濒危植物树枫杜鹃的结实及种子萌发特性

doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.20201019

Abstract

Abstract:

Objective: This study aimed to explore the fruiting and seed germination characteristics of Rhododendron changii and their response to environmental factors, so as to provide scientific basis for revealing the endangered mechanism and formulating conservation strategies. Method: Fruiting quantity characteristics of population and individual plants, cone and seed characteristics were investigated, and their correlations with environmental factors were analyzed. The effects of maternal plant traits, light intensity, fruit traits and seed morphological phenotype on seed germination were examined. Also, the influence of environmental factors such as different light and temperature during germination and seed soaking treatment with GA₃ at different concentrations were discussed. Result: 1) Fruiting characteristics of R. changii population growing in shrub and mossy dwarf forest were better than those in broadleaf forest (P < 0.05), and the percent of seed bearing mother trees ranged from 39.58% to 66.67% in four populations. The stratification effect of seed setting in canopy was obvious, and the fruit setting rate was between 43.90% and 58.62%, and the low seed plumpness rate varied from 9.89% to 15.71%. Morphological phenotype of seeds from the same maternal plant showed continuous variation, and the seeds with different morphological phenotypes possessed great breeding potential. 2)Fruiting was mainly affected by the limitation of light resources. The light condition of maternal plants was positively correlated with fruit setting rate, full-developed seeds rate and seed width (P < 0.01). The less light was, the lower percentage the full-developed seeds was and the more the oblong seeds (seed width/seed length < 0.4) were. 3)The seed germination characteristics were mainly affected by the morphological phenotype of seeds, followed by light condition and age of the maternal plant and the degree of fruit cracking. That is, the greater the ratio of seed width to seed length and the more sufficient lighting of the maternal plant, the higher the seed germination rate and vigor index of seedlings. The older the maternal plants and the more complete the fruit cracking, the lower the seed germination rate and vigor index of seedlings. In addition, the germination ability of oval seeds (seed width/seed length ≥0.4) was better than that of long-round seeds. 4)The seed of R. changii had light-requiring physiological dormancy. The germination rate under dark conditions was significantly lower than that under light conditions. The seed germination rate and seedling vigor index were positively correlated with light. The germination rate and seedling vigor index were significatly increased through seed soaking treatment with GA₃ in the suitable concentration range of 400-600 mg·L^-1. The seeds had a wide range of adaptability to temperature with germination just at 5 ℃, but the proportion of deformed seedlings was larger under low temperature conditions, and the optimum temperature for germination was 20-25 ℃. Conclusion: The intense light competition in the natural community leads to continuous decline of suitability of the habitat, and gradually tends to small populations. Limitation of light resources affects fruiting characteristics, causing the decline of seed yield and quality, and hence decline of the sexual reproductive ability gradually. Under the adverse natural conditions such as weak light under the forest, the transformation from seed to seedling is inhibited. Seeds germination starts at low temperature but with low germination efficiency, which increases the risk of population. Thus, forest trees should be thinned and surface litter should be cleared to improve the light condition of population and soil seed bank. In order to maintain the population development, artificial propagation should be implemented. The seedlings could be cultivated with yellowish-green fruit with slightly cracked capsules at the early stage of fruit ripening and oval seeds.

Key words: Rhododendron changii, fruiting characteristics, seed germination, seed morphology variation, lighting condition

CLC Number:

S718.43

Yang Yang,Haiyang Wang,Lihui Ma. Characteristics of Fruiting and Seed Germination of Endangered Plant, Rhododendron changii[J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2020, 56(10): 173-183.

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因素组 Factor group	因素 Factor	变量^① Variables
母株性状及其生境条件 Maternal plant characteristics and habitat conditions	生境类型Habitat type	灌丛Shurb=1；乔木林Arbor forest=2
	坡向Aspect	220°WS-330°WN
	透光度Light intensity	40%~90%
	株高Height	0.6~1.6 m
	冠幅Crown width	0.65~1.4 m²
	基径Basal diameter	2~3.5 cm
果实性状 Fruit characteristics	果长Fruit length	1.15~1.85 cm
	果径Fruit diameter	0.6~0.9 cm
	果实开裂程度FCD Fruit cracking degree	微裂Slight cracking=1；半开裂Semi cracking=2；全开裂Complete cracking=3
	果实颜色Fruit color	黄绿色Yellow-green=1；黄色Yellow=2；黄褐色Yellowish-brown=3
	果实在树冠中的位置 Fruit position	上Upper=1；中Middle=2；下Lower=3
种子性状 Seed characteristics	种长Seed length	1 032.6~1 953.7 μm
	种宽Seed width	289.4~768.2 μm
	种翅长Seed wing length	1738.7~3957.0 μm
	种翅宽Seed wing width	407.8~806.5 μm
	种宽/种长的比值 Ratio of seed to length	0.16-0.74
	种子千粒质量 1 000-seed mass	0.22~0.35 g
	种子颜色Seed color	黄色Yellow=1；黄褐色Yellowish-brown=2；黑褐色Dark brown=3

种群 Population	株高 Height/m	冠幅 Crown/m²	基径 BD/mm	结实母树比例 Percent of seed trees(%)	结实母树数量 Number of seed trees	单株结实数 Number of cones per fruiting tree				座果率 Fruit-setting rate(%)
种群 Population	株高 Height/m	冠幅 Crown/m²	基径 BD/mm	结实母树比例 Percent of seed trees(%)	结实母树数量 Number of seed trees	上层 Upper	中层 Middle	下层 Lower	合计 Total	座果率 Fruit-setting rate(%)
1	0.60±0.05d	0.65±0.18b	24.57±0.80b	62.96	17	12.00±2.65Ab	3.67±0.58Bbc	2.67±1.53Bbc	18.33±4.51b	46.22±2.48b
2	0.97±0.04c	1.08±0.43ab	24.63±0.81b	66.67	22	23.67±3.51Aa	18.33±2.08Ba	5.67±2.08Ca	47.67±7.02a	58.62±2.30a
3	1.50±0.05a	1.33±0.29a	27.97±1.68a	52.24	35	26.67±5.51Aa	6.67±2.52Bb	5.00±1.00Bab	38.33±9.02a	54.83±4.20a
4	1.25±0.05b	1.17±0.18ab	29.73±0.86a	39.58	19	12.67±2.89Ab	2.67±0.58Bc	2.00±1.00Bc	17.33±4.16b	43.90±2.06b
平均Average	1.08±0.35	1.06±0.36	26.73±2.50	55.36±12.17	23.25±8.10	18.75±7.53	7.83±6.67	3.83±2.04	30.42±14.68	50.89±6.77

种群 Population	果长 Cone length/cm	果径 Cone diameter/cm	单果种子数 Number of seeds per cone	种子饱满率 Percentage of full-developed seeds(%)
1	1.28±0.13c	0.65±0.03c	458.67±93.22b	14.33±3.32ab
2	1.55±0.10b	0.81±0.09ab	627.33±89.52a	15.71±2.80a
3	1.77±0.08a	0.90±0.08a	790.33±92.63a	11.19±1.30bc
4	1.60±0.10ab	0.75±0.09bc	388.00±71.36b	9.89±1.01c
平均Average	1.55±0.20	0.78±0.11	566.08±179.05	12.78±3.14

种群 Population	种子长度 Seed length/μm			种子宽度 Seed width/μm			种翅长度 Seed length on longer side/μm			种翅宽度 Seed length on shorter side/μm			种宽/种长的比值 Ratio of seed width to length			卵圆形/长圆形种子数的比值 Ratio of oval to oblong seed	种子千粒质量 1 000-seed mass
种群 Population	变幅 Range	均值 Average	变异系数 CV	变幅 Range/ μm	均值 Average/ μm	变异系数 CV	变幅 Range/ μm	均值 Average/ μm	变异系数 CV	变幅 Range/ μm	均值 Average/ μm	变异系数 CV	变幅 Range/ μm	均值 Average/ μm	变异系数 CV	卵圆形/长圆形种子数的比值 Ratio of oval to oblong seed	变幅 Range/g	均值 Average/g	变异系数 CV
1	1 104.5~ 1 766.1	1 399.6± 142.5c	0.10	391.1~ 722.1	506.8± 96.4a	0.19	2 156.0~ 3 231.1	2 713.7± 235.4b	0.09	450.2~ 806.5	568.9± 112.4a	0.20	0.23~0.65	0.37±0.12a	0.32	0.57±0.12a	0.22~0.27	0.24±0.01d	0.04
2	1 032.6~ 1 756.8	1 412.3± 145.6c	0.10	386.0~ 768.2	515.1± 97.3a	0.19	1 738.7~ 3 228.7	2 660.2± 289.3b	0.11	435.7~ 795.6	559.2± 115.3a	0.21	0.24~0.74	0.38±0.13a	0.34	0.67±0.10a	0.22~0.29	0.26±0.02c	0.08
3	1 253.2~ 1 908.5	1 620.6± 216.0b	0.13	321.2~ 551.3	427.6± 58.3b	0.14	2 095.2~ 3 890.8	3 276.6± 552.2a	0.17	423.4~ 709.5	525.9± 50.5ab	0.10	0.20~0.52	0.28±0.09b	0.32	0.25±0.07b	0.27~0.35	0.30±0.02a	0.07
4	1 305.5~ 1 953.7	1 712.1± 195.4a	0.11	289.4~ 599.9	409.8± 61.3b	0.15	2 279.2~ 3 957.0	3 351.8± 533.3a	0.16	407.8~ 693.3	509.5± 58.8b	0.12	0.16~0.47	0.24±0.08b	0.33	0.18±0.04b	0.25~0.30	0.27±0.01b	0.04
平均Average	1 536.13±221.26			464.82±92.24			3 000.56±527.05			540.86±91.48			0.32±0.12			0.42±0.23	0.27±0.03

项目Item	FSR	Nuco	Cole	Codi	Nuse	Pefu	Sema	Sele	Sewi	Slls	Rati
Heig	0.092	0.357	0.831^**	0.788^**	0.485^*	-0.381	0.966^**	0.075	-0.321	0.150	-0.334
Crow	0.151	0.465^*	0.861^**	0.814^**	0.501^*	-0.248	0.944^**	-0.048	-0.172	0.064	-0.221
BD	-0.566^**	-0.349	0.439^*	0.181	-0.216	-0.875^**	0.351	0.558^**	-0.758^**	0.694^**	-0.827^**
Liin	0.841^**	0.696^**	0.066	0.160	0.521^**	0.885^^	-0.048	-0.950^**	0.931^**	-0.804^**	0.914^**
Aspe	0.725^**	0.782^**	0.022	0.343	0.589^**	0.870^**	0.040	-0.823^**	0.898^**	-0.907^**	0.856^**
FSR	1.000	0.809^**	0.197	0.446^*	0.771^**	0.781^**	0.263	-0.840^**	0.776^**	-0.838^**	0.842^**
Nuco		1.000	0.554^**	0.751^**	0.847^^	0.621^**	0.496^*	-0.808^**	0.677^**	-0.715^**	0.643^**
Cole			1.000	0.808^**	0.549^**	-0.184	0.807^**	-0.229	-0.082	0.066	-0.146
Codi				1.000	0.839^**	0.024	0.860^**	-0.347	0.094	-0.338	0.080
Nuse					1.000	0.434^*	0.644^**	-0.648^**	0.447^*	-0.708^**	0.497^*
Pefu						1.000	-0.211	-0.862^**	0.958^**	-0.856^**	0.973^**
Sema							1.000	-0.077	-0.152	-0.069	-0.161
Sele								1.000	-0.920^**	0.833^**	-0.893^**
Sewi									1.000	-0.865^**	0.961^**
Slls										1.000	-0.889^**

Characteristics of Fruiting and Seed Germination of Endangered Plant, Rhododendron changii

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影响因素 Influence factors	累积解释量 Explains (%)	累积贡献量 Contribution (%)	P
种宽/种长的比值RWL	82.8	84.7	0.002^**
透光度Light intensity	6.3	6.5	0.002^**
种宽Seed width	2.2	2.2	0.002^**
种长Seed length	1.8	1.8	0.002^**
基径Basal diameter	1.5	1.6	0.008^**
果实开裂程度 Fruit cracking degree	0.9	0.9	0.02^*

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