西藏雅鲁藏布江流域越冬斑头雁种群数量变化及活动特征

doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.LYKX20240444

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

目的: 掌握雅鲁藏布江流域越冬斑头雁的重要分布地点、数量变化、栖息地利用和活动特征，为制定斑头雁种群及其栖息地保护以及禽流感监测防控策略提供科学依据。方法: 对雅鲁藏布江流域斑头雁进行3次较为全面的调查，调查方法和路线完全一致，调查范围涉及日喀则市、拉萨市和山南市辖区范围内的16个区县，以几乎没有斑头雁分布的仁布县和尼木县为分界，将调查区域分为东部和西部，沿有斑头雁栖息的江河边及农田沼泽等地用望远镜进行扫描，记录斑头雁的种群数量、调查时间、栖息地类型等信息，采用非参数Kruskal-Wallis方法对斑头雁群体大小以及不同栖息地类型的个体数量进行显著性检验，通过卫星跟踪方法获取斑头雁在雅鲁藏布江流域的详细活动位点，在R软件中计算活动区并分析斑头雁日间和夜间的活动区面积以及对不同土地类型的利用是否存在显著差异。结果: 1） 2014和2018年斑头雁种群数量较为稳定，分别为66 729和65 261只，2022年数量增至90 987只；拉萨市的林周县和日喀则市的桑珠孜区是斑头雁越冬种群数量最多的2个区域，数量达2万只以上。2）虽然记录到的斑头雁最大种群数量为9 265只，但斑头雁仍以300只以下的种群为主，1 000只以上的种群较少，不同种群大小间存在显著差异。3）斑头雁在不同年份对不同栖息地的利用情况存在差异，但均偏向于在未翻耕青稞地越冬，同时对沼泽的偏好很高，其次是农田和天然水域；卫星跟踪结果也显示斑头雁日间主要活动于农田和草地，夜间主要栖息于水域和裸地，日间和夜间的活动区面积无显著性差异。4）斑头雁在雅鲁藏布江流域东部和西部之间的活动相对独立，但能通过位于江孜县的年楚河产生间接联系。结论: 近年来斑头雁种群数量增长可能与其适宜栖息地面积增加有关，尤其是农田的增加，意味着冬季收割完遗留在田地中的青稞以及正在生长的冬小麦能为越冬斑头雁提供更多的食物来源。雅鲁藏布江流域东部和西部的越冬斑头雁相互交流虽然有限，但考虑到斑头雁在拉萨市和山南市之间以及日喀则市各地区之间来往较为频繁，建议当地相关部门成立多部门多区域的联防联控应急机制，科学有效地开展禽流感监测与防控。

关键词: 斑头雁, 种群数量, 活动特征, 卫星跟踪, 雅鲁藏布江流域

Abstract:

Objective: This study aims to understand important distribution sites, population dynamics, habitat use, and movement characteristics of Anser indicus (bar-headed geese) in the Yarlung Tsangpo River Basin, so as to provide a basis for formulating conservation strategies for both the bar-headed geese population and their habitats, as well as to develop monitoring and control measures for avian influenza. Method: Three comprehensive surveys of the bar-headed geese were conducted with the same survey methods and routes, and the survey area covered 16 districts or counties within the jurisdiction of Xigaze, Lhasa and Shannan. Nyemo and Rinbung counties, where there is almost devoid of bar-headed geese because of the terrain, were used as the dividing lines by which the survey area was divided into east and west. Investigators scanned the surrounding area with a telescope along the riverside, farmland and marshes, and other places where bar-headed geese inhabit, and recorded the numbers of bar-headed geese population and the survey time, habitat type and distance from investigators by dosimeter. The non-parametric Kruskal-Walli’s method was used to test the significance of the population size of bar-headed geese and the number of individuals in different habitat types. The detailed activity locations of bar-headed geese in the Yarlung Tsangpo River Basin were obtained by satellite tracking, and R software was used to calculate the activity areas and analyze whether there was significant difference in the home range size and their habitat use between daytime and nighttime. Result: 1） The wintering population of bar-headed geese remained relatively stable in 2014 and 2018, with 66 729 and 65 261 individuals, respectively, and the population increased to 90 987 individuals in 2022. Lhunzhub in Lhasa and Samzhubze in Xigaze were the two key regions with the largest wintering bar-headed goose populations of more than 20 000 individuals. 2） Although the maximum recorded population size of bar-headed geese was 9 265 individuals, the majority of population sizes was less than 300 individuals, with fewer populations exceeding 1 000. There were significant differences in sizes among different populations. 3） The utilization of different habitats by bar-headed geese varied across years, however, they consistently showed a strong preference for wintering in unplowed barley fields, along with a high reliance on marshes, followed by farmland and natural waters. At the same time, satellite tracking results also showed that bar-headed geese mainly occurred in farmland and grassland during the daytime, and preferred to roost overnight on a shallow beach in a nearby river or reservoir. There was no significant difference in the home range size between daytime and nighttime. 4） The activities of bar-headed geese in the eastern and western of the Yarlung Tsangpo River Basin were relatively independent, yet an indirect connection existed via the Nyangqu River located in Gyantse county. Conclusion: In the recent year, the increase of bar-headed geese populations may be associated with the expansion of suitable habitats, especially the increase of farmlands, which have the barley left in the fields after the winter harvest, and the growing winter wheat crops that provide additional food sources for the wintering geese. In addition, this study has also showed that the communication between the wintering bar-headed geese in the east and west of Yarlung Tsangpo River basin is limited, however, considering that geese frequently move between Lhasa and Shannan, and between various regions of Xigaze, it is recommended that the relevant local departments set up a multi-sectoral and multi-regional joint prevention and emergency control mechanism to carry out the monitoring, prevention, and control of avian influenza in an efficient and scientific manner in the Yarlung Tsangpo River Basin of Xizang.

Key words: Anser indicus, population size, activity characteristics, satellite tracking, Yarlung Tsangpo River Basin

中图分类号:

S764.1
Q958

贾茹,王毅花,王秀磊,于红妍,马存新,李全亮,孙戈,徐红英,刘冬平,李迪强,张国钢. 西藏雅鲁藏布江流域越冬斑头雁种群数量变化及活动特征[J]. 林业科学, 2025, 61(10): 164-174.

Ru Jia,Yihua Wang,Xiulei Wang,Hongyan Yu,Cunxin Ma,Quanliang Li,Ge Sun,Hongying Xu,Dongping Liu,Diqiang Li,Guogang Zhang. Population Dynamics and Movement Characteristics of Wintering Bar-headed Geese in the Yarlung Tsangpo River Basin, Xizang[J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2025, 61(10): 164-174.

图/表 9

图1

表1

表2

图2

图3

表3

表4

卫星跟踪的17只迁徙至雅鲁藏布江流域越冬的斑头雁位点信息"

越冬区域 Wintering area	ID	日间/夜间 Daytime/nighttime	2022—2023年越冬期 Wintering period from 2022 to 2023		2023—2024年越冬期 Wintering period from 2023 to 2024
越冬区域 Wintering area	ID	日间/夜间 Daytime/nighttime	卫星位点数量 Numbers of Beidou locations	栖息时段 Habitat period/d	卫星位点数量 Numbers of Beidou locations	栖息时段 Duration period/d
东部区域 Eastern region	010G30	日间 Daytime	478	2022–11–09—2023–01–29（81）	—	—
	010G30	夜间 Nighttime	529	2022–11–08—2023–01–29（82）	—	—
	601G30	日间 Daytime	791	2022–11–13—2023–03–25（132）	936	2023–11–07—2024–04–01（146）
	601G30	夜间 Nighttime	833	2022–11–12—2023–03–26（134）	909	2023–11–08—2024–04–02（146）
	603G30	日间 Daytime	662	2022–11–26—2023–03–05（99）	—	—
	603G30	夜间 Nighttime	682	2022–11–26—2023–03–05（99）	—	—
	611G20	日间 Daytime	596	2022–11–14—2023–02–27（105）	—	—
	611G20	夜间 Nighttime	660	2022–11–14—2023–02–27（105）	—	—
	613G20	日间 Daytime	783	2022–11–11—2023–03–25（134）	772	2023–11–09—2024–03–24（136）
	613G20	夜间 Nighttime	855	2022–11–11—2023–03–25（134）	919	2023–11–09—2024–03–24（136）
	616G20	日间 Daytime	374	2022–11–23—2023–03–17（114）	71	2023–11–09—2024–03–17（129）
	616G20	夜间 Nighttime	401	2022–11–24—2023–03–17（113）	162	2023–11–08—2024–03–18（131）
	620G20	日间 Daytime	710	2022–11–13—2023–03–16（123）	727	2023–11–09—2024–03–13（125）
	620G20	夜间 Nighttime	691	2022–11–13—2023–03–17（124）	733	2023–11–09—2024–03–14（126）
	623G20	日间 Daytime	721	2022–11–12—2023–03–24（132）	731	2023–11–06—2024–03–18（133）
	623G20	夜间 Nighttime	857	2022–11–12—2023–03–25（133）	829	2023–11–06—2024–03–19（134）
	625G20	日间 Daytime	619	2022–11–11—2023–02–19（100）	778	2023–11–06—2024–03–06（121）
	625G20	夜间 Nighttime	629	2022–11–11—2023–02–19（100）	792	2023–11–05—2024–03–07（123）
	626G20	日间 Daytime	863	2022–11–12—2023–03/24（132）	—	—
	626G20	夜间 Nighttime	843	2022–11–12—2023–03–25（133）	—	—
	967G20	日间 Daytime	860	2022–11–06—2023–03–24（138）	730	2023–11–02—2024–03–15（134）
	967G20	夜间 Nighttime	832	2022–11–06—2023–03–25（139）	153	2023–11–02—2024–03–15（134）
	974G20	日间 Daytime	850	2022–11–09—2023–03–13（124）	—	—
	974G20	夜间 Nighttime	867	2022–11–09—2023–03–13（124）	—	—
	996G30	日间 Daytime	477	2022–11–09—2023–02–01（84）	—	—
	996G30	夜间 Nighttime	526	2022–11–08—2023–02–01（85）	—	—
	999G30	日间 Daytime	608	2022–11–18—2023–03–17（119）	—	—
	999G30	夜间 Nighttime	765	2022–11–17—2023–03–17（120）	—	—
西部区域 Western region	604G20	日间 Daytime	869	2022–11–12—2023–04–03（142）	—	—
	604G20	夜间 Nighttime	967	2022–11–12—2023–04–04（143）	—	—
	608G20	日间 Daytime	294	2022–11–14—2023–01–01（48）	—	—
	608G20	夜间 Nighttime	312	2022–11–14—2022–12–31（47）	—	—
	900G20	日间 Daytime	832	2022–11–18—2023–04–01（134）	830	2023–11–06—2024–03–15（130）
	900G20	夜间 Nighttime	909	2022–11–18—2023–04–02（135）	914	2023–11–06—2024–03–15（130）

表4

图4

图5

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区域 Regions	地点 Sites	斑头雁数量 Numbers of A. indicus
区域 Regions	地点 Sites	2014	2018	2022
东部 Eastern region	达孜区 Taktse District	4 108	6 713	4 394
	林周县 Lhunzhub County	19 260	10 787	28 773
	墨竹工卡县 Medro Gongkar County	130	70	906
	曲水县 Quxu County	4 755	5 055	2 307
	浪卡子县 Nakartse County	190	80	127
	贡嘎县 Gonggar County	1 621	1 800	1 545
	扎囊县 Danang County	505	1 300	2 752
	桑日县 Sangri County	802	1 510	393
	乃东区 Nedong District	1 579	1 795	2 747
	合计 Sum	32 950	29 110	43 944

西部 Western region	白朗县 Panam County	4 055	2 058	3 004
	江孜县 Gyantse County	4 700	5 343	6 179
	桑珠孜区 Samzhubze District	15 495	14 302	27 017
	南木林县 Namling County	3 997	3 991	2 185
	萨迦县 Sakya County	786	3，610	3 362
	拉孜县 Lhaze County	3 303	5，800	4 696
	谢通门县 Thongmon County	1 443	1，047	600
	合计 Sum	33 779	36 151	47 043

河谷 Valleys	斑头雁数量 Numbers of A. indicus
河谷 Valleys	2014	2018	2022
雅鲁藏布江河谷 Yarlung Zangbo River Valley	16 911	22 150	16 510
拉萨河谷 Lhasa River Valley	6 541	9 728	4 394
年楚河谷 Nyangqu River Valley	20 830	9 088	27 921
澎波河谷 Pengbo River Valley	19 260	10 787	28 773
墨竹河谷 Mozhu River Valley	130	70	906
下步曲河谷 Xiabuqu River Valley	683	3 610	3 362
热曲河谷 Requ River Valley	211	2 190	1 685
谢通门河谷 Thongmon River Valley	91	427	160
达那答河谷 Danada River Valley	1 146	620	440
香曲河谷 Xiangqu River Valley	219	3 991	2 185
扎囊河谷 Danang River Valley	186	1 300	2 752
雅砻江河谷 Yalong River Valley	521	1 300	1 899
合计 Sum	66 729	65 261	90 987

栖息地类型 Habitat type	年份 Year	斑头雁数量比例 Percentage of A.indicus (%)	栖息地面积 Habitat area/km²	栖息地面积所占比例 Percentage of habitat area (%)	Manly生境选择指数（是否偏好） Manly habitat selection index (preference or no preference)
草地 Grassland	2018	2.09	57191.76	96.00	0.02（不偏好No preference）
草地 Grassland	2022	25.36	60392.84	96.07	0.26（不偏好No preference）
农田 Farmland	2018	61.34	871.68	1.46	41.92（偏好Preference）
农田 Farmland	2022	50.62	984.00	1.57	32.34（偏好Preference）
沼泽 Marsh	2018	15.00	25.60	0.04	349.18（偏好Preference）
沼泽 Marsh	2022	19.19	11.98	0.02	1 006.97（偏好Preference）
水域 Water	2018	21.56	1483.96	2.49	8.66（偏好Preference）
水域 Water	2022	4.84	1 472.83	2.34	2.06（偏好Preference）

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