自然保护区建立是否必然导致农户收入低——基于福建武夷山国家级自然保护区内外社区农户收入的实证研究

doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.20200616

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

目的: 探究自然保护区内外社区经济发展水平的差异及其成因，检验自然保护区建立是否必然导致农户收入低，为完善自然保护区社区政策、促进自然保护区和社区协调发展提供对策建议。方法: 采用系统抽样方法，从福建武夷山国家级自然保护区内外社区选取30个自然村(区内12个、区外18个)174户农户作为研究对象，于2011、2014和2015年开展3次问卷访谈和跟踪调查，运用描述统计分析方法呈现区内外社区农户收入水平、收入结构和收入动态变化。基于可持续生计框架构建自然保护区内外社区农户收入差异成因的理论分析模型，并利用工具变量(2SLS)模型进行解析。结果: 在3个时间节点，自然保护区内社区农户收入均明显高于区外，自然保护区建立没有导致农户收入低，其受自然资本、人力资本、社会资本、物质资本和金融资本共同影响，尤其是自然资本和人力资本发挥主要作用。结论: 在经济发展水平较高的地区，自然保护区建立不会必然导致农户收入低，反而有利于农户收入增长，促进自然保护区和社区关系融恰。为提高农户收入并促进自然保护区和社区协调发展，应在已有社区政策基础上，扩大政策影响面，增强农户风险应对能力，巩固和提升已取得的生态保护与经济发展协同成效。

关键词: 福建武夷山国家级自然保护区, 农户收入, 社区政策, 2SLS模型

Abstract:

Objective: This paper aimed to study the differences and causes of the economic development level of communities within and nearby the nature reserve,and then testified whether the establishment of the nature reserve would inevitably lead to low household income,so as to provide countermeasures and suggestions for improving the community policies of the nature reserve. Method: According to the principle of stratified random sampling,30 natural villages (12 within and 18 outside the area) were selected from the communities within and outside Fujian Wuyishan National Nature Reserve,and 174 rural households were randomly selected as the research objects. In 2011,2014 and 2015, we obtained the first hand data,and the descriptive statistical analysis method was used to present the income level,income structure and income dynamic changes of households. Based on the theoretical framework of sustainable livelihood framework(SLF),a theoretical analysis model to explore the cause of households' income differences within and nearby the nature reserve is constructed,and the 2SLS with tool variable model was used for the causable. Result: The results showed that the income of households within the nature reserve was significantly higher than that of households nearby the natural reserve at three study time nodes,which means,the establishment of nature reserve would not lead to low income. The livelihood level of households within the area was superior to that nearby the area,which depended on the joint influence of natural capital,human capital,social capital,material capital and financial capital. Natural capital and human capital were the main factors influencing the income of households within the region higher than that of households nearby the region. Conclusion: This paper shows that the construction of nature reserves within the regions with higher economic development level would not necessarily lead to low household income and would be conducive to the growth of household income and promotes harmonious relations between nature reserves and communities. In order to improve the income of households,it is suggested to expand the policy influence,and strengthen the household ability to respond to risks,thus the synergistic effects achieved in ecological protection and economic development.

Key words: Fujian Wuyishan National Nature Reserve, households' income, community policy, the 2SLS model

中图分类号:

F307.2

张雅馨,刘霞,张博,谢屹. 自然保护区建立是否必然导致农户收入低——基于福建武夷山国家级自然保护区内外社区农户收入的实证研究[J]. 林业科学, 2020, 56(6): 165-178.

Yaxin Zhang,Xia Liu,Bo Zhang,Yi Xie. Will the Establishment of Nature Reserves Inevitably Lead to Low Household Income——An Empirical Study on Household Income within and nearby the Fujian Wuyishan National Nature Reserve[J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2020, 56(6): 165-178.

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区/县 District/county	乡/镇 Village/town	行政村 Administrative village	自然村 Nature village	样本户数 Households	全村户数 Total households
区内Within				108	540
建阳市Jianyang	黄坑镇 Huangkeng	坳头村Aotou	坳头Aotou	32	160
建阳市Jianyang	黄坑镇 Huangkeng	大坡村Dapo	山坊Shanfang	2	10
武夷山市 Wuyishan	星村镇 Xingcun	桐木村Tongmu	江墩Jiangdun	8	40
			挂墩Guadun	7	35
			关坪Guanping	7	35
			三港Sangang	16	80
			黄溪洲Huangxizhou	4	20
			皮坑Pikeng	5	25
			庙湾Miaowan	9	45
			半山Banshan	5	25
			龙渡Longdu	6	30
			七里Qili	7	35
区外Nearby				66	315
建阳市Jianyang	黄坑镇 Huangkeng	大坡村Dapo	大坡Dapo	2	10
			双园Shuangyuan	10	50
			长见Changjian	5	25
		长见村Changjian	新建Xinjian	2	5
			西坑Xikeng	2	10
			太子岭Taiziling	2	5
		桂林村Guilin	里东山Lidongshan	2	10
			北边Beibian	2	10
			六墩Liudun	9	45
南平市Nanping	寨里镇 Zhaili	桃林村Taolin	下角Xiajiao	1	5
			上角Shangjiao	7	35
			黄岭Huangling	2	10
			下史元Xiashiyuan	10	50
			新林Xinlin	1	5
			蒲上Pushang	1	5
			付家地Fujiadi	3	15
			洲上Zhoushang	3	15
			扫帚尾Saozhouwei	2	5
总计Total				174	855

区内外Within and nearby the area	户数 Number of households	家庭总人数 Family population	劳动力人数 Number of member in working	劳动力占比Percentage of member in working to population(%)
区外Nearby	56	261	141	54.02
区内Within	115	578	305	52.77

区内外Within and nearby the area	文盲 Illiteracy	小学 Primary	初中 Junior	高中 Senior
区外Nearby	1.78	17.86	67.86	12.50
区内Within	6.08	49.57	39.13	5.22

	被解释变量：lnY₁(农户人均总收入)Explained variable: lnY₁(total income of farm household)
解释变量	OLS		RE		2SLS
Explaining variable	系数	标准误	系数	标准误	系数	标准误
	Coefficient	Standard error	Coefficient	Standard error	Coefficient	Standard error
NCML	0.317^***	0.002	0.587^*	0.003	0.590^**	0.004
NCTL	-0.610^**	0.004	-0.127^***	0.005	-0.127^***	0.005
NCBL	-0.799^*	0.004	-0.970^*	0.005	0.977^**	0.005
labour	0.430^*	0.049	0.431^*	0.029	0.407^**	0.028
position 2	1.196^*	0.428	1.167^*	0.267	1.163^**	0.283
position 3	1.688^**	0.456	1.688^**	0.283	1.702^***	0.283
position 4	1.272^**	0.603	1.320^**	0.283	1.702^***	0.283
cadre	0.365	0.074	0.301	0.119	0.213	0.183
subsidy	1.139^*	0.014	1.300^*	0.008	0.913^**	0.022
assets	0.368	0.013	0.382	0.008	0.471	0.009
loan	0.500	0.006	0.438	0.018	0.429	0.018
cons	0.375^**	0.43	0.356	0.274	0.350^**	0.272
R²	0.482		0.497		0.522
样本数Sample number	513		513		513

	被解释变量：lnY₁(农户人均总收入)Explained variable: lnY₁(total income of farm household)
解释变量	OLS		RE		2SLS
Explaining variable	系数	标准误	系数	标准误	系数	标准误
	Coefficient	Standard error	Coefficient	Standard error	Coefficient	Standard error
NCML	0.180^**	0.016	0.168^***	0.014	0.180^**	0.013
NCTL	-0.831^***	0.063	-0.834^***	0.051	-0.841^***	0.028
NCBL	-0.681^*	0.005	-0.711^***	0.035	-0.715^**	0.036
labour	0.391^***	0.054	0.453^***	0.032	0.378^**	0.031
position 2	0.986^**	0.179	1.014^**	0.167	0.997^**	0.142
position 3	1.344^**	0.254	1.364^*	0.200	1.412^**	0.184
position 4	1.613^**	0.524	1.574^*	0.518	1.593^**	0.200
cadre	0.219	0.176	0.262	0.110	0.218	0.107
subsidy	0.028	0.013	0.039	0.110	0.102	0.024
assets	0.695	0.013	0.667	0.011	0.663	0.016
loan	0.062	0.007	0.051	0.002	0.047	0.001
cons	0.431^*	0.201	0.457^*	0.177	0.397^**	0.368
R²	0.312		0.315		0.328
样本数Sample	513		513		513