鄱阳湖越冬期东方白鹳取食行为及其在2个区域的种群动态

doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.LYKX20220223

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

目的: 探索了解东方白鹳在鄱阳湖不同立地条件下的取食对策、在鄱阳湖2个区域的种群数量分布规律，为东方白鹳的保护提供理论依据。方法: 2021年12月—2022年3月，采用焦点动物法对鄱阳湖国家级自然保护区和五星白鹤保护小区的东方白鹳取食行为进行观察。2015—2021年和2012—2022年，借助单筒望远镜（SWAROVSKI, 20~60×）每年1月分别对东鄱阳湖国家湿地公园（PLNWP）和鄱阳湖南矶湿地国家级自然保护区（NWNNR）的东方白鹳种群数量进行1次调查。结果: 鄱阳湖越冬期东方白鹳的栖息水深为（17.22±6.28）cm （n=754），III级水深和II级水深为东方白鹳最常见的栖息水深，分别占51.33%和35.94%。东方白鹳取食水深为14.64 cm±6.26 cm （n=669），以H3级和H2级水深为主，分别占43.20%和37.52%。东方白鹳取食频次为（6.58±3.13） times·min^?1 （n=334），取食成功频次为（0.2±0.53） times·min^?1 （n=334），取食成功率为（3.36±9.55）% （n=334），步频为（20.15±11.49） steep·min^?1 （n=334）。Ⅰ级水深下步频极显著高于Ⅱ级（P<0.001）、Ⅲ级（P<0.001）、Ⅳ级（P=0.006），Ⅲ级水深下的取食频次显著高于Ⅰ级（P=0.038）。上午的步频极显著低于中午（P<0.001）和下午（P<0.001），中午的步频显著高于下午（P=0.017）。下午的取食成功频次（P=0.005）和成功率（P=0.006）均极显著高于中午。步频与栖息水深（P<0.001）呈极显著负相关，取食频次与栖息水深（P=0.004）呈极显著正相关。2015—2021年在PLNWP共记录东方白鹳979只次，2012—2022年在NWNNR共记录东方白鹳5233只次。NWNNR东方白鹳种群大小较PLNWP高且相对稳定。在PLNWP，东方白鹳主要分布于聂家和汉池湖南，在NWNNR，东方白鹳主要分布于三湖和常湖。结论: 东方白鹳可以依据水深和时段等环境变量适时灵活改变其觅食对策，保证能量的获取。保持大面积的12~25 cm水深的水域有利于东方白鹳的觅食和生存。东方白鹳在PLNWP和NWNNR均趋于集中分布，对栖息环境要求较高。NWNNR可为东方白鹳提供更稳定的栖息和觅食环境，对东方白鹳的保护具有重大意义。

关键词: 取食行为, 东方白鹳, 种群动态, 鄱阳湖

Abstract:

Objective: The purpose of the present study was to explore the foraging strategies of oriental storks ( Ciconia boyciana ) under different conditions, and their population distribution in two areas of Poyang Lake, so as to provide a theoretical basis for the protection of this species. Method: From December 2021 to March 2022, the foraging behavior of oriental storks in Poyang Lake National Nature Reserve and Wuxing Siberian Crane Conservation District was observed using the focal animal observation method. In 2015–2021 and 2012–2022, the population of oriental storks in East Poyang Lake National Wetland Park (PLNWP) and Nanji Wetland National Nature Reserve (NWNNR) at Poyang Lake was investigated in January of each year. Result: The mean water depth of oriental storks habitat was (17.22 ± 6.28) cm (n = 754). The water depths in level III and level II were the most common depth used by oriental storks, accounting for 51.33% and 35.94%, respectively. The storks’ foraging water depth was (14.64 ± 6.26) cm (n = 669), and the main water depths were H3 and H2, accounting for 43.20% and 37.52%, respectively. The foraging frequency was (6.58 ± 3.13) times·min^?1 (n = 334), the success foraging frequency was (0.2 ± 0.53) times·min^?1 (n = 334), the success rate of foraging was (3.36 ± 9.55)% (n = 334), and the step frequency was (20.15 ± 11.49) steps·min^?1 (n = 334). The step frequency at water depth I was significantly higher than that at water depth II ( P < 0.001), III ( P < 0.001), and IV ( P = 0.006), and the foraging frequency at water depth III was significantly higher than that at water depth I (P = 0.038). The step frequency in the morning was significantly lower than that at noon ( P < 0.001) and in the afternoon ( P < 0.001), and the step frequency at noon was significantly higher than that in the afternoon ( P = 0.017). The success foraging frequency ( P = 0.005) and success rate ( P= 0.006) in the afternoon were significantly higher than those at noon. The step frequency showed a highly significant negative correlation with water depth ( P< 0.001), and foraging frequency showed a highly significant positive correlation with water depth (P = 0.004). A total of 979 stork-time were recorded in PLNWP from 2015 to 2021, and 5 233 stork-time were recorded in NWNNR from 2012 to 2022. The population size of storks in NWNNR was greater and more stable than those in PLNWP. In PLNWP, the storks were mainly distributed in Niejia and Hanchihunan, and in NWNNR, they were mainly distributed at Sanhu Lake and Changhu Lake. Conclusions: Foraging parameters of Oriental Storks were different at different water depths an Foraging parameters of oriental storks are different at different water depths and periods. The results have demonstrated that the storks can adapt their foraging strategies quickly and flexibly depending on environmental variables such as water depth and period of time to guarantee that they obtain sufficient energy. The storks tend to have a concentrated distribution pattern in PLNWP and NWNNR and exhibit high requirements for its habitat environment. NWNNR can provide a stable habitat and foraging environment for this species; therefore, this site is of great significance for its protection.

Key words: foraging behavior, Oriental Stork, population dynamics, Poyang Lake

中图分类号:

杨福成,雷小勇,曾健辉,邵明勤,植毅进. 鄱阳湖越冬期东方白鹳取食行为及其在2个区域的种群动态[J]. 林业科学, 2023, 59(5): 128-135.

Fucheng Yang,Xiaoyong Lei,Jianhui Zeng,Mingqin Shao,Yijin Zhi. Foraging Behavior and Population Dynamics of Ciconia boyciana in Two Areas of Poyang Lake during the Wintering Period[J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2023, 59(5): 128-135.

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水深等级 Water depth grades	划分依据 Division basis	水深范围 Scope of water depth/cm	平均水深 Average water depth/cm
I	<1/3跗跖 Tarsometatarsus	0~8.4	4.2
II	1/3-2/3跗跖 Tarsometatarsus	8.5~16.9	12.7
III	2/3-1跗跖 Tarsometatarsus	17.0~25.3	21.2
Ⅳ	跗跖关节 Tarsometatarsus -1/2胫跗骨 Tibiotarsus	25.4~32.5	28.95
Ⅴ	>1/2胫跗骨 Tibiotarsus	32.6~39.6	36.1
H1	<1/3喙 Beak	0~7.9	3.95
H2	1/3~2/3喙 Beak	8.0~15.7	11.85
H3	2/3~1喙 Beak	15.8~23.6	19.7
B1	喙 Beak?1/3头颈 Head & Neck	23.7~33.4	28.55
B2	1/3~2/3头颈 Head & Neck	33.5~43.1	38.3
B3	>2/3头颈 Head & Neck	43.2~52.8	48

取食参数 Foraging parameters	样本量 Sample size	范围 Scope	平均值±标准差 Average value ± standard deviation
栖息水深 Inhabiting water depth/cm	754	0~32.5	17.22±6.28
取食水深 Foraging water depth/cm	669	0~33.8	14.64±6.26
取食频次 Foraging times/（times·min^?1）	334	1~21	6.58±3.13
成功频次 Foraging success times/（times·min^?1）	334	0~3	0.2±0.53
取食成功率 Foraging success rate（%）	334	0~75	3.36±9.55
步频 Step frequency/（steps·min^?1）	334	0~65	20.15±11.49

取食参数 Foraging parameters	栖息水深 Inhabiting water depth					时段 Time frame
取食参数 Foraging parameters	Ⅰ	Ⅱ	Ⅲ	Ⅳ	P	上午 A.M	中午Noon	下午 P.M.	P
步频 Step frequency/（steps·min^?1）	34.62±1.86	20.53±1.01	17.85±0.77	16.42±2.13	<0.001	12.83±1.17	23.39±1.05	19.5±0.87	<0.001
取食频次 Foraging times/（times·min^?1）	5.41±0.43	6.50±0.31	7.15±0.27	5.58±0.90	0.011	6.35±0.40	6.54±0.28	6.69±0.25	0.820
成功频次 Foraging success times/（times·min^?1）	0.14±0.08	0.16±0.05	0.22±0.04	0.29±0.18	0.270	0.13±0.06	0.10±0.03	0.31±0.05	0.005
成功率 Foraging success rate（%）	3.06±1.73	2.46±0.83	3.60±0.66	4.29±2.97	0.259	2.90±1.40	1.83±0.61	4.85±0.90	0.007

取食参数 Foraging parameters	栖息水深 Inhabiting water depth	取食频次 Foraging times	成功频次 Success times	成功率 Success rate	步数 Step frequency
栖息水深 Water depth	1
取食频次Foraging times	0.152^**	1
成功频次Success times	0.099	0.066	1
成功率 Success rate	0.099	0.044	0.998^**	1
步频 Step frequency	?0.274^**	0.134^*	?0.235^**	?0.242^**	1

调查样区 Sample areas	年份 Years											合计Total
调查样区 Sample areas	2012	2013	2014	2015	2016	2017	2018	2019	2020	2021	2022	合计Total
北深湖 Beishen Lake	0	0	58	4	205	0	162	37	38	28	1	533
南深湖 Nanshen Lake	2	0	0	7	0	0	14	86	67	18	72	266
白沙湖 Baisha Lake	1	23	36	35	0	0	9	38	147	4	18	311
泥湖 Ni Lake	2	0	0	0	73	0	0	15	0	0	40	130
三泥湾 Sanniwan	0	0	70	0	2	2	2	50	38	0	466	630
常湖 Chang Lake	35	4	40	430	384	0	139	104	158	0	42	1336
凤尾湖 Fengwei Lake	3	0	0	0	0	0	0	4	0	0	2	9
三湖 San Lake	0	90	45	69	55	75	261	158	27	0	616	1396
战备湖 Zhanbei Lake	0	0	140	6	0	0	0	0	0	0	476	622
合计 Total	43	117	389	551	719	77	587	492	475	50	1733	5233