蒙古国大戈壁保护区A区木贼麻黄、大白刺和小果白刺种群结构与动态特征

doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.LYKX20240225

林业科学 ›› 2025, Vol. 61 ›› Issue (4): 92-103.doi: 10.11707/j.1001-7488.LYKX20240225

蒙古国大戈壁保护区A区木贼麻黄、大白刺和小果白刺种群结构与动态特征

秦爱丽¹,李广良¹,玛·乌日古木勒²,薛亚东¹,尼玛扎布·扎布呼兰²,李佳³,巴图赛罕·孟和额尔登²,孙戈¹,音德尔·图布新陶格陶呼²,肖文发^1,*(),金崑^1,*()

1. 中国林业科学研究院森林生态环境与自然保护研究所　国家林业和草原局生物多样性保护重点实验室　国家林业和草原局森林生态环境重点实验室　北京 100091
2. 蒙古国科学院植物研究所　乌兰巴托 13330
3. 中国林业科学研究院生态保护与修复研究所　北京100091

收稿日期:2024-04-23 出版日期:2025-04-25 发布日期:2025-04-21
通讯作者: 肖文发,金崑 E-mail:xiaowenf@caf.ac.cn;jk2002@caf.ac.cn
基金资助:
商务部 “蒙古国戈壁熊技术援助项目”（[2017] 商合促技字第62号）。

Population Structure and Dynamic Characteristics of Ephedra equisetina, Nitraria roborowskii and Nitraria sibirica Distributed in Great Gobi A Strictly Protected Area in Mongolia

Aili Qin¹,Guangliang Li¹,Urgamal Magsar²,Yadong Xue¹,Nyamjav Javkhlan²,Jia Li³,Batsaikhan Munkh-Erdene²,Ge Sun¹,Indree Tuvshintogtokh²,Wenfa Xiao^1,*(),Kun Jin^1,*()

1. Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Conservation of National Forestry and Grassland Administration　Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Environment of National Forestry and Grassland Administration　Ecology and Nature Conservation Institute, Chinese Academy of Forestry　Beijing 100091
2. Botanic Garden and Research Institute, Mongolian Academy of Sciences　Ulaanbaatar 13330
3. Institute of Ecological Conservation and Restoration, Chinese Academy of Forestry　Beijing 100091

Received:2024-04-23 Online:2025-04-25 Published:2025-04-21
Contact: Wenfa Xiao,Kun Jin E-mail:xiaowenf@caf.ac.cn;jk2002@caf.ac.cn

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

目的: 分析蒙古国大戈壁保护区A区木贼麻黄、大白刺和小果白刺的种群密度、年龄结构、数量动态变化规律，预测种群未来发展趋势，从食源植物角度为戈壁棕熊的保护、管理提供决策参考。方法: 在蒙古国大戈壁保护区A区Atas Inges（AI）、Shar Khuls（SK）和Tsagaan Bogd（TB）3个绿洲复合体及周边，根据木贼麻黄、大白刺和小果白刺分布区域的地势、地形等布设样地和样线，调查3种植物的种群结构；应用空间代时间方法和匀滑技术，编制3种植物种群的特定时间生命表，绘制其存活和死亡率曲线；通过种群动态量化分析方法，量化种群结构动态变化；利用时间序列模型，预测种群未来发展趋势。结果: 1）木贼麻黄和大白刺Atas Inges种群密度最高，Shar Khuls种群密度最低；小果白刺Tsagaan Bogd种群密度最高，Atas Inges种群密度最低。2）在当前演替阶段，木贼麻黄Atas Inges、Shar Khuls和Tsagaan Bogd种群均以中龄个体为主，Atas Inges种群呈增长型，Shar Khuls和Tsagaan Bogd种群呈衰退型；大白刺和小果白刺Atas Inges、Shar Khuls和Tsagaan Bogd种群均以幼龄和中龄个体为主，种群呈增长型，但大白刺Shar Khuls种群和小果白刺Atas Inges种群幼苗显著不足。3）木贼麻黄和大白刺Atas Inges、Shar Khuls和Tsagaan Bogd种群及小果白刺Atas Inges种群的存活曲线呈Deevey-Ⅱ型，小果白刺Shar Khuls和Tsagaan Bogd种群的存活曲线呈Deevey-Ⅰ型。4） 3种植物所有种群的死亡率均随年龄增加而增长，各龄级死亡率呈波状上升趋势。5）木贼麻黄Shar Khuls和Tsagaan Bogd种群结构不够稳定，Shar Khuls种群对外界随机干扰的敏感性较强；大白刺和小果白刺各种群结构稳定，但对外界随机干扰的敏感性均较强。结论: 本研究区域内，在当前演替阶段，木贼麻黄Shar Khuls和Tsagaan Bogd种群呈衰退型，种群结构不稳定，Shar Khuls种群对外界随机干扰的敏感性较强。大白刺和小果白刺各种群结构稳定，但对外界随机干扰的敏感性均较强。大白刺Shar Khuls种群和小果白刺Atas Inges种群的幼苗数量不足，终将导致种群衰退。

关键词: 大戈壁保护区A区, 木贼麻黄, 大白刺, 小果白刺, 种群结构, 种群动态

Abstract:

Objective: The aim of this paper was to elucidate the population density, age structure, quantity dynamics of Ephedra equisetina, Nitraria roborowskii and N. sibirica distributed in great Gobi A strictly protected area (GGSPA) in Mongolia, and predict their future development trend, so as to provide decision-making references for the protection and management of Ursus arctos gobiensis from the perspective of edible plants. Method: Sample plots and transect lines were set up in the Atas Inges（AI）, Shar Khuls（SK） and Tsagaan Bogd（TB） oases and their surrounding areas of GGSPA based on the terrain and topography of the distribution of E. equisetina, N. roborowskii and N. sibirica, and the population structure of these three species was investigated. The methods of“space replacing time”and smoothing-out were applied to compile a specific time life tables for the three plant populations, and plot their survival and mortality curves. The population dynamics was analyzed through the quantitative analyses of populations, and finally the development trend was predicted by applying a time series model. Result: 1) The population density of E. equisetina and N. roborowskii in AI was the highest, while the population density in SK was the lowest. The population density of N. sibirica in TB was the highest, while the population density in AI was the lowest. 2) At the current stage of succession, the populations of E. equisetina in AI, SK and TB were mainly composed of middle-aged individuals. The AI population showed a growing pattern, while the populations in SK and TB showed a declining pattern. All the populations of N. roborowskii and N. sibirica were mainly composed of young and middle-aged individuals, and showed a growing pattern. However, there was a significant shortage of seedlings in the population of N. roborowskii in SK and the population of N. sibirica in AI. 3) The survival curves of all the populations of E. equisetina and N. roborowskii, as well as the population of N. sibirica in AI showed the Deevey-Ⅱ type, while the survival curves of populations of N. sibirica in SK and TB exhibited the Deevey-Ⅰ type. 4) The mortality rates of all the populations of these three species showed a fluctuating upward trend with age. 5) Dynamic indexes and time series analyses showed that the population structures of E. equisetina in SK and TB were not stable enough, and the population in SK was highly sensitive to external random disturbances. The population structures of N. roborowskii and N. sibirica were stable, but all the populations were highly sensitive to external random disturbances. Conclusion: At the current stage of succession, the populations of E. equisetina in SK and TB show a declining type and their population structure is unstable. The population in SK is highly sensitive to external random disturbances. The current population structures of N. roborowskii and N. sibirica are stable, but all the populations are highly sensitive to external random disturbances. The insufficient number of seedlings of the N. roborowskii population in SK and the N. sibirica population in AI would ultimately lead to population decline.

Key words: great Gobi A strictly protected area (GGSPA), Ephedra equisetina, Nitraria roborowskii, Nitraria sibirica, population structure, population dynamics

中图分类号:

S718.3

秦爱丽,李广良,玛·乌日古木勒,薛亚东,尼玛扎布·扎布呼兰,李佳,巴图赛罕·孟和额尔登,孙戈,音德尔·图布新陶格陶呼,肖文发,金崑. 蒙古国大戈壁保护区A区木贼麻黄、大白刺和小果白刺种群结构与动态特征[J]. 林业科学, 2025, 61(4): 92-103.

Aili Qin,Guangliang Li,Urgamal Magsar,Yadong Xue,Nyamjav Javkhlan,Jia Li,Batsaikhan Munkh-Erdene,Ge Sun,Indree Tuvshintogtokh,Wenfa Xiao,Kun Jin. Population Structure and Dynamic Characteristics of Ephedra equisetina, Nitraria roborowskii and Nitraria sibirica Distributed in Great Gobi A Strictly Protected Area in Mongolia[J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2025, 61(4): 92-103.

图/表 8

图1

表1

木贼麻黄、大白刺和小果白刺的样地或样线信息①"

物种 Species	绿洲 Oases	编号 Code	经度 Longitude(E)/(°)	纬度 Latitude(N)/(°)	海拔 Altitude/m	样地/样线大小 Size of plot or line	样方个数 Number of quadrats	样地/样线面积 Area of plot or line/m²
木贼麻黄 E. equisetina	AI	E052601-1	96.407 8	43.399 1	1 492	50 m×5 m	10	250
		E052601-4				50 m×5 m	10	250
		E052601-5				50 m×5 m	10	250
		E052601-2				50 m×5 m	10	250
		E052601-3				45 m×5 m	9	225
		E052701-1	96.327 2	43.289 0	1 568	20 m×5 m	4	100
		E052701-2				15 m×5 m	3	75
		E052701-3				40 m×5 m	8	200
		E052702-1	96.412 4	43.314 7	1 736	35 m×5 m	7	175
		E052702-2				15 m×5 m	3	75
		E052702-3				25 m×5 m	5	125
		E052703-1	96.406 7	43.329 7	1 681	50 m×5 m	10	250
		E052801-1	96.836 6	43.337 3	1 843	40 m×5 m	8	200
		E052801-2				50 m×5 m	10	250
		E052801-3				50 m×5 m	10	250
		Site2-1	96.192 9	43.173 2	1 528	5 m×5 m	1	25
		Site2-2				15 m×5 m	3	75
		Site3-1	96.241 7	43.195 5	1 669	45 m×5 m	9	225
		Site3-2				50 m×5 m	10	250
		Site4-1	96.251 7	43.253 3	1 423	50 m×5 m	10	250
		Site4-2				50 m×5 m	10	250

	SK	E0602-1-1	98.059 2	43.153 7	1 401	10 m×5 m	2	50
		E0602-1-2				50 m×5 m	10	250
		E0530-2-1	97.341 0	43.292 9	1 387	50 m×5 m	10	250
		E0530-2-2				50 m×5 m	10	250
		E0530-2-3				50 m×5 m	10	250
		E0530-2-4				50 m×5 m	10	250
		E0531-1-1	97.861 6	43.207 2	1 390	25 m×5 m	5	125

	TB	E0602-5-1	98.453 0	42.997 6	1 826	50 m×5 m	10	250
		E0602-5-2				50 m×5 m	10	250
		E0602-5-3				50 m×5 m	10	250
		E0602-7-1	98.447 4	42.991 3	1 848	50 m×5 m	10	250
		E0602-7-2				50 m×5 m	10	250
		E060301-1	98.818 6	42.883 9	1 750	50 m×5 m	10	250
		E060301-2				50 m×5 m	10	250
		E060301-3				50 m×5 m	10	250
		E0603-17-1	98.846 8	42.916 3	1 646	50 m×5 m	10	250
		E0603-17-2				40 m×5 m	8	200
		E060402-1	98.867 7	42.869 9	1746	50 m×5 m	10	250
		E0604-2-2				50 m×5 m	10	250
		E060405-1	98.910 5	42.887 4	1 617	50 m×5 m	10	250
		E060406-1	98.927 7	42.893 6	1 591	50 m×5 m	10	250

大白刺 N. roborowskii	AI	N052701	96.150 3	43.304 2	1 280	20 m×5 m	4	100
		N052702	96.332 9	43.250 3	1 445	5 m×5 m	1	25
		N052801	96.798 7	43.453 8	1 159	50 m×5 m	10	250

	SK	N0531-4	97.888 4	43.360 3	976	20 m×20 m	16	400
		N0531-5	97.871 9	43.364 2	958	20 m×20 m	16	400
		site4-1	97.564 4	43.150 6	1 230	20 m×20 m	16	400

	TB	N0604-3	99.211 6	42.939 7	1 256	45 m×5 m	9	225
		NE0602-8	98.566 5	42.884 6	1 938	20 m×20 m	16	400
		N0603-1	98.587 3	42.937 8	1 757	20 m×20 m	16	400
		NR081101	98.769 3	42.895 6	1 772	20 m×20 m	16	400
		NR081102	98.812 2	42.887 5	1 740	45 m×5 m	9	225
小果白刺 N. sibirica	AI	N052703	96.346 0	43.354 2	1 489	20 m×20 m	16	400
		N052901-1	96.892 6	43.136 8	1 534	50 m×5 m	10	250
		N052901-2				50 m×5 m	10	250

	SK	N0530-3	97.331 8	43.257 9	1 312	20 m×20 m	16	400
		plot3	98.060 8	43.136 9	1 400	20 m×20 m	16	400
		plot4	97.783 8	43.300 9	1 225	20 m×20 m	16	400
		plot5	97.558 4	43.257 8	1 426	20 m×20 m	16	400
		plot6	97.576 8	43.287 9	1 364	20 m×20 m	16	400
		plot7	97.331 5	43.257 7	1 422	20 m×20 m	16	400
		plot8	97.243 3	43.457 4	978	20 m×20 m	16	400
		plot9	97.809 9	43.262 5	1 594	20 m×20 m	16	400

	TB	N060301	98.590 8	43.041 7	1 576	50 m×5 m	10	250
		plot1	98.911 6	42.886 6	1 614	20 m×20 m	16	400
		plot2	98.837 0	42.921 1	1 619	20 m×20 m	16	400

表1

表2

图2

表3

木贼麻黄、大白刺和小果白刺种群的静态生命表①"

物种 Species	区域 Region	龄级Age-class	a_x	a_x'	l_x	d_x	q_x	L_x	T_x	E_x	lnl_x
木贼麻黄 E. equisetina	AI	Ⅰ	29	79	1 000.00	113.92	0.11	943.04	4613.92	4.61	6.91
		Ⅱ	52	70	886.08	113.92	0.13	829.11	3 670.89	4.14	6.79
		Ⅲ	81	61	772.15	113.92	0.15	715.19	2 841.77	3.68	6.65
		Ⅳ	77	52	658.23	113.92	0.17	601.27	2 126.58	3.23	6.49
		Ⅴ	58	43	544.30	113.92	0.21	487.34	1 525.32	2.80	6.30
		Ⅵ	44	34	430.38	113.92	0.26	373.42	1 037.97	2.41	6.06
		Ⅶ	22	25	316.46	113.92	0.36	259.49	664.56	2.10	5.76
		Ⅷ	16	16	202.53	63.29	0.31	170.89	405.06	2.00	5.31
		Ⅸ	7	11	139.24	37.97	0.27	120.25	234.18	1.68	4.94
		Ⅹ	5	8	101.27	37.97	0.38	82.28	113.92	1.13	4.62
		Ⅺ	12	5	63.29	63.29	1.00	31.65	31.65	0.50	4.15

	SK	Ⅰ	6	21	1 000.00	95.24	0.10	952.38	5261.90	5.26	6.91
		Ⅱ	6	19	904.76	95.24	0.11	857.14	4 309.52	4.76	6.81
		Ⅲ	25	17	809.52	95.24	0.12	761.90	3 452.38	4.26	6.70
		Ⅳ	18	15	714.29	95.24	0.13	666.67	2 690.48	3.77	6.57
		Ⅴ	13	13	619.05	95.24	0.15	571.43	2 023.81	3.27	6.43
		Ⅵ	16	11	523.81	95.24	0.18	476.19	1 452.38	2.77	6.26
		Ⅶ	8	9	428.57	95.24	0.22	380.95	976.19	2.28	6.06
		Ⅷ	8	7	333.33	95.24	0.29	285.71	595.24	1.79	5.81
		Ⅸ	7	5	238.10	95.24	0.40	190.48	309.52	1.30	5.47
		Ⅹ	2	3	142.86	95.24	0.67	95.24	119.05	0.83	4.96
		Ⅺ	4	1	47.62	47.62	1.00	23.81	23.81	0.50	3.86

	TB	Ⅰ	6	56	1 000.00	89.29	0.09	955.36	5 589.29	5.59	6.91
		Ⅱ	24	51	910.71	89.29	0.10	866.07	4 633.93	5.09	6.81
		Ⅲ	55	46	821.43	89.29	0.11	776.79	3 767.86	4.59	6.71
		Ⅳ	42	41	732.14	89.29	0.12	687.50	2 991.07	4.09	6.60
		Ⅴ	34	36	642.86	89.29	0.14	598.21	2 303.57	3.58	6.47
		Ⅵ	37	31	553.57	89.29	0.16	508.93	1 705.36	3.08	6.32
		Ⅶ	25	26	464.29	89.29	0.19	419.64	1 196.43	2.58	6.14
		Ⅷ	28	21	375.00	89.29	0.24	330.36	776.79	2.07	5.93
		Ⅸ	24	16	285.71	89.29	0.31	241.07	446.43	1.56	5.65
		Ⅹ	15	11	196.43	89.29	0.45	151.79	205.36	1.05	5.28
		Ⅺ	46	6	107.14	107.14	1.00	53.57	53.57	0.50	4.67

大白刺 N. roborowskii	AI	Ⅰ	2	12	1 000.00	250.00	0.25	875.00	2 000.00	2.00	6.91
		Ⅱ	16	9	750.00	250.00	0.33	625.00	1 125.00	1.50	6.62
		Ⅲ	5	6	500.00	250.00	0.50	375.00	500.00	1.00	6.21
		Ⅳ	6	3	250.00	250.00	1.00	125.00	125.00	0.50	5.52
		Ⅴ	1	0	0.00	0.00	—	—	0.00	—	—

	SK	Ⅰ	2	17	1 000.00	235.29	0.24	882.35	2 147.06	2.15	6.91
		Ⅱ	18	13	764.71	235.29	0.31	647.06	1 264.71	1.65	6.64
		Ⅲ	17	9	529.41	235.29	0.44	411.76	617.65	1.17	6.27
		Ⅳ	8	5	294.12	235.29	0.80	176.47	205.88	0.70	5.68
		Ⅴ	1	1	58.82	58.82	1.00	29.41	29.41	0.50	4.07

	TB	Ⅰ	18	55	1 000.00	345.45	0.35	827.27	1 681.82	1.68	6.91
		Ⅱ	56	36	654.55	345.45	0.53	481.82	854.55	1.31	6.48
		Ⅲ	33	17	309.09	127.27	0.41	245.45	372.73	1.21	5.73
		Ⅳ	10	10	181.82	145.45	0.80	109.09	127.27	0.70	5.20
		Ⅴ	2	2	36.36	36.36	1.00	18.18	18.18	0.50	3.59
小果白刺 N. sibirica	AI	Ⅰ	1	12	1 000.00	250.00	0.25	875.00	2 000.00	2.00	6.91
		Ⅱ	15	9	750.00	250.00	0.33	625.00	1 125.00	1.50	6.62
		Ⅲ	8	6	500.00	250.00	0.50	375.00	500.00	1.00	6.21
		Ⅳ	6	3	250.00	250.00	1.00	125.00	125.00	0.50	5.52
		Ⅴ	1	0	0.00	0.00	—	—	0.00	—	—

	SK	Ⅰ	82	136	1 000.00	330.88	0.33	834.56	1 529.41	1.53	6.91
		Ⅱ	140	91	669.12	330.88	0.49	503.68	694.85	1.04	6.51
		Ⅲ	50	46	338.24	316.18	0.93	180.15	191.18	0.57	5.82
		Ⅳ	3	3	22.06	22.06	1.00	11.03	11.03	0.50	3.09
		Ⅴ	0	0	0.00	0.00	—	—	0.00	—	—

	TB	Ⅰ	50	107	1 000.00	457.94	0.46	771.03	1 135.51	1.14	6.91
		Ⅱ	111	58	542.06	457.94	0.84	313.08	364.49	0.67	6.30
		Ⅲ	13	9	84.11	74.77	0.89	46.73	51.40	0.61	4.43
		Ⅳ	1	1	9.35	9.35	1.00	4.67	4.67	0.50	2.23
		Ⅴ	0	0	0.00	0.00	—	—	0.00	—

表3

图3

表4

表5

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龄级 Age-class	木贼麻黄 E. equisetina		白刺属植物 Species of the genus Nitraria
龄级 Age-class	冠幅的平方根 Square root of crown width/cm	体积的立方根 Cube root of volume/cm	平均冠幅 Average crown width/cm	形体大小 Plant size/cm
I	0<C≤20	V≤10	d≤50	v≤25
Ⅱ	20<C≤30	10<V≤20	50<d≤200	25<v≤50
Ⅲ	30<C≤52	20<V≤40	200<d≤350	50<v≤100
Ⅳ	52<C≤74	40<V≤60	350<d≤500	100<v≤200
Ⅴ	74<C≤96	60<V≤80	500<d≤650	200<v≤300
Ⅵ	96<C≤118	80<V≤100	—	300<v≤400
Ⅶ	118<C≤140	100<V≤120	—	—
Ⅷ	140<C≤162	V>120	—	—
Ⅸ	162<C≤184	—	—	—
Ⅹ	184<C≤206	—	—	—
Ⅺ	C>206	—	—	—

物种 Species	种群 Population	V₁	V₂	V₃	V₄	V₅	V₆	V₇	V₈	V₉	V₁₀	V_pi	V'_pi	P_max
木贼麻黄 E. equisetina	AI	?44.23	?35.80	4.94	24.68	24.14	50.00	27.27	56.25	28.57	?58.33	10.00	0.20	0.02
	SK	0.00	?76.00	28.00	27.78	?18.75	50.00	0.00	12.50	71.43	?50.00	16.00	0.70	0.05
	TB	?75.00	?56.36	23.64	19.05	?8.11	32.43	?10.71	14.29	37.50	?67.39	4.00	0.06	0.02
大白刺 N. roborowskii	AI	?87.50	68.75	?16.67	83.33	—	—	—	—	—	—	45.00	8.90	0.20
	SK	?88.89	5.56	52.94	87.50	—	—	—	—	—	—	33.00	6.60	0.20
	TB	?67.86	41.07	69.70	80.00	—	—	—	—	—	—	35.00	3.50	0.10
小果白刺 N. sibirica	AI	?93.33	46.67	25.00	83.33	—	—	—	—	—	—	42.00	8.40	—
	SK	?41.43	64.29	94.00	100.00	—	—	—	—	—	—	39.00	—	—
	TB	?54.95	88.29	92.31	100.00	—	—	—	—	—	—	48.00	—	—

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蒙古国大戈壁保护区A区木贼麻黄、大白刺和小果白刺种群结构与动态特征

Population Structure and Dynamic Characteristics of Ephedra equisetina, Nitraria roborowskii and Nitraria sibirica Distributed in Great Gobi A Strictly Protected Area in Mongolia

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