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林业科学 ›› 2021, Vol. 57 ›› Issue (12): 108-121.doi: 10.11707/j.1001-7488.20211211

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木材生物病害严重区域古建筑木构件树种选择及与生物病害的关系

刘波1,付跃进1,马星霞1,*,卢芸1,王麟2   

  1. 1. 中国林业科学研究院木材工业研究所 北京 100091
    2. 宁波市文化遗产管理研究院 宁波 315000
  • 收稿日期:2020-09-17 出版日期:2021-12-25 发布日期:2022-01-26
  • 通讯作者: 马星霞
  • 基金资助:
    中央级公益性科研院所基本科研业务费专项资金项目(CAFYBB2019ZB008);国家自然科学基金项目(31870539);国家自然科学基金项目(31971588)

Relationship between Wood Species Selection and Biological Diseases of Ancient Building Wooden Components in Severe Wood Biological Diseases Area

Bo Liu1,Yuejin Fu1,Xingxia Ma1,*,Yun Lu1,Lin Wang2   

  1. 1. Research Institute of Wood Industry, CAF Beijing 100091
    2. Ningbo Municipal Institute of Cultural Heritage Management Ningbo 315000
  • Received:2020-09-17 Online:2021-12-25 Published:2022-01-26
  • Contact: Xingxia Ma

摘要:

目的: 研究木材生物病害严重区域木结构古建筑木构件用材树种选材原则及与生物病害的关系,深入认识我国古建筑用材的树种配置模式和生物病害规律,为古建筑修缮保护和古代建筑史研究提供科学依据。方法: 以12座木结构古建筑修缮时因病害更换下来的30份旧木构件为研究对象,检测其生物病害种类、位置和程度,在木构件上切取样品,根据样品腐朽程度选用碳蜡包埋或普通制片方法,采用滑走切片机制备15~20 μm厚显微切片,光学显微镜观察微观构造和生物病害特征,参照IAWA针叶树和阔叶树木材识别特征一览表,依据国家标准进行木材树种识别和生物病害等级判定。结果: 12座木结构古建筑木构件用材树种涉及12科14属,针阔叶树材占比分别为43.3%和56.7%,其中杉木属、桦木属、杨木属和硬木松是常用树种。浙江省古建筑木构件用材最为丰富,河南、贵州省古建筑木构件用材以阔叶树为主,湖南省古建筑木构件用材以针叶树为主。10种木构件中,承重且体积较大的木构件用材树种主要是杉木、落叶松、银杏、硬木松、桦木、锥木、楠木、栎木、榆木、杨木、番龙眼和厚皮香;非承重且体积较小或装饰用木构件用材树种主要是杉木、桦木、杨木、椴木、榆木和臭椿。14种树种的物理力学强度中等,气干密度和抗弯强度最大的是栎木,最小的是杉木;木材强耐腐及耐腐的树种有9种;易开裂的有4种。木构件受腐朽真菌、木蜂、蠹虫和白蚁等不同程度危害;易受木蜂侵害的树种为杉木、桦木和硬木松,易受蠹虫侵害的树种为硬木松、桦木和杨木,易受白蚁蛀蚀的树种为杉木、榆木、栎木和锥木;所有树种均易受腐朽菌侵害,其中杉木、桦木和杨木占比较大。结论: 木材生物病害严重区域古建筑木构件用材特点存在明显差异,不同木构件用材和同类木构件用材均存在差异。选材原则:1) 从建筑安全性能考虑,木材物理力学性能是用材选择的首要因素;2) 从材料采伐运输的经济便捷性考虑,宜选用当地常见乡土树种;3) 因“就地取材”为其重要选材原则,导致不同地区用材差异较大;4) 一定程度上受木构件使用用途影响;5) 一定程度上受古建筑地位和功能影响。木材生物病害与木构件用材选择密切相关:1) 尽管树种天然耐腐性存在差别,但真菌腐朽仍是12座木结构古建筑木构件用材材性劣化的首要生物病害因素,说明腐朽与古建筑所处气候环境关系更密切;2) 木构件虫蛀病害以木蜂和蠹虫危害为首,木蜂筑巢树种的选择与木蜂种类、构件种类和建筑地域有关。

关键词: 木结构古建筑, 木材识别, 菌虫危害, 腐朽, 木蜂, 蠹虫

Abstract:

Objective: Ancient wooden-structure building is a valuable material for the study of Chinese ancient history,culture,art,science and technology and economy. This study aimed to investigate the selection principle of wood species and the relationships between the principle and biological diseases of wooden components in ancient wooden-structure buildings in severe wood biological diseases area,to understand the wood species allocation pattern and biological disease regulation. It was expected to provide scientific basis for the repair and protection of ancient wooden-structure buildings and for the study of ancient architectural history. Method: A total of 30 old wooden components replaced when 12 ancient wooden-structure buildings were repaired,were used as objects to detect the types,locations and degrees of biological diseases. Wood samples were taken from wooden components and embedded in carbon wax. 15-20 μm thick microsections were prepared from embedded wood samples by sliding section microtome. The microstructure and biological diseases characteristics were observed by optical microscope. Wood identification and the grade of biological diseases were determined,according to the identification characteristics list of IAWA softwood and hardwood and the relevant national standards. Result: The species in wooden components of 12 ancient buildings involved 14 genera and 12 families. The proportion of softwood and hardwood was 43.3% and 56.7%,respectively. Cunninghamia sp., Betula sp., Populus sp. and Pinus sp. were commonly used species. Zhejiang Province was the most abundant in wood species used,Henan and Guizhou provinces were mainly hardwood,whereas Hunan Province was dominated by softwood. Among the 10 kinds of wooden components,the wood species of load-bearing and large volume wooden components were mainly composed of Cunninghamia sp., Larix sp., Ginkgo sp., Pinus sp. Betula sp., Castanopsis sp., Phoebe sp., Quercus sp., Ulmus sp., Populus sp., Pometia sp. and Temstriemia sp.,but the wood species of non-essential load-bearing structure,small volume or decorative wooden components were mainly composed of Cunninghamia sp., Betula sp., Populus sp., Tilia sp., Ulmus sp. and Ailanthus altissima. Among the wood physical and mechanical strength of 14 wooden components, Quercus sp. had the largest air-dry density and bending strength,while Cunninghamia sp. was the smallest. There were 9 kinds of wood with strong resistance to decay and 4 kinds of wood easy to crack. Wooden components were damaged by various degrees of decaying fungi,carpenter bees,beetles and termites. The wood species vulnerable to carpenter bees were Cunninghamia sp., Betula sp. and Pinus sp.. Pinus sp., Betula sp. and Populus sp. were the most vulnerably attacked by beetles,while Cunninghamia sp., Ulums sp., Quercus sp. and Castanopsis sp. were susceptibly attacked by termites. All wood species were vulnerable to the damage of decaying fungi,of which Cunninghamia sp., Betula sp. and Populus sp. accounted for a large proportion. Conclusion: In terms of wood utilization,there are obvious differences among areas with severe wood biological diseases. There are also differences in wood utilization among different types of wooden components,as well as the same type of wooden components. The selection principle of wood species is as follows: 1) Considering the safety performance of buildings,the physical and mechanical properties of wood are the primary factors in the selection of wood species. 2) Considering the economic convenience of material sawing and transportation,local common native wood species should be selected. 3) "Local species" is an important principle of wood utilization,which leads to great differences in different regions. 4) To some extent,the selection principle of wood species is affected by the use of wooden components. 5) To some extent,the selection principle of wood species is affected by the location and function of ancient buildings. Wood biological diseases are closely related to wooden components selection: 1) Although the natural decay resistance of wood species is different,fungal decay is still the primary biological disease factor of wood quality deterioration of 12 ancient buildings. It shows that the decay is more closely related to the climate and environment where ancient buildings were located. 2) Carpenter bees and beetles are the main insects of wooden components. The selection of wood species for nest building is related to the species of carpenter bees,the kinds of wooden components and building region.

Key words: ancient wooden-structure building, wood identification, hazards of bacteria and insects, decay, carpenter bee, beetles

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