发展有群落结构混交林是维护、恢复和提高森林土壤功能实现人工林可持续经营的关键技术

doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.20220804

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

目的: 揭示国内外单树种纯林经营, 特别是单树种针叶纯林经营和连作经营, 所引起的土壤质量退化和林木生长量下降的状况及其作用机制, 阐明发展有群落结构混交林是维护、恢复和提高森林土壤功能的机制及其经营技术途径。方法: 依据多年来研究我国主要造林树种人工林土壤质量退化的状况与机制, 及其防治技术的实践, 广泛查阅国内外有关资料, 深入研究国内外单树种纯林经营、特别是针叶纯林经营、连作经营引起土壤质量下降及其防治措施的进展。通过对比的方法, 即比较单树种纯林与相似立地条件、不同林分类型混交林土壤的理化性质及生物学活性变化的差异, 揭示单树种纯林、特别是针叶纯林经营和连作经营引起土壤质量下降的机制, 阐明混交林维护、恢复和提高土壤功能的机制及其技术途径。结果: 相似立地条件下, 单树种纯林、特别是单树种针叶纯林经营和连作经营, 与不同林分类型的混交林比较, 其凋落物量下降, 土壤有机质的量和质下降、有效磷含量下降、交换性阳离子含量下降、pH值下降、土壤生物化学活性下降、土壤肥力下降, 病虫害严重, 林木生长量下降。研究也阐明了发展我国主要造林树种混交林可选择的混交树种、混交比例和混交模式, 指出了改造现有的单树种纯林、特别是长势差的单树种针叶人工林, 使之成为不同林分类型有群落结构的混交林的经营技术途径。结论: 发展有群落结构混交林是维护、恢复和提高森林土壤功能, 提高森林土壤生产力, 实现可持续经营的关键技术。

关键词: 针叶林, 阔叶林, 混交林, 土壤质量, 土壤生物化学活性

Abstract:

Objective: To reveal the mechanism of soil quality degradation and forest tree growth decline caused by mono culture of single species especially single conifer species, and consecutive cropping and to illustrate the mechanism and technical approach of the development of mixed forest with community structure in maintaining, restoring and improving the functions of forest soil. Method: Based on many years of studies on conditions and mechanisms of soil quality degradation of major forest plantations in China and practices of degradation control, and on an extensive literature study, both home and abroad, paper in-depth explore advance of the soil quality degradation and prevention and treatment caused by domestic and foreign single tree pure forest management especially management of single species coniferous pure forest, continuous cropping. A comprehensive comparison of physical and chemical properties of soil and biological activities between the single conifer species forest and different stand types of the mixed forests under similar site conditions was conducted to reveal the mechanisms of soil degradation due to mono culture of single species especially single conifer species and consecutive cropping, and to illustrate the mechanisms of and technical approaches to maintaining, restoring and improving soil functions of mixed forest. Result: Under similar site conditions, the monoculture of single species forest especially single conifer speciesforest and consecutive cropping in comparison with different stand types of the mixed forests showed decreases in the amount of litter, the quality and quantity of soil organic matter, the contents of available phosphorus, exchangeable cation, pH value, soil biochemical activities, soil fertility and tree growth, as well as the increase of severity of diseases and pests. Alternative species, proportions and models for mixed forests is clearly illustrated for the development of mixed forests with main afforestation tree species, technical approaches to improve existing single species forest especially the single conifer species plantations with poor growth into mixed forest with community structure is thoroughly elaborated. Conclusion: The development of mixed forest with community structure is the key technology to maintain, restore and improve forest soil functions, to improve forest soil productivity and to achieve sustainable management of forest plantations.

Key words: coniferous forest, broad-leaved forest, mixed forest, soil quality, soil biochemical activity

中图分类号:

S714

杨承栋. 发展有群落结构混交林是维护、恢复和提高森林土壤功能实现人工林可持续经营的关键技术[J]. 林业科学, 2022, 58(8): 26-40.

Chengdong Yang. Development Mixed Forest with Community Structure is the Key Technologies to Maintain, Restore, and Improve the Functions of Forest Soil and to Achieve the Sustainable Management of Plantation[J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2022, 58(8): 26-40.

参考文献 0

	陈楚莹. 杉木火力楠混交林的生产力动态研究. 应用生态学报, 2000, 11 (增刊): 155- 158.
	Chen C Y . Dynamic study on higher productivity of mixed forest of Cunninghamia lanceolata and Michelia macclurei. Chinese Jourmal of Applied Ecology, 2000, 11 (sup): 155- 158.
	陈楚莹, 汪思龙. 2004. 人工混交林生态学. 北京: 科学出版社, 82, 47, 61-62.
	Chen C Y, Wang S L. 2004. Ecology on mixed forest plantation. Beijing: Scientific Press, 47, 82, 61-62.
	陈立新, 陈祥伟, 史桂香, 等. 提高落叶松人工林林地质量的研究. 东北林业大学学报, 1998, 26 (3): 6- 11. doi: 10.13759/j.cnki.dlxb.1998.03.002
	Chen L X , Chen X W , Shi G X , et al. Study on improving the quality land of larch platation. Journal Northeast Forestry University, 1998, 26 (3): 6- 11. doi: 10.13759/j.cnki.dlxb.1998.03.002
	陈乃全, 尹建道, 王义廷, 等. 1992. 落叶松人工林重茬更新效果的研究//盛炜彤. 人工林地力衰退研究. 北京: 中国科学技术出版社, 333-334.
	Chen N Q, Yin J D, Wang Y T, et al. 1992. Reseach on effect of reforestation of successive rotation of Larch platation//Sheng W T. Research on soil degradation of forest platation. Beijing: Chinese Science and Technology Press, 333-334. [in Chinese]
	陈绍栓, 陈淑容. 杉木混交林营造技术研究. 福建林业科技, 1994, 21 (增刊): 83- 87. doi: 10.13428/j.cnki.fjlk.1994.s1.020
	Chen S S , Chen S R . Study on the construction technology of Chinese fir mixed. Journal of Fujian Forestry Science and Technology, 1994, 21 (sup): 83- 87. doi: 10.13428/j.cnki.fjlk.1994.s1.020
	崔旭东, 杨承栋, 何家庆, 等. 重茬对山杏苗圃地土壤氨基酸组分及含量的影响. 林业科学研究, 2009, 22 (4): 512- 520. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1001-1498.2009.04.009
	Cui X D , Yang C D , He J Q , et al. The armeniaca sibirica grows seedlings in the continuous cropping influence on the soil amino acid composition and the content. Forest Research, 2009, 22 (4): 512- 520. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1001-1498.2009.04.009
	邓仕坚, 张家武, 陈楚莹, 等. 不同树种混交林及其纯林对土壤理化性质影响的研究. 应用生态学报, 1994, 5 (2): 126- 132. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1001-9332.1994.02.011
	Deng S J , Zhang J W , Chen C Y , et al. Effect of pure and mixed stands on soil physical and chemical properties. Chinese Jourmal of Applied Ecology, 1994, 5 (2): 126- 132. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1001-9332.1994.02.011
	范俊岗. 刺槐、国槐根际土壤中氨基酸和IAA的含量. 辽宁大学学报: 自然科学版, 1994, 21 (3): 93- 94.
	Fan J G . The content of amino acid and IAA in rhizosphere soil of Robinia pseudoacacia and Sophora japonica. Journal of Liaoning University: Natural Sciences Edition, 1994, 21 (3): 93- 94.
	冯宗炜, 陈楚荣. 一种高生产力和生态协调的亚热带针阔混交林-杉木火力楠的研究. 植物生态学与地植物学丛刊, 1988, 12 (3): 165- 180.
	Feng Z W , Chen C R . A coniferous broad-leavedmixed forest of highe productivity and ecological coordination in subtropics——study on mixed forest of Cunninghamia lanceolata and Michelia macclurei. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 1988, 12 (3): 165- 180.
	胡曰利, 吴晓芙. 2009. 维护和恢复桉树人工林土壤功能的技术途径与机理//杨承栋. 我国主要造林树种土壤质量演化与调控机理. 北京: 科学出版社, 364-371.
	Hu Y L, Wu X F. 2009. Techolygy way and mechanism of maintaining and restoring the artificial ucalyptus forest soil functions//Yang C D. Quality evolution and cultivation mechanism of soil for Chinese main afforestation plantation. Beijing: Scientific Press, 364-371. [in Chinese]
	胡曰利, 吴晓芙, 王尚明, 等. 桉树人工林地有机物和养分库的衰退及防治. 中南林学院学报, 2000, 20 (4): 36- 40. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-923X.2000.04.004
	Hu Y L , Wu X F , Wang S M , et al. The degradation and protection of soil organic matter and nutrient pool under artificial ucalyptus forest. Journal of Central South Forestry University, 2000, 20 (4): 36- 40. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-923X.2000.04.004
	黄付平, 蔡灿星, 黎向东, 等. 马尾松连栽对其幼林生长的影响. 广西农业大学学报, 1994, 13 (4): 373- 380.
	Huang F P , Cai C X , Li X D , et al. Effects of replanting of Pinus massoniana on the growth of their young stands. Journal of Guangxi Agricultural University, 1994, 13 (4): 373- 380.
	黄汝多, 朱峰, 尹若春, 等. 试论生物信息流与激光生物效应的相关性-激光生物效应分子机理研究. 激光生物学报, 2010, 19 (6): 711- 722. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7146.2010.06.001
	Huang R D , Zhu F , Yin R C . Interrelation of biological information flow with laser biological effect——study of the laser biological effect on the molecular mechanism. Acta Laser Biology Sinica, 2010, 19 (6): 711- 722. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7146.2010.06.001
	焦如珍, 杨承栋. 不同代杉木林根际和非根际土壤微生物数量及种类变化. 林业科学研究, 1999, 12 (1): 16- 21.
	Jiao R Z , Yang C D . Chang of the soil microorganism in different generation of chinese fir platation. Forest Research, 1999, 12 (1): 16- 21.
	李淑仪, 莫晓勇, 钟继洪, 等. 2007. 桉树土壤与营养研究. 广州: 广东科技出版社, 18, 105, 57-60.
	Li S Y, Mo X Y, Zhong J H, et al. 2007. Research on soil and nutrition of eucalypts. Guangzhou: Guangdong Scientific Press, 18, 105, 57-60. [in Chinese]
	刘春江. 北京西山地区人工油松栓皮栎混交林生物量和营养元素循环研究. 北京林业大学学报, 1987, 9 (1): 1- 9.
	Liu C J . Studies on the biomass and nutrient cycling of themiexd plantation of Pinus tabulaeformis and Quercus variabilis in Xishan region, Beijing. Journal of Beijing Forestry University, 1987, 9 (1): 1- 9.
	沈国舫. 一个矢志不渝的育林人. 北京: 中国林业出版社, 2012: 193- 197. 193-197, 241
	Shen G F . A persistent and dedicated forester. Beijing: Chinese Forestry Press, 2012: 193- 197. 193-197, 241
	盛炜彤. 中国人工林及其育林体系. 北京: 中国林业出版社, 2014: 236- 451. 236-238, 449-451
	Sheng W T . Platation frorest and their sivicature systems in Chinese. Beijing: Chinese Forestry Press, 2014: 236- 451. 236-238. 449-451
	孙翠玲, 朱占学, 王珍. 杨树人工林地力退化及维护与提高土壤肥力技术的研究. 林业科学, 1995, 31 (6): 506- 512.
	Sun C L , Zhu Z X , Wang Z . Study on the soil degradation of poplar plantation and the technique to preserve and increase soil fertility. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 1995, 31 (6): 506- 512.
	王福升, 孙多, 叶镜中, 等. 栽杉保阔育林法的林分生长特性分析. 南京林业大学学报, 2000, 24 (2): 29- 32.
	Wang F S , Sun D , Ye J Z , et al. The analysis of growth characters in the stand of afforested Chinese fir with reserved broadleaf trees. Journal of Nanjing Forestry University, 2000, 24 (2): 29- 32.
	吴东儒. 糖类的生物化学. 上海: 高等教育出版社, 1987: 18- 38.
	Wu D R . Biochemical chemistry of sugar. Shanghai: Higher Education Press, 1987: 18- 38.
	杨承栋. 中国主要造林树种土壤质量演化与调控机理. 北京: 科学出版社, 2009: 1- 471. 1-16, 132-139, 145, 168-172, 227-245, 341-348, 388-396, 466-471
	Yang C D . Quality evolution and cultivation mechanism of soil for Chinese main afforestation plantation. Beijing: Scientific Press, 2009: 1- 471. 1-16, 132-139, 145, 168-172, 227-245, 341-348, 388-396, 466-471
	杨承栋. 山杏土壤生物化学活性变化与调控机理. 北京: 科学出版社, 2014: 24- 327. 24-134, 170-172, 173-193, 199-291, 291-298, 299-327
	Yang C D . Biochemical activity variation and control mechanism of soi l of Armeniaca sibirica (L.)Lam.)Lam. Beijing: Scientific Press, 2014: 24- 327. 24-134, 170-172, 173-193, 199-291, 291-298, 299-327
	杨承栋. 我国人工林土壤有机质的量和质的下降是制约林木生长的关键因子. 林业科学, 2016, 52 (12): 1- 12.
	Yang C D . Decline of quantity and quality of soil organic matter is the key factor restricting the grouth of plantation in China. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2016, 52 (12): 1- 12.
	杨承栋, 焦如珍, 屠星南, 等. 发育林下植被是恢复杉木人工林地力的重要途径. 林业科学, 1995, 31 (3): 275- 283.
	Yang C D , Jiao R Z , Tu X N , et al. Developing undergrowth vegetation is an important way to recover soil fertility of Chinese fir plantation. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 1995, 31 (3): 275- 283.
	杨承栋, 孙启武, 焦如珍, 等. 大青山一二代马尾松土壤性质变化与地力衰退关系的研究. 土壤学报, 2003, 40 (2): 267- 273.
	Yang C D , Sun Q W , Jiao R Z , et al. Studies on relationship between soil property changes and degrradation under 1 and 2 rotation masson pine plantation at Daqingshan. Acta Pedologica Sinica, 2003, 40 (2): 267- 273.
	杨承栋, 张万儒. 卧龙自然保护区森林土壤有机物质的研究. 土壤学报, 1986, 23 (1): 30- 39.
	Yang C D , Zhang W R . Study on the organic matter of forest soil in Wolong Natural Reserve. Acta Pedologica Sinica, 1986, 23 (1): 30- 39.
	杨承栋, 张小全, 焦如珍, 等. 杉木连栽林地土壤组成、结构、性质变化及其对林木生长的影响. 林业科学, 1996, 32 (2): 175- 181.
	Yang C D , Zhang X Q , Jiao R Z , et al. Variation of chemical properties, biochemical microoganism activities and function in soil of successive rotation of Chinese fir and their influences on growing. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 1996, 32 (2): 175- 181.
	杨承栋, 张小全, 魏以荣, 等. 浙江省丽水不同前茬杉木林土壤性质与林木生长. 土壤学报, 2004, 41 (6): 954- 961.
	Yang C D , Zhang X Q , Wei Y R , et al. Soil properties and forest growth in Chinese fir forest soils different in preceding vegetation in Lishui Of Zhejiang Province. Acta Pedologica Sinica, 2004, 41 (6): 954- 961.
	杨玉盛, 俞新妥, 邱仁辉. 栽杉留阔模式生产力和土壤肥力的研究. 林业科学, 1999, 35 (4): 9- 13.
	Yang Y S , Yu X T , Qiu R H . Study on stand productivity and soil fertility under the management pattern of planting Chinese fir with keeping broad-leaved trees. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 1999, 35 (4): 9- 13.
	俞新妥. 混交林营造原理和技术. 北京: 中国林业出版社, 1989: 7- 13. 7-13, 5-7
	Yu X T . Principles and techniques of mixed forest construction. Beijing: China Forestry Press, 1989: 7- 13. 7-13, 5-7
	曾满生, 杨承栋. 2009. 杉木林采伐迹地不同清理方式对维护和恢复土壤功能及促进林木生长效应, 炼山与保留枯落物对连茬杉木林土壤性质及林木生长的影响//杨承栋. 中国主要造林树种土壤质量演化与调控机理. 北京: 科学出版社, 186-218.
	Zeng M S, Yang C D. 2009. Different treating methods on forest litter influence on maintaining and restoring the forest soil functions and improving forest growth. Burning and retaining litter influence on soil properties and forest growth//Yang C D. Quality evolution and cultivation mechanism of soil for Chinese main afforestation plantation. Beijing: Scientific Press, 186-218. [in Chinese]
	张家武, 廖利平, 李锦芳, 等. 马尾松火力楠混交林凋落物动态及其对土壤养分的影响. 应用生态学报, 1993, 4 (4): 359- 363.
	Zhang J W , Liao L P , Li J F , et al. Litter dynamics of Pinus massoniana and Michelia macclurei mixed forest and its effect on soil nutrients. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 1993, 4 (4): 359- 363.
	中国树木志编辑委员会. 中国主要树种造林技术. 北京: 农业出版社, 1978: 126- 288. 126-130, 282-288
	Editorial Board of Chinese Tree Records . Afforestation techniques of main tree species in China. Beijing: Agricultural Press, 1978: 126- 288. 126-130, 282-288
	Formánek P , Klejdus B , Vranová V . Bio-available amino acids extraction from soil by demineralized water and 0.5m ammonium acetate. Amino acids, 2005, 28 (4): 427- 429.
	Larcher W . Physiological plant ecology. New York: Spring-Nerlag Press, Berlin, Heidelber, 1975: 99- 100.
	Michael N W , Joshua P S . The seasonal dynamics of amino acids and other nutrients in Alaskan Arctic tundra soil. Biogeochemistry, 2005, 73 (2): 359- 380.

[1]	张树梓,尹建庭,任启文,张树彬,王鑫,李联地,毕君. 冀北山地针阔混交林优势种对邻体物种多样性格局的影响[J]. 林业科学, 2022, 58(4): 32-39.
[2]	齐建东,谭新新. 长白山红松阔叶林的净碳交换变化及基于时间卷积神经网络的模拟[J]. 林业科学, 2022, 58(2): 1-12.
[3]	赵厚本,周光益,李兆佳,邱治军,吴仲民,王旭. 南亚热带常绿阔叶林4个常见树种的生物量分配特征与异速生长模型[J]. 林业科学, 2022, 58(2): 23-31.
[4]	王正,马晓乾,周勤政,郑桂恒,夏吾加,张艳明,王成立,晋鹏非,吕全,张星耀. 中国齿小蠹属昆虫的鉴定[J]. 林业科学, 2021, 57(12): 79-91.
[5]	赵家豪,叶钰倩,陈斌,袁在翔,刘江南,杨涛,袁荣斌,关庆伟. 江西武夷山南方铁杉针阔混交林主要植物生态位特征[J]. 林业科学, 2021, 57(1): 191-199.
[6]	陈欢欢,许格希,马凡强,刘顺,张淼淼,曹向文,陈健,赵广东,杨洪国,史作民. 川西亚高山暗针叶林及其采伐次生林林下分层谱系结构[J]. 林业科学, 2020, 56(7): 1-11.
[7]	万盼,刘文桢,刘瑞红,王鹏,王宏翔,惠刚盈. 结构化经营对栎松混交林林分空间结构及稳定性的影响[J]. 林业科学, 2020, 56(4): 35-45.
[8]	段光爽,王秋燕,宋新宇,张会儒,符利勇. 竞争环境下红松单木树高与胸径的相对生长关系[J]. 林业科学, 2020, 56(10): 105-112.
[9]	肖静, 黄力, 杨超, 李笑寒, 吴小琪, 周礼华, 钱深华, 杨永川. 缙云山常绿阔叶林种子雨组成及其时空动态[J]. 林业科学, 2019, 55(7): 163-169.
[10]	李一凡, 王玉杰, 王彬, 李通. 西南酸雨区重庆缙云山常绿阔叶林土壤氮矿化特征[J]. 林业科学, 2019, 55(6): 1-12.
[11]	蒋铮, 于倩楠, 乔明锋, 肖娟, 张子良, 尹华军. 云杉幼树根系分泌物对2种草本植物种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响[J]. 林业科学, 2019, 55(6): 160-166.
[12]	刘宝, 王民煌, 余再鹏, 林思祖, 林开敏. 中亚热带天然林改造成人工林后土壤呼吸的变化特征[J]. 林业科学, 2019, 55(4): 1-12.
[13]	何怀江, 张忠辉, 张春雨, 郝珉辉, 姚杰, 解蛰, 高海涛, 赵秀海. 采伐强度对东北针阔混交林林分生长和物种多样性的短期影响[J]. 林业科学, 2019, 55(2): 1-12.
[14]	陈金磊, 方晰, 辜翔, 李雷达, 刘兆丹, 王留芳, 张仕吉. 中亚热带2种森林群落组成、结构及区系特征[J]. 林业科学, 2019, 55(2): 159-172.
[15]	王金池,黄清麟,马志波,黄如楚,郑群瑞. 永安市半天然马尾松阔叶混交林的树种组成与多样性[J]. 林业科学, 2019, 55(11): 19-26.