黑龙江帽儿山温带森林类型土壤非生长季温室气体排放特征

doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.20201002

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

目的: 探讨东北温带8种森林类型非生长季土壤温室气体通量、非生长季土壤温室气体排放的年贡献率及增温潜势的规律，以期揭示森林类型变化对土壤非生长季温室气体排放的影响。方法: 采用静态暗箱-气相色谱方法，测定温带帽儿山2种人工林（红松人工林与兴安落叶松人工林，林龄均51年）、5种天然次生林（硬阔林、白桦林、山杨林、杂木林和蒙古栎林，林龄均为61~67年）和原始针阔混交林（林龄150年）非生长季土壤CO₂、CH₄和N₂O通量及相关环境因子（0~40 cm土层土壤含水率、pH值、有机碳含量和有效氮含量，5 cm深处土壤温度T₅及积雪厚度），采用单因素和Duncan法进行方差分析和多重比较（α=0.05），利用多元逐步回归从各月平均气体通量的可能影响因子（0~40 cm土层土壤含水率、pH值、有机碳含量和有效氮含量，5 cm深处土壤温度T₅及积雪厚度）中筛选主要影响因子。结果: 帽儿山8种温带林型的非生长季土壤CO₂通量（15.97~57.86 mg·m^-2h^-1）表现为2种人工林和4种次生林（蒙古栎林除外）显著高于原始林107.5%~147.1%和135.3%~262.3%（P < 0.05）；非生长季CH₄通量（-69.74~-9.13 μg·m^-2h^-1）表现为3种次生林（硬阔林、山杨林和杂木林）显著高于原始林152.8%~174.6%（P < 0.05），2种人工林却低于原始林52.0%~64.1%（P > 0.05）；非生长季N₂O通量（7.68~40.55 μg·m^-2h^-1）表现为2种人工林和3种次生林（硬阔林、山杨林和杂木林）显著高于原始林114.2%~286.6%和116.3%~192.0%（P < 0.05）；非生长季土壤CO₂排放通量表现为原始林主要受T₅及0~40 cm土层土壤pH值、含水率及硝态氮含量影响，人工林主要受T₅和积雪厚度影响，次生林主要受T₅和0~40 cm土层土壤铵态氮含量影响；CH₄吸收表现为原始林仅受T₅影响，人工林受积雪厚度影响，次生林受T₅和0~40 cm土层土壤铵态氮含量影响；N₂O排放表现为原始林仅受积雪厚度影响，人工林与次生林主要受积雪厚度及0~40 cm土层土壤铵态氮含量和含水率影响；与原始林相比，人工林和次生林使非生长季土壤CH₄吸收的年贡献率（12.3%~30.2%）减少2.8%~10.0%（山杨林除外），而使CO₂和N₂O排放的年贡献率（4.8%~12.5%和7.0%~63.6%）增加了3.1%~7.7%或3.0%~56.6%；与原始林相比，人工林和次生林使非生长季土壤温室气体增温潜势（71.16~250.64 g CO₂·m^-2）显著提高130%~190%和120%~250%（P < 0.05）。结论: 温带原始红松林被皆伐后形成的人工林和次生林恢复至51~67年时，早期的人为干扰对其非生长季温室气体排放的影响尚未得到彻底消除；人工林和次生林CO₂、N₂O通量较原始林均显著提高，次生林CH₄通量显著提高，人工林却显著降低。

关键词: 温带森林, 人工林和次生林, 非生长季温室气体排放, 主控因素, 增温潜势与年贡献率

Abstract:

Objective: In order to reveal the influence of changes of forest types on greenhouse gases emission from soils, the fluxes of greenhouse gases, the annual contribution rate and the patterns of warming potential were investigated for 8 temperate forest types in the northeast during the non-growing season. Method: With the static chamber-gas chromatography method, CH₄, CO₂, and N₂O fluxes were measured along with the environmental factors (snow cover thickness, 5 cm deep soil temperature T₅, 0-40 cm soil water content, organic carbon, available nitrogen, pH) from two 51-year-old plantation (Korean pine plantation HR and larch plantation LR), 5 natural secondary forests with 61 to 67 years old hardwood forest YK, Betula platyphylla forest BH, Populous davidiana forest SY, mixed deciduous forest ZM, Mongolian oak forest MGL, and 150-year-old primary Korean pine and broad-leaved mixed forest YS, One-way variance and Duncan method were used for variance analysis and multiple comparison (α=0.05). Multiple stepwise regression was used to find the main factors affecting the greenhouse gas flux from all environmental factors. Result: The CO₂ fluxes were 15.97-57.86 mg·m^-2h^-1among the 8 temperate forest types during the non-growing season, and those of the 2 plantations and the 4 secondary forests (except for MGL) were significantly higher than those of YS respectively by 107.5%-147.1% and 135.3%-262.3% (P < 0.05); The CH₄ absorption values were -69.74--9.13 μg·m^-2h^-1 among the 8 temperate forest types during the non-growing season, and the values of the 3 secondary forests (YK, SY, ZM) were significantly higher than that of YS by 152.8%-174.6% (P < 0.05), while those of the 2 plantations were significantly lower than that of the YS by 52.0%-64.1% (P > 0.05); The N₂O fluxes were 7.68-40.55 μg·m^-2h^-1 among the 8 temperate forest types during the non-growing season, and the 2 plantations and 3 secondary forests (YK, SY, ZM) were significantly higher than YS by 114.2%-286.6% and 116.3%-192.0% (P < 0.05) respectively; During the non-growing season, soil CO₂ emissions from YS were mainly controlled by T₅, 0-40 cm soil water content, pH and nitrate nitrogen, while that from the plantations were mainly influenced by T_5, and snow cover thickness, and the CO₂ emissions from the secondary forests were mainly controlled by T₅ and 0-40 cm soil ammonium nitrogen (YK and MGL). CH₄ fluxes from YS were impacted only by T₅, from the 2 plantations by snow cover thickness, and from the secondary forests by T₅ and 0-40 cm soil ammonium nitrogen. N₂O fluxes from YS was mainly controlled only by snow cover thickness, while those from the plantations and the secondary forests were generally controlled by 0-40 cm soil ammonium nitrogen, moisture content and snow cover thickness. Compared with YS, the plantations and the natural secondary forests reduced the annual contribution rate of soil CH₄ uptake (12.3%-30.2%) by 2.8%-10.0% (except SY) during the non-growing season, and made the annual contribution rates of CO₂ and N₂O emissions (4.8%-12.5% and 7.0%-63.6%) with an increase by 3.1%-7.7% or 3.0%-56.6%, respectively. The greenhouse gas warming potential (71.16-250.64 g CO₂·m^-2) of the 2 plantations and the 5 natural secondary forests showed a significant increase of 130%-190% and 120%-250% (P < 0.05) during the non-growing season, compared with YS. Conclusion: Therefore, the effects of early human disturbance on greenhouse gases fluxes during the non-growing season have not been completely eliminated even after 51-67 years of restoration of the plantations and natural secondary forests since the clear-cut of the primary temperate forests of Korean Pine. The CO₂ and N₂O fluxes of plantations and secondary forests were significantly higher than that of YS. The CH₄ flux of secondary forests was significantly increased, while that of plantations was significantly decreased.

Key words: temperate forests, plantation and secondary forests, non-growth greenhouse gas emissions, control factors, global warming potential and annual contribution rate

中图分类号:

S714.2

刘辉,牟长城,吴彬,张悦,井立杰. 黑龙江帽儿山温带森林类型土壤非生长季温室气体排放特征[J]. 林业科学, 2020, 56(10): 11-25.

Hui Liu,Changcheng Mu,Bin Wu,Yue Zhang,Lijie Jing. Characterization of Greenhouse Gas Emissions from the Soil of Temperate Forest Types During Non-Growing Season in Maoer Mountain, Heilongjiang[J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2020, 56(10): 11-25.

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林型 Stand type	林龄 Stand age/a	密度 Density/ hm^-2	胸高断面积 Basal area at breast height/(m²·hm^-2)	平均胸径 Mean DBH /cm	胸径范围 Range of DBH/cm	坡位 Slope position	坡向 Slopeaspect	乔木组成 Arbor composition
LR	51	2 502	52.5	16.4	3.5~25.2	山坡下部 Lower	东 East	兴安落叶松为优势种，伴生少量榆树 L. gmelinii is the dominant species with a few elm trees
HR	51	2 111	42.1	15.0	3.9~34.4	山坡下部 Lower	西 West	红松为主，伴生少量水曲柳 Mainly Korean pine, with a small amount of F. mandshurica
YK	66	1 533	33.4	12.2	2~50.1	沟谷地带 Valley zone	南 South	水曲柳为优势种，伴生蒙古栎、春榆等 F. mandshurica is the dominant species, accompanied by Mongolian oak, spring elm, etc.
BH	66	4 200	38.2	7.9	1.5~30.2	山坡中部 Middle	南 South	白桦为优势种，伴生椴树、槭树等 White birch is the dominant species, accompanied by lime trees, maple trees, etc.
SY	66	1 817	33.9	12.1	2.1~48.6	坡中上部 Upper middle	西 West	山杨为优势种，伴生水曲柳、椴树 P. davidiana is the dominant species, associated with F. mandshurica and lime trees
ZM	61	1 939	36.4	11.9	2.2~59	坡中上部 Upper middle	南 South	胡桃楸20%、杨树20%和黄菠萝10%，尚有栎树、榆树、桦树等 Walnut 20%, poplar 20%, yellow pineapple 10%, and oak, elm, birch, etc.
MGL	67	1 583	37.4	13.5	2~56.4	山坡上部 Upper	东 East	蒙古栎为优势种，伴生少量桦树和栎树 Q. mongolica is the dominant species, accompanied by a few birch and oak trees
YS	150	789	54.6	25.3	4~69.1	山坡上部 Upper	南 South	红松为优势种，伴生少量杨树和蒙古栎 Korean pine is the dominant species, accompanied by a few poplars and Mongolian oak

环境因子 Environmental factor	人工林 Plantation		次生林 Natural secondary forest					原始林 Virgin forest(YS)
环境因子 Environmental factor	HR	LR	YK	BH	SY	ZM	MGL	原始林 Virgin forest(YS)
T₅/℃	-2.06±0.03B	-4.31±0.10A	-1.25±0.01C	-0.59±0.02G	-0.71±0.03F	-0.83±0.04E	-1.1±0.05D	-0.81±0.01E
pH	6.10±0.03B	5.76±0.06A	6.38±0.04B	6.14±0.07B	6.11±0.03B	6.11±0.02B	6.27±0.28B	5.69±0.14A
硝态氮含量 NO₃^--N content/(mg·g^-1)	11.09±4.46B	8.79±2.14B	3.08±1.38A	3.48±0.17A	4.11±0.56A	3.65±0.67A	3.02±0.76A	3.11±0.63A
铵态氮含量 NH₄⁺-N content/(mg·g^-1)	24.50±6.06B	20.59±3.96B	5.55±1.34A	4.34±0.94A	6.65±1.50A	6.31±1.17A	4.94±0.98A	5.21±0.36A
含水量 Soilmoisture/(g·g^-1)	0.56±0.01E	0.46±0.10D	0.40±0.05D	0.34±0.03BC	0.34±0.03C	0.32±0.02BC	0.26±0.01A	0.28±0.02AB
有机碳含量 SOC content/(mg·g^-1)	64.39±2.32C	42.4±2.09B	61.94±3.11C	47.26±4.63B	44.6±4.17B	49.17±7.30B	33.72±2.95A	48.81±7.98B
积雪厚度 Snow thickness/cm	12.55±2.67A	18.51±0.54B	15.97±2.13B	16.69±0.56B	16.41±1.37B	18.07±0.79B	11.26±1.52A	12.92±1.06A

温室气体类型 Greenhouse gas type	林分类型 Stand type	T₅	pH	NO₃^--N	NH₄⁺-N	SOC	含水率 Soil moisture	积雪厚度 Thickness of the snow	截距 Intercept	R²	P
温室气体类型 Greenhouse gas type	林分类型 Stand type
CO₂	HR							-0.92^***	15.60^***	0.84	< 0.001
	LR	0.58^***						-0.43^**	12.42^***	0.85	< 0.001
	YK	1.25^***			0.41^**		-0.31^**		120.91^***	0.88	< 0.001
	BH	0.56^*						-0.39+	62.81^***	0.93	< 0.001
	SY	0.83^***							62.12^***	0.89	< 0.001
	ZM	0.95^***							76.74^***	0.89	< 0.001
	MGL	0.57^*	0.50^*		0.52^*				-100.19^*	0.58	< 0.01
	YS	0.71^***	0.22^*	-0.25^**			0.21^*		68.42^*	0.95	< 0.001

CH₄	HR							-0.63^**	-0.02^***	0.36	< 0.01
	LR		-0.69^**			-0.38^*		-0.65^***	-0.20^***	0.70	< 0.01
	YK	1.22^***			0.56^*		-1.16^***		-0.22^***	0.69	< 0.001
	BH	0.83^***			0.75^***				-0.02^**	0.69	< 0.001
	SY	0.98^***		-0.42^*	0.61^**				-0.07^***	0.69	< 0.001
	ZM			-0.47^**			-0.50^**	-1.57^**	-0.29^***	0.70	< 0.001
	MGL	0.97^***			0.71^***				-0.05	0.80	< 0.001
	YS	0.76^**		-0.34+					-0.04^***	0.50	< 0.01

N₂O	HR					0.26^*		-0.8^***	0.01	0.88	< 0.001
	LR	0.78^***					0.43^**		-0.01	0.70	< 0.001
	YK	0.47+		-0.31+	-0.63^**		0.47^*		0.00	0.67	< 0.001
	BH				-0.63^*			-2.25^**	0.04^***	0.42	< 0.01
	SY		-0.53+		-0.63^*		0.57^*	-0.84^**	0.17	0.47	< 0.05
	ZM	0.67^*					0.38^*		-0.01	0.72	< 0.001
	MGL				-0.64^*			-1.35^**	0.02^***	0.46	< 0.05
	YS							-0.42+	0.02^***	0.12	< 0.1

林分类型 Stand type	CO₂			CH₄			N₂O
林分类型 Stand type	拟合模型 Models	R²	Q₁₀	拟合模型 Models	R²	Q₁₀	拟合模型 Models	R²	Q₁₀
HR	y=42.7e^0.19t	0.51	6.7	y=0.02e^0.17t	0.28	5.5	y=0.02e^0.24t	0.43	11.0
LR	y=25.8e^0.19t	0.52	6.7	y=0.01e^0.23t	0.42	10.0	y=0.02e^0.26t	0.46	13.5
YK	y=56.8e^0.25t	0.67	12.2	y=0.07e^0.16t	0.30	5.0	y=0.04e^-0.04t	0.04	0.7
BH	y=31.6e^0.27t	0.55	14.9	y=0.05e^0.25t	0.29	12.2	y=0.01e^0.08t	0.04	2.2
SY	y=43.1e^0.27t	0.85	14.9	y=0.06e^0.28t	0.43	16.4	y=0.03e^0.02t	0.00	1.2
ZM	y=43.2e^0.26t	0.52	13.5	y=0.07e^0.18t	0.21	6.0	y=0.02e^0.12t	0.08	3.3
MGL	y=18.5e^0.17t	0.68	5.5	y=0.02e^0.10t	0.39	2.7	y=0.01e^-0.03t	0.03	0.7
YS	y=8.4e^0.15t	0.33	4.5	y=0.03e^0.21t	0.33	8.2	y=0.01e^0.08t	0.05	2.2

林分类型 Stand type	CO₂		CH₄		N₂O		增温潜势 Total GWP (gCO₂·m^-2)
林分类型 Stand type	排放总量 Total flux (g·m^-2)	GWP(g·m^-2)	排放总量 Total flux(g·m^-2)	GWP(gCO₂·m^-2)	排放总量 Total flux(g·m^-2)	GWP(gCO₂·m^-2)	增温潜势 Total GWP (gCO₂·m^-2)
LR	127.12±8.59B	127.12±8.59B	-0.05±0.01C	-1.18±0.06C	0.14±0.04CD	40.28±10.97CD	166.21±7.10B
HR	175.11±14.31CD	175.11±14.31CD	-0.05±0.01C	-1.15±0.24C	0.12±0.01C	33.82±2.67C	207.78±14.27C
YK	198.91±23.92DE	198.91±23.92DE	-0.26±0.09A	-6.37±2.33A	0.17±0.05D	49.15±14.87D	241.69±24.89D
BH	145.12±6.64BC	145.12±6.64BC	-0.14±0.03B	-3.57±0.76B	0.06±0.01AB	16.42±2.07AB	157.97±4.11B
SY	221.63±28.90E	221.63±28.90E	-0.25±0.04A	-6.33±0.90A	0.12±0.04CD	35.34±10.64CD	250.64±23.56D
ZM	170.51±34.92CD	170.51±34.92CD	-0.28±0.03A	-6.91±0.75A	0.09±0.014BC	26.00±4.26BC	189.60±32.91BC
MGL	84.62±12.28A	84.62±12.28A	-0.09±0.02BC	-2.15±0.41BC	0.03±0.01A	8.97±0.24A	91.44±12.01A
YS	61.14±9.41A	61.14±9.41A	-0.10±0.03BC	-2.55±0.66BC	0.04±0.02AB	12.57±5.28AB	71.16±14.31A