干旱区绿洲城市主要绿化树种最大滞尘量对比

doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.20150308

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】绿化树种对一定范围内大气颗粒物有良好的净化作用,尤其在沙尘危害较严重的干旱区城市,滞尘能力强、适合当地自然条件的绿化树种可降低大气颗粒污染物浓度,改善城市生态环境。为此,选取我国西北干旱区典型绿洲城市——新疆阿克苏市为例,研究不同绿化树种叶片滞尘能力随时间及空间的变化规律,为干旱区城市绿化树种的选择提供理论依据。【方法】选取阿克苏市常见的绿化树种新疆杨、二球悬铃木、圆冠榆、小叶梣和垂柳为研究对象,叶片人工清洗后每隔4天对其进行采样,累计28天; 在室内清洗、过滤后用万分之一天平称留尘质量,用激光叶面积仪测出叶片面积、计算出单位叶面积滞尘量,用多重比较法对比分析城市4个不同功能区、5种绿化树种单位叶面积滞尘量随时间和空间的变化,用经验公式法估算各树种单株滞尘量。【结果】同一个功能区5种园林树种单位叶面积最大滞尘量有显著差异(P<0.05),人工降尘1 h后二球悬铃木单位叶面积最大滞尘量 [(13.5±0.90)g·m^-2] > 新疆杨 [(12.1±0.87)g·m^-2] > 圆冠榆 [(9.21±0.77)g·m^-2] >小叶梣 [(7.11±0.43)g·m^-2] > 垂柳 [(6.69±0.24)g·m^-2]。在不同功能区同一树种单位叶面积滞尘量排序为工业区(IA)> 交通枢纽区(TA)> 居民区(RA)> 清洁区(CA)。叶片在树冠中所处的位置也会影响其滞尘量,二球悬铃木3个高度处的叶片滞尘量顺序为1 m > 2 m > 4 m。从单株树种滞尘量对比得出,28天内二球悬铃木最高,为2.6 kg,垂柳最低,为0.2 kg。【结论】工业区、交通枢纽区树种单位叶面积滞尘量比居民区、清洁区高,其可能的原因是前两个区空气中的颗粒物浓度比后两区高,说明树种叶面滞尘量受当地空气质量的影响,同一树种在不同立地条件下滞尘量也相应的不同。在同一个功能区树种滞尘量差异由树高、冠幅和叶面特性(黏度、绒毛、粗糙度)等所引起,如树体大、冠幅宽、叶面粗糙并有绒毛的二球悬铃木叶片滞尘量要比树体小、叶面光滑并无毛的垂柳叶片滞尘量大。在树冠1 m处的叶片同时受到自然降尘及地面扬尘的影响,因此比4 m处叶片滞尘量高。二球悬铃木和新疆杨单位叶面积滞尘量与单株滞尘量都较高,起到明显的降尘作用,是沙尘频发的南疆地区城市绿化树种的优先之选。

关键词: 绿化树种, 滞尘, 多重比较, 干旱区, 不同功能区划分

Abstract:

【Objective】 Urban greening trees are an important part of city greening. They purify the atmosphere by capturing the particulate matter, especially in the arid region cities which frequently suffer from dust storms. To reduce the impact of air pollution on people and the ecological environment of the cities, greening tree species which have strong dust retention ability and are suitable to arid conditions should be chosen to the urban greening. In this study, the dust retention ability of several common greening tree species in Aksu, Northwest China, was examined to find out the appropriate species. 【Methods】 Dust retention capacity of Platanus acerifolia, Populus alba var. pyramidalis, Ulmus densa, Fraxinus bungeana, and Salix babylonica were examined in this study; The dust was washed from the leaf surfaces and then weighed by Electronic Scales with an accuracy of 1μg (PTX-FA-210, Shanghai); The individual leaf area was measured by using a Laser Leaf Area Meter (CI-203, USA). Data were subjected to ANOVA with multiple comparisons by using SPSS (version 15.0, Software Co., USA), with the level of significance set at P<0.05. 【Results】 The maximum dust amount per unit leaf area differed among the five tree species and four functional areas, Pl. acerifolia (13.5±0.90 g·m^-2) > P. alba var. pyramidalis (12.1±0.87 g·m^-2) > U. densa (9.21±0.77 g·m^-2) > F. bungeana (7.11±0.43 g·m^-2) > S. babylonica (6.96±0.24 g/m²). In the different areas, the dust retention amount showed the descending order as follows, Industrial area (IA) > Transportation area (TA) > Residential area (RA) > Clean area (CA). Our results also showed that in any case ( IA,TA, RA, CA) the leaves at 1 m height retained the most dust and the leaves at 4 m height retained the least dust. Dust retention amount per plant of the five species also differed from each other, Pl. acerifolia (2.6 kg) > P. alba var. pyramidalis (1.7 kg) > F. bungeana (1.4 kg) > U. densa (0.4 kg) > S. babylonica (0.2 kg). 【Conclusions】 The industrial area (IA) was obviously the most severely dust-polluted area and the clean area was the least dust-polluted area. The greatest amount of dust in IA suggested that a greater amount of atmospheric pollutants emitted in the industrial area was locally generated. The smallest amount of dust in CA meant that the dust generated from the urban settings did not significantly affect the suburban area and also lent a support that the dust was not from large-scale atmospheric processes. The dust retention amount per leaf area and per plant of Pl. acerifolia and P. alba var. pyramidalis was higher than other examined species, thus they could be the priority in urban greening.

Key words: urban greening trees, dust retention, multiple comparisons, Arid land, different functional area

中图分类号:

S718.43

阿丽亚·拜都热拉, 玉米提·哈力克, 塔依尔江·艾山, 凯丽比努尔·努尔麦麦提. 干旱区绿洲城市主要绿化树种最大滞尘量对比[J]. 林业科学, 2015, 51(3): 57-64.

Aliya Baidurela, Umut Halik, Tayierjiang Aishan, Kailibinuer Nuermaimaiti. Maximum Dust Retention of Main Greening Trees in Arid Land Oasis Cities, Northwest China[J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2015, 51(3): 57-64.

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