森林伐后碳减排路径研究动态与前瞻

doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.20220819

Abstract

Abstract:

Objective: Worldwide studies on pathways of post-harvest carbon emission reduction in recent 30 years are reviewed to provide a theoretical basis for China-specific studies and the utilization of post-harvest carbon emission reduction to improve forestry's capacity to mitigate climate change. Method: We summarized major pathways of post-harvest carbon emission reduction worldwide and analyzed the life-cycle material flow and substitution categories of harvested wood products (HWP), the backbone of post-harvest carbon emission reduction, in 24 and 15 countries/regions, respectively. We also investigated the country-specific features in life-cycle material flows and summarized the displacement factors of major substitution categories in the above-mentioned countries. Furthermore, we provided a prospect of possible future research needs based on the literature review. Result: First, the studies in recent 30 years reported three major pathways of post-harvest carbon emission reduction, including HWP carbon storage, HWP substation benefit, and the optimized forest management considering both pre- and post-harvest carbon emission reduction. Among them, the HWP substitution benefit has been a frontier of the relevant research fields and provided new insights in forest management considering pre- and post-harvest carbon emission reduction. Second, the studies in developed countries have comprehensively analyzed domestic life-cycle material flows whereas the studies in developing countries were relatively weak, and very few modeling analyses based on the Tier-3 method recommended by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) are available. We also found that the material flows driven by international trade are a common research gap in the studies in all these countries, which undermines the linkage of the countries involved in an HWP life cycle and restricts effective policy design to improve carbon emission reduction potential of global forestry. Third, the HWP substitution studies, which are mainly in European countries, reported that the five major substitution categories, namely, substitution in construction, energy, furniture, other products, and the material substitution without dividing specific end uses, have an average displacement factor of 1.32 t·t^-1 (n=50), 0.70 t·t^-1 (n=40), 1.03 t·t^-1 (n=21), 1.13 t·t^-1 (n=8), and 1.13 t·t^-1 (n=37), respectively. However, the displacement factors differ significantly among studies and countries. Conclusion: First, as the major developing country and the largest HWP producing and consuming countries in the world, China should improve existing IPCC Tier-2 method-based life-cycle material modeling and analysis to an IPCC Tier-3 method-based one to provide a high-quality example for other developing countries. Second, the analysis of international material flow is an important future research need, providing an opportunity for China, the largest HWP exporting and importing country in the world. Lastly, there is still large research potential in the field of HWP substitution benefit. Especially, the highly subjective fundamental assumptions and substitution scenarios have led to unreliable displacement factors, which has large room for improvement.

Key words: forest, harvested wood products, greenhouse gas mitigation, material flow, life cycle

CLC Number:

S784
S788.9

Xiaobiao Zhang,Fei Lu,Hongqiang Yang,Zhiyun Ouyang. Dynamics and Prospect of Studies on Pathways of Reduction of Post-Harvest Carbon Emission from Forest[J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2022, 58(8): 182-196.

Figures/Tables 6

Fig.1

Fig.2

Table 1

Table 2

Accounting scope of material flows in representative studies in major countries"

国家/地区 Countries/regions	木质原材料供给 Raw material supply	中间木质林产品生产 Semi-finished harvested wood product manufacture	木质林产品使用 Harvested wood product end uses		废弃木质林产品处理 Retired harvested wood product disposal	国际贸易流动 International trade flow			参考文献 References
国家/地区 Countries/regions	木质原材料供给 Raw material supply	中间木质林产品生产 Semi-finished harvested wood product manufacture	中间木质林产品 Semi-finished harvested wood products	终端木质林产品 Final harvested wood products	废弃木质林产品处理 Retired harvested wood product disposal	木质原材料 Raw materials	中间木质产品 Semi-finished harvested wood products	终端木质林产品 Final harvested wood products	参考文献 References
全球 World (n=3)			√	√	√				*Pan et al., 2011; Johnston et al., 2019; Zhang et al*., 2020
发达国家 Developed countries (n=41)
加拿大 Canada	√	√		√	√	√	√	√	Chen et al., 2010; Dymond 2012; Chen et al., 2014; *Chen et al., 2018; Paradis et al*., 2019
美国 United States	√	√		√	√	√	√		C?té et al., 2002; Skog et al., 2004; White et al., 2005; Skog 2008; Nunery et al., 2010; Heath et al., 2011; Stockmann et al., 2012; *Dugan et al., 2018; Gu et al*., 2019
德国 Germany	√	√		√	√				Profft et al., 2009; *H?glmeier et al., 2015*
法国 France	√	√		√	√				*Mathieu et al., 2012*
爱尔兰 Ireland	√	√		√	√				Green et al., 2006; Dolan et al., 2012; *Dolan et al., 2013*
芬兰 Finland	√	√		√	√				*Pingoud et al., 2010*; Pukkala 2017
捷克 Czech	√	√		√					*Jasinevi? ius et al., 2018*
斯洛伐克 Slovakia	√	√	√						Parobek et al., 2019; *Palu? et al., 2020*
立陶宛 Lithuania			√						*Aleinikovas et al., 2018*
葡萄牙 Portugal	√			√	√	√	√		Dias et al., 2007; Dias et al., 2009; *Dias et al., 2012*
瑞士 Switzerland	√	√	√		√	√	√		*Werner et al., 2010*
西班牙 Spain				√	√		√		*Canals et al., 2014*
瑞典 Sweden	√	√		√	√	√	√		*Nabuurs et al., 2001*
荷兰 Netherland	√	√		√	√	√	√		*Nabuurs et al., 2001*
欧盟整体 European Union	√	√		√	√				Kohlmaier et al., 2007; Pilli et al., 2017; *Brunet-Navarro et al., 2018*
日本 Japan	√	√		√	√	√			*Kayo et al., 2014; Matsumoto et al*., 2016
澳大利亚 Australia	√	√		√	√				Brack et al., 2002; *Ximenes et al., 2012*
新西兰 New Zealand	√	√		√		√	√	√	*Manley et al., 2018; Wakelin et al*., 2020
发展中国家 Developing countries (n=10)
中国 China	√	√	√		√	√	√		Lun et al., 2012; Ji et al., 2013; Yang et al., 2014; Ji et al., 2016; *Zhang et al., 2018; Zhang et al*., 2019
巴西 Brazil			√						*Sanquetta et al., 2019*
土耳其 Turkey	√	√	√						Baskent 2019
墨西哥 Mexico	√	√		√	√				*Alvarez et al., 2016*
加蓬 Gabon	√	√		√	√	√	√		*Nabuurs et al., 2001*

Table 2

Table 3

Fig.3

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废弃处理方式 Disposal option		应用产品类型 Product category		氧化类型 Oxidation type	碳排放类型 Emission type
废弃处理方式 Disposal option		废弃木质林产品 Retired harvested wood products	废弃木料 Waste mill residues	氧化类型 Oxidation type	碳排放类型 Emission type
焚烧 Combustion		√	√	一次性完全氧化 Instant oxidation	CO₂
露天堆放 Open dump		√	√	缓慢有氧分解 Slow aerobic decomposition	CO₂
填埋 Landfill	工业填埋 Industrial landfill		√	一般认为20%有氧分解、80%无氧分解 Commonly considered as 20% aerobic decomposition and 80% anaerobic decomposition	CO₂、CH₄
填埋 Landfill	生活填埋 Municipal landfill	√		管理良好的填埋场为完全无氧分解；无管理或填埋较浅的填埋场有氧和无氧分解并存 Full anaerobic decomposition for managed landfills, semi-aerobic decomposition for unmanaged or shallow landfills	CO₂、CH₄
回收 Recycle		√		—	—

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Dynamics and Prospect of Studies on Pathways of Reduction of Post-Harvest Carbon Emission from Forest

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国家/地区 Country/region	产品替代 Product substitution				材料替代 Material substitution	参考文献 References
国家/地区 Country/region	能源 Energy	建筑 Construction	家具 Furniture	其他 Others	材料替代 Material substitution	参考文献 References
北美洲 North America (n=7)
加拿大 Canada	√	√			√	Smyth et al., 2014; Smyth et al., 2017a; Smyth et al., 2017b; Chen et al., 2018; Smyth et al., 2018
美国 United States		√				Nepal et al., 2016
墨西哥 Mexico					√	Olguin et al., 2018
欧洲 Europe (n=17)
法国 France	√	√	√	√	√	Mathieu et al., 2012; Lobianco et al., 2016
德国 Germany	√	√	√	√	√	B?ttcher et al., 2012; Knauf et al., 2015; Knauf 2016; Knauf et al., 2016; Butarbutar et al., 2016; H?rtl et al., 2017; Schweinle et al., 2018; K?hl et al., 2020
丹麦 Denmark					√	Taeroe et al., 2017
芬兰 Finland	√	√	√	√	√	Soimakallio et al., 2016; Baul et al., 2017; Sepp?l? et al., 2019
瑞典 Sweden	√				√	Cintas et al., 2016
瑞士 Switzerland	√				√	Suter et al., 2017
欧洲整体 Europe total		√	√	√		Rüter et al., 2016
亚洲 Asia (n=5)
中国 China	√	√	√			Geng et al., 2017b; Geng et al., 2019
日本 Japan	√	√	√			Kayo et al., 2015; matsumoto et al., 2016
韩国 South Korea	√				√	Han et al., 2016
大洋洲 Oceania (n=3)
澳大利亚 Australia					√	Keith et al., 2015; macintosh et al., 2015
新西兰 New Zealand		√				Buchanan et al., 1999