^*** (0.089 1)
家庭人口数量		0.106 5^***		0.254 9^***
Household person		(0.014 4)		(0.038 1)
家庭劳动力数量		0.158 3^***		0.068 9
Household labor		(0.018 5)		(0.051 4)
是否有老人赡养 Whether there is elderly support		?0.057 3 (0.048 9)		?0.172 4 (0.134 9)
是否有小孩抚养		?0.231 6^***		?1.030 0^***
Whether there is child support		(0.032 9)		(0.089 3)
是否参加合作社		0.007 0		0.001 4
Participation in cooperatives		(0.101 4)		(0.264 0)
林地面积		0.000 6^***		0.003 1
Forestland area		(0.000 2)		(0.003 2)
林地地块数量		?0.003 4^*		?0.006 2
Forestland plots		(0.001 9)		(0.003 9)
年度固定效应 Annual fixed effects	控制 Control	控制 Control	控制 Control	控制 Control
地区固定效应 Regional fixed effect	控制 Control	控制 Control	控制 Control	控制 Control
常数项	9.141 5^***	6.883 5^***	7.811 0^***	0.163 7
Constant	(0.058 6)	(0.164 0)	(0.104 9)	(0.643 6)
N	12 068	12 068	12 068	12 068
R²	0.046	0.211	0.175	0.465

变量Variable	替换变量 Replacement variables		剔除试点省份 Excluding pilot provinces		排除相关政策干扰 Removing relevant policy interference
变量Variable	总收入 Total revenue	总消费 Total consumption	总收入 Total revenue	总消费 Total consumption	总收入 Total revenue	总消费 Total consumption
新林改	0.030 8^***	0.023 8^*	0.019 0^***	0.017 9^***	0.049 9^*	0.036 6^***
Collective forestland tenure reform	(0.008 0)	(0.014 3)	(0.002 6)	(0.005 7)	(0.028 5)	(0.128 3)
控制变量 Control variables	控制 Control	控制 Control	控制 Control	控制 Control	控制 Control	控制 Control
年度固定效应 Annual fixed effects	控制 Control	控制 Control	控制 Control	控制 Control	控制 Control	控制 Control
地区固定效应 Regional fixed effect	控制 Control	控制 Control	控制 Control	控制 Control	控制 Control	控制 Control
常数项	7.871 6^***	4.196 3^***	7.375 4^***	4.419 1^***	7.243 2^***	4.078 0^***
Constant	(0.212 9)	(0.529 2)	(0.127 3)	(0.366 7)	(0.135 6)	(0.647 6)
N	12 068	12 068	5 060	5 060	12 068	12 068
R²	0.301	0.289	0.234	0.361	0.204	0.685

变量 Variable	（1）	（2）	（3）
变量 Variable	林业生产费用 Forestry production cost	林业劳动时间 Forestry labor time	非农就业 Off-farm employment
新林改	0.021 5^***	0.018 2^***	0.057 9^**
Collective forestland tenure reform	(0.001 5)	(0.002 0)	(0.029 1)
控制变量 Control variables	控制 Control	控制 Control	控制 Control
年度固定效应 Annual fixed effects	控制 Control	控制 Control	控制 Control
地区固定效应 Regional fixed effect	控制 Control	控制 Control	控制 Control
常数项	?10.930 0^***	?5.521 1^***	?9.666 4^***
Constant	(0.931 0)	(0.713 5)	(1.351 4)
N	12 068	12 068	12 068
R²	0.094	0.142	0.134

Mechanism and Impact Measurement of the New Round of Collective Forestland Tenure Reform on the Economic Welfare of Farm Households

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变量Variable	总收入Total revenue	总消费Total consumption
新林改Collective forestland tenure reform	0.178 8^***(0.000 0)	0.144 0^***(0.000 0)

变量Variable	经济发展水平 Level of economic development		森林资源丰裕度 Forest resource abundance
变量Variable	总收入 Total revenue	总消费 Total consumption	总收入 Total revenue	总消费 Total consumption
新林改	0.040 1^**	0.026 1^***	0.013 4^***	0.011 8^***
Collective forestland tenure reform	(0.019 9)	(0.004 6)	(0.002 9)	(0.003 7)
经济发展水平	0.039 0^***	0.017 8^***
Level of economic development	(0.006 6)	(0.002 6)
新林改×经济发展水平	?0.024 6^**	?0.017 0^***
Collective forestland tenure reform × level of economic development	(0.011 8)	(0.003 0)
森林资源丰裕度			0.028 2^***	0.021 2^***
Forest resource abundance			(0.004 4)	(0.005 5)
新林改×森林资源丰裕度			0.017 2^***	0.020 0^***
Collective forestland tenure reform × forest resource abundance			(0.005 8)	(0.004 1)
控制变量 Control variables	控制 Control	控制 Control	控制 Control	控制 Control
年度固定效应 Annual fixed effects	控制 Control	控制 Control	控制 Control	控制 Control
地区固定效应 Regional fixed effect	控制 Control	控制 Control	控制 Control	控制 Control
常数项	7.135 4^***	?4.333 2^***	5.001 7^***	?6.059 3
Constant	(0.285 3)	(1.436 7)	(0.375 8)	(3.807 2)
N	12 068	12 068	12 068	12 068
R²	0.280	0.349	0.199	0.299

变量Variable	0.25分位数0.25 quartile		0.5分位数0.5 quartile		0.75分位数0.75 quartile
变量Variable	总收入 Total revenue	总消费 Total consumption	总收入 Total revenue	总消费 Total consumption	总收入 Total revenue	总消费 Total consumption
新林改	0.034 7^***	0.019 9^***	0.029 7^***	0.022 0^***	0.016 3^***	0.008 6^***
Collective forestland tenure reform	(0.007 3)	(0.006 7)	(0.003 6)	(0.005 4)	(0.002 2)	(0.003 3)
控制变量 Control variables	控制 Control	控制 Control	控制 Control	控制 Control	控制 Control	控制 Control
常数项	5.203 8^***	6.600 0^***	6.166 2^***	5.358 1^***	8.338 3^***	4.841 0^***
Constant	(0.354 0)	(0.450 3)	(0.176 2)	(0.788 2)	(0.116 1)	(0.209 1)
N	12 068	12 068	12 068	12 068	12 068	12 068

年份Year	省份Provinces	山东 Shandong	辽宁 Liaoning	河南 Henan	四川 Sichuan	浙江 Zhejiang	福建 Fujian	湖南 Hunan	江西 Jiangxi	广西 Guangxi
2003	总收入Total revenue	7 201.168 4	9 096.465 0	28 379.807 0	13 090.966 0	24 654.078 1	15 324.865 9	10 716.938 8	14 617.05 78	7 911.508 6
	总消费Total consumption	8 081.158 1	6 217.655 2	8 694.099 6	7 785.702 5	15 726.180 2	9 353.784 6	7 422.689 6	10 116.960 6	5 573.825 1
	新林改Collective forestland tenure reform	0.000 0	0.202 7	0.000 0	0.000 0	0.028 0	0.085 7	0.000 0	0.045 5	0.000 0
2011	总收入Total revenue	19 702.968 4	27 322.716 0	20 589.850 8	26 182.069 1	39 939.499 9	22 698.009 0	22 916.284 6	24 037.434 2	17 653.609 7
	总消费Total consumption	11 567.006 8	18 196.365 9	10 292.137 1	10 394.137 3	36 905.193 9	13 676.166 2	11 434.241 7	15 032.387 4	11 088.802 1
	新林改Collective forestland tenure reform	0.160 0	0.878 4	0.830 0	0.934 8	0.943 9	0.528 6	0.930 0	0.954 5	0.411 8
2019	总收入Total revenue	26 571.762 7	52 991.944 1	35 409.180 5	37 078.456 9	70 961.171 2	31 443.210 2	32 039.362 9	30 522.747 6	26 839.161 0
	总消费Total consumption	13 123.522 2	17 201.317 8	14 646.957 0	18 797.129 3	32 226.759 9	18 522.996 0	18 371.493 2	23 674.493 4	14 246.780 6
	新林改Collective forestland tenure reform	0.160 0	0.905 4	0.830 0	0.934 8	0.943 9	0.585 7	0.940 0	0.954 5	0.423 5

变量Variable	集体林地确权时间<5年 Collective forest land rights for <5 years		集体林地确权时间≥ 5年 Collective forest land rights for ≥ 5 years
变量Variable	总收入Total revenue	总消费Total consumption	总收入Total revenue	总消费Total consumption
新林改	0.056 8^*	0.032 2^***	0.079 8^***	0.053 1^***
Collective forestland tenure reform	(0.032 8)	(0.007 9)	(0.024 9)	(0.012 5)
控制变量 Control variables	控制 Control	控制 Control	控制 Control	控制 Control
年度固定效应 Annual fixed effects	控制 Control	控制 Control	控制 Control	控制 Control
地区固定效应 Regional fixed effect	控制 Control	控制 Control	控制 Control	控制 Control
常数项	7.173 5^***	4.566 8^***	7.208 6^***	0.163 7
Constant	(0.162 2)	(0.461 8)	(0.120 4)	(0.643 6)
N	12 068	12 068	12 068	12 068
R²	0.147	0.589	0.197	0.465