[Objective] Chinese walnut (Carya cathayensis) is a nut and oil tree species endemic to China. It is important to study the spatial-temporal variation of soil fertility for soil management of Chinese walnut plantations.[Method] Soil samples were collected (317 in 2008, and 239 in 2013, respectively) from Chinese walnut plantations in Lin'an, Zhejiang Province. Spatial-temporal variation of soil pH value, organic carbon, hydrolytic N, available P, and K were investigated by using techniques of geostatistics and GIS.[Result] From 2008 to 2013, the average contents of hydrolytic N and available K in the soils significantly decreased by 19.4 and 55.6 mg·kg^-1 respectively. The average pH values decreased from 5.5 to 5.3, and the average organic carbon contents decreased by 0.2 g·kg^-1. However, the content of available P increased by 0.5 mg·kg^-1. Standard deviations of the 5 soil variables were small, indicating a weak variation of the data. From 2008 to 2013, the spatial autocorrelations of pH, hydrolytic N and available P were weaker, and auto-correlation distances were shorter. But the continuity of spatial distribution of organic carbon and available K was obvious and their corresponding auto-correlation distances increased; Elevations, parent rocks and managements in different townships significantly affected soil pH values and contents of both hydrolytic N and available K (P<0.1). Different elevations and management in different townships also had a significant impact on organic carbon (P<0.1), but only management in different townships had a significant impact on available P(P<0.1). The content of soil organic carbon, hydrolytic N, available P and K largely decreased in Daoshi, while soil pH value decreased in Qingliangfeng and Daoshi towns.[Conclusion] From 2008 to 2013, the overall soil fertility of Chinese walnut plantations in Lin'an declined. We suggest extend a soil test-based fertilizer application in the process of production and management of Chinese walnut, and to increase soil fertility by liming, growing grasses on the top soil and ecologically friendly fruit harvesting.

[Objective] The traditional method based on forest inventory data plays an import role in assessment of forest biomass at regional scale and its dynamics and verification of the remote-sensing based model and improvement of its prediction precision. The forest biomass methods at regional scale have attracted most attention of researchers, developing the stand-level biomass model has become a new trend. Based on 1990-2010 forestry inventory data (the 5^th inventory) of natural larch forest in the east of Daxing'an Mountains, we studied how to use two methods (i.e., stand biomass models respectively based on stand variables and stand volume) to establish the additive system of stand-level biomass equations, and analyzed their prediction precisions. These provided technical and theoretical support for accounting and monitoring the Chinese forest biomass and carbon stock.[Method] Structure of model errors (additive vs. multiplicative) of total and component biomass allometric equations in two stand-level biomass of natural larch forest in the east of Daxing'an Mountains were evaluated using the likelihood analysis, and aggregation system was used to establish the stand-level biomass additive models, while nonlinear seemly unrelated regression was used to estimate the parameters in the additive system of biomass equations. The stand-level biomass model validation was accomplished by Jackknifing technique in this study.[Result] The assumption of multiplicative error structure was strongly supported for total and tree components biomass equations in two stand-level biomass additive systems. Thus, the additive system of log-transformed biomass equations should be developed. The adjusted coefficient of determination (R_a²) of two stand-level biomass additive systems for natural larch forest in the east of Daxing'an Mountains were above 0.94, the mean relative error (ME) was between 0%-5%, and the mean absolute relative error (MAE) was less than 15%. All the precisions of total and tree components biomass equations in stand-level biomass additive system were above 98%.[Conclusion] Although the significance of likelihood analysis was used in individual tree biomass equations by several studies, it has not been widely applied in stand-level biomass equations. In addition, in order to estimate model parameters more effectively, the additivity of total and components biomass should be taken into account. Overall, there were differences between the two methods, but good precisions of the two methods were obtained. The two methods would be suitable for predicting the stand-level biomass of natural larch forest in the east of Daxing'an Mountains.

[Objective] In this study, the chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics and growth of Vernicia fordii (tung-oil) seedlings under pesticides stress were analyzed in order to guide tung oil cultivation and provide theoretical references for reducing non-point source pollution in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area.[Method] A pot experiment was conducted to study and compare the chlorophyll contents, chlorophyll fluorescence and growth of tung-oil seedlings under different concentrations of paraquat and fenvalerate-dimerthoate. Levels of paraquat and fenvalerate-dimerthoate were technical/water=1/50, 1/100, 1/200, 1/400 and 1/800 and technical/water=1/125, 1/250, 1/500, 1/1000 and 1/2000, respectively. Water treatment served as control.[Results] Results showed that the chlorophyll content differed under different concentrations of paraquat and fenvalerate-dimerthoate and the chlorophyll content decreased with increasing concentration. These differences were significant in the high concentrations treatment (paraquat ≥1/200 and fenvalerate-dimerthoate ≥1/500). The (F_v/F_m) of PSⅡ, q_P and ETR of tung-oil seedlings under high concentrations of paraquat (≥1/200) and fenvalerate-dimerthoate (≥1/500) were significantly lower than the CK (P<0.05), but the NPQ was obviously higher than the CK (P<0.05). The (F_v/F_m), (q_P), (ETR) and (NPQ) of tung-oil seedlings under the commodity provision concentration of paraquat (1/400) and fenvalerate-dimerthoate (1/1000) were lower than CK with an exception of ETR under the treatment of fenvalerate-dimerthoate, but the differences were not statistically significant. High concentration of paraquat (≥1/200) and fenvalerate-dimerthoate (≥1/500) inhibited the growth of plant height, diameter and biomass per plant of tung-oil seedlings (P<0.05), and the higher the concentration was used the stronger inhibition effect can be detected. Paraquat in the commodity provision concentration (1/400) promoted the growth of plant height, diameter and biomass per plant of tung-oil, while fenvalerate-dimerthoate in the commodity provision concentration (1/1000) inhibited the growth of plant height and biomass per plant of tung-oil, but promoted the growth of diameter. But all the differences in growth were not significant (P>0.05). The root/shoot ratio was inhibited by the high concentrations of paraquat (≥1/200) and fenvalerate-dimerthoate (≥1/500) treatment (P<0.05). Paraquat in the commodity provision concentration (1/400) promoted the root/shoot ratio and fenvalerate-dimerthoate in the commodity provision concentration (1/400) inhibited the root/shoot ratio, but again the differences were not significant (P>0.05).[Conclusion] Our results indicated that high concentrations of paraquat and fenvalerate-dimerthoate obviously decreased the chlorophyll content and photosynthesis of tung-oil seedlings and inhibited the growth of plant height, diameter and biomass per plant, and reduced the root/shoot ratio, which in turn resulted in reduction in root absorption area, and impact on the later growth of tung-oil seedlings. However, paraquat and fenvalerate-dimerthoate with the commodity provision concentrations did not have an obvious effect on photosynthesis and growth of tung-oil seedlings. Therefore, it was safe for spraying pesticide under the commodity provision concentration, which could achieve the good effect of weeding or insecticide and would not harm plants. The results provided guidance for protecting ecological environment and scientific agricultural production in the Three Gorges Reservoir region.

[Objective] Our objective is to find out the media composition suitable for birch container seedling growth, through the comprehensive evaluation of the growth dynamic of above and underground parts, the biomass and the nutrient content of the container seedlings in different light media.[Method] We used four different light media as the main ingredients. They were edible fungus wastes, corn rotten straw, corn rotten core and peat soil, with supplementing an appropriate amount of humus of larch needles and vermiculite. Four media were mixed with those ingredients, namely edible fungus wastes+humus of larch needles and vermiculite (T₁); corn rotten straw+humus of larch needles and vermiculite (T₂); corn rotten core+humus of larch needles and vermiculite (T₃); peat soil + humus of larch needles and vermiculite (T₄). Additionally, the convenient nutrient soil served as control (CK). We measured the height, the diameter, the ratio of height to diameter, the leaf area, the biomass and the nutrition content of the seedlings in different media.[Result] 1) Over 70 days of continuous observation, we found that all the seedlings in the four light media containers had the same growth rhythm as the control. 2) After 70 days growth, the average height and the leaf area of the seedlings in T₄ were greatest, and 2.24 and 1.42 times of the control, respectively. The ground diameter of seedlings in all media from big to small was:peat soil (T₄) > corn core (T₃) > edible fungus wastes (T₁) > corn stem (T₂) > control (CK). The specific root length and the root number of the seedlings in T₁ were higher than the other media including the control (P<0.05). The biomass of seedlings in T₄ and T₁ were 2.24 and 1.42 times higher than the control, respectively. The quality index of seedlings in peat soil was best among the all media. The nitrogen content of seedlings from high to low was:corn core (T₃) > peat soil (T₄) > corn stem (T₂) > edible fungus wastes (T₁) > control (CK). The phosphorus content of seedlings in peat soil was better than the other media. The potassium content in seedlings had no significant difference among all media (P>0.05).[Conclusion] Peat soil was the best container medium than the other light media and the control. The seedlings in edible fungus wastes, the corn core, and the corn stem media were all growth better than those in the control. The edible fungus wastes media promoted the root growth significantly. As we know that peat soil consistently reduces in the world. Thus we suggest using edible fungus wastes as the light container medium, not only because it is easy to access, but also it has light weight and promotes root development.

[Objective] Structural difference of resin canal in young stem, un-wounded and wounded trunks among Pinus massoniana clones with different resin yield were studied in order to provide theoretical basis for early selection of high resin yielding clones.[Method] Six clones of P. massoniana with different resin yield were measured using plant paraffin sections to compare differences of xylem anatomy between young stem and trunk and to investigate the structural changes due to wounding to the trunk. And correlations of resin canal structure among young stem, wounded and un-wounded trunks were analyzed.[Result] The total area of axial canals per unit area and the average area of individual axial canals in young stems were significantly different between high and low yielding clones. The total area of axial canals per unit area and the average area of individual axial canals of high yielding clone were 63 433 μm²·mm^-2 and 4 832 μm², 2.69 and 3.03 times greater than the low yielding one. The total area of radial canals per unit area and the average area of individual radial canals of high yielding clones were 42 105 μm²·mm^-2 and 3 858 μm², 3.19 and 3.44 times greater than the low yielding one. However, the difference of frequencies of axial canals was not significant between high and low yielding clones. Similar difference was found in un-wounded trunks. The total area of axial canals per unit area and the average area of individual axial canals of high yielding clone were 96 229 μm²·mm^-2 and 17 656 μm², 12.15% and 14.54% more than the low yielding one. And the difference of frequency of axial canals was not significant between high and low yielding clones. In the wounded xylem, the total area and number of axial canals per unit area (118 635 μm²·mm^-2 and 7.9) of high yielding clone were 23.96% and 27.87% higher than those of the low yielding one. However, the difference of the average area of individual axial canals was not significant between the high and low yielding clones. In the un-wounded trunk, the resin canals are mainly distributed in latewood and transition area between early- and late-wood. And the average width of latewood in high yielding clones was 312 μm, 15.56% greater than that of the low yielding ones. Influenced by wounding, resin canals were induced in early wood, leading to increase of the total area and number of resin canals in the xylem. However, the increase was higher in the high-yielding clone than in the low-yielding clone, resulting in higher resin yield in the high-yielding clone when wounded. The total area of resin canals in young stem was significantly correlated to that in wounded and un-wounded trunks, with correlation coefficients of 0.533 and 0.444 respectively.[Conclusion] There was significant difference in total area of axial canals between high and low yielding clones. The difference of resin canals in trunk xylem could be predicted by the anatomic characteristics of young stems, indicating possibility of early selection of high resin yielding clones of P. massoniana.

[Objective] This paper tries to study whether the exogenous Bt gene stably existed and expressed in 8-year-old grafted transgenic 741 poplar[Populus alba×(P. davidiana+P. simonii)×P. tomentosa], which have adapted to the complex natural environment many years after planting, and to explore patterns of sites, volume and direction of transportation and accumulation of Bt toxin protein in adult poplar.[Method] Poplar 741(741) and transgenic poplar 741(Pb29) with BtCry1Ac gene were grafted reciprocally as scion and stock. 8 years after planting in natural conditions, the two types of grafted poplars(741/Pb29, Pb29/741) were used for detection and validation of BtCry1Ac gene by PCR. In addition, the content of toxin protein in different tissues and different parts of adult grafted poplar was detected by means of ELISA technical system.[Result] The PCR test of BtCry1Ac gene showed that specific bands at the same size as that of the positive control were detected for both the scion of Pb29/741 and the rootstock of 741/Pb29, but not for the rest of non-transgenic parts and the negative control, proving that the Bt gene existed stably in the transgenic tissue of grafted poplar and no gene loss happened. Bt toxin protein was detected in all of the leaves, phloem, xylem and pith by the ELISA test, proving that Bt gene were expressed stably in 8-year-old transgenic grafted poplar 741, and Bt toxin can be transported between scion and stock in adult grafted transgenic poplar 741. As for the Pb29/741 adult plants, which had non-transgenic parts underground and transgenic parts above ground, we found that the Bt toxin protein could be expressed in above ground tissue and be transported to and accumulated in the non-transgenic tissue of roots and stem base mainly through phloem. And the content of the toxic protein gradually increased from outer to the inner of the crown, and decreased downward along the trunk progressively. While for the 741/Pb29 adult plants, which with transgenic roots and non-transgenic ground stems, we also found that the Bt toxin protein could be expressed in roots and stem base and be transported to and accumulated in the outer crown mainly through phloem. It showed that the content of Bt toxin protein gradually decreased upward along the non-transgenic trunk, and it increased from the inside tree crown to the outer.[Conclusion] The transportation of Bt toxin protein in the perennial grafted poplar showed a similar trend though the grafting methods were different. Additionally, the Bt toxin protein could be transported from transgenic part to non-transgenic part, and the content of toxin protein performed a similar transportation and accumulation trend from source to library. Transgenic poplars could be widely applied in production by a traditional way of grafting, which would improve the ecological safety of transgenic trees.

[Objective] In order to determine the suitable agent and method for labeling Alternaria alternata, the pathogen of jujube shrunken-fruit disease, and to explore its primary infection period, the labeling system with copper sulfate in A. alternata was established, which will facilitate the study of infection mechanisms and pathogenicity of the pathogen, and effective management of the disease in the field.[Method] Copper sulfate was selected for the reagent of resistance-labeling in A. alternata wild type strain CN193 from the four fungicidal chemicals, i.e. copper sulfate, cobalt chloride, silver nitrate and cycloheximide by using inhibition zone method on PDA plate. With the inhibition method of spore germination, the mixture of conidial spore suspension with either 1.0 mg·mL^-1, 1.5 mg·mL^-1 or 2.0 mg·mL^-1 concentration of the copper sulfate in a ratio of 1:1 was dropped into concave slides. The germinated spores were scored after a 12 h incubation, and the initial concentration of copper sulfate was determined. A copper sulfate-resistant mutant strain CN193Cu^r was obtained by culturing the fungus on PDA medium containing copper sulfate from 1.5 mg·mL^-1 up to 4.5 mg·mL^-1. The stability of the copper sulfate resistance of mutant CN193Cu^r was verified in the laboratory, and its infectivity was determined by pathogenicity test in a jujube plantation with inoculation of spore by spraying to the jujube flowers and stab-wounding on the surface of unripe jujube fruits, together with the analysis of BOX-PCR finger printing patterns.[Result] Copper sulfate had highly inhibitory effect on A. alternata while cobalt chloride and silver nitrate were less inhibitive, and cycloheximide was not inhibitive. The initial concentration of copper sulfate was set at 1.5 mg·mL^-1, which produced a mutation rate of 12%, and the final concentration of copper sulfate in this study was 4.5 mg·mL^-1. Inoculation tests showed that the mutant CN193Cu^r had the same pathogenicity as did its wild type strain CN193. The mutant CN193Cu^rp, isolated from diseased fruit through inoculation of spore spraying onto the flowers, could grow normally on PDA plate with high concentration (4.5 mg·mL^-1) of copper sulfate, while the wild type strain CN193 could not. The CN193Cu^rp grew faster than the wild strain on PDA plates without copper sulfate. The fruits could be infected after inoculation with conidia suspension of CN193Cu^r at the stage of blossom, and the mutant strain CN193Cu^rp was able to be isolated again from the diseased fruits, demonstrating that the mutant strain was able to infect jujube flowers.[Conclusion] Copper sulfate could be a suitable label to A. alternata, which may provide a technique for labeling other pathogenic fungi and bacteria. The method of increasing concentrations of antibiotic or chemicals can obtain stable mutants, which will facilitate the study of infection mechanisms in plant pathogenic fungi or bacteria. BOX-PCR fingerprint techniques can be used to quickly detect the fungal diversity, which may provide more effective intraspecific information of different strains. The mutant CN193Cu^r has stable resistance to copper sulfate and strong pathogenicity to jujube fruits, and can be applied to study the infection mechanism and pathogenesis of the pathogen causing jujube shrinkage fruits.

[Objective] In order to promote the soil fauna ecological study and provide the scientific management basis for the protection of forests in Changbai Mountains, the decomposition rate and nutrient release of Abies nephrolepis litter and the effect of soil fauna were studied in the coniferous forests of Changbai Mountains.[Method] Two kinds of litterbags with different mesh sizes of, 1 mm and 0.01 mm, were used to examine the needle litter decomposition rate and nutrient release of the dominant tree species (A. nephrolepis) and the effect of soil fauna on the processes in the coniferous forests of northern slope of Changbai Mountains. Soil fauna in the litterbags were separated from litter by hand picking and Tullgren funnel methods. The TOC content in litter was determined using the FeSO₄ titrimetric method. TN and TP contents were determined by an automated analyzer (WESTCO, Smartchem140, USA). Repeated-measures ANOVA were carried out to evaluate the effects of habitat, mesh size and their interactions on the decomposition rate and the contents of TOC, TN, and TP. Pearson's correlation coefficients were conducted to examine the relationship between the group number, individual of soil fauna and the decomposition rate and the contents of TOC, TN, and TP. Redundancy analysis (RDA) was performed to evaluate the relationships between soil fauna and the decomposition rate and the contents of TOC, TN, TP.[Result] After a year of field incubation, the decomposition rates in the 1 mm litterbags were significant higher than that in 0.01 mm litterbags in two habitats (P<0.05). The decomposition rates in two kinds of litterbags varied seasonally, and the decomposition rates in the summer and autumn were higher than those in winter and spring. Litter decomposition rate in the bright coniferous forest was higher than that in the dark coniferous forest at the end of experiment. The TN and TP relative contents (g·kg^-1) in litter rose in both mesh sizes litterbags. The TN and TP contents in the dark coniferous forest were higher than those in the bright coniferous forest, especially the TP relative content in the 1 mm litterbags (P<0.05). The TOC relative content (g·kg^-1) in the 1 mm litterbags in the bright coniferous forest was lower than that in the dark coniferous forest, while there was a opposite tendency in the 0.01 litterbags. The relative contents of TP in the 1 mm litterbags were significantly lower than those in the 0.01 mm litterbags (P=0.001), but no significant differences of the relative contents of TN and TOC were found between the two mesh sizes litterbags. A total of 905 individuals, belonging to 21 groups, were found in 1 mm litterbags in the dark coniferous forest during the incubation period. There were 19 groups, 1 227 individuals captured in the bright coniferous forest in the 1 mm litterbags. The main soil fauna, which participated in the litter decomposition, were Isotomidae, Oribatida, Pseudachorutidae, Hypogastruridae, Actinedida, Gamasida, Enchytraeidae and Tomoceridae. The decomposition rate had a significant positive correlation with individual, group number and main soil fauna, while the TOC, TN, and TP absolute contents (g) were significantly negatively correlated with individual, group number and main soil fauna. The analysis above showed that habitat impacted on the decomposition rate significantly, and had certain effect on the nutrient content.[Conclusion] Soil fauna played an obvious role in promoting the litter decomposition and the release of TOC, TN, and TP.

[Objective] In order to provide a reasonable reference for the management regime of natural secondary forests, the carbon source utilization and functional diversity of soil microbial communities were investigated under different forest management regimes of natural secondary forests in northeastern China.[Method] Four forests representing management regimes, traditional forest management(FM1), target tree-based forest management(FM2), conversion to mixed broadleaved-based forest management(FM3) and nonintervention forest management(FM4), were selected in Danqinghe Forestry Farm located in Harbin, Heilongjiang Province. Among them, the traditional forest management (FM1) puts more emphasis on obtaining the woods. Target tree-based forest management (FM2) is mainly based on the crop tree management, the weak interference and natural regeneration of the target trees. Conversion to mixed broadleaved-based forest management (FM3) is a management that new hardwoods are introduced into the original management regime while logging. The nonintervention forest management (FM4) is based on the natural growth without any disturbance. Under each forest management regime, we had 3 sampling plots. Each 50 m×50 m plot was divided into 10 m×10 m quadrats, generating a total of 25 quadrats. The topsoil (0-20 cm) was collected in each quadrate. Based on the Biolog-Eco method, we studied the different characteristics of carbon source utilization and functional diversity in the four forest management regimes, and further explored the effect of soil chemical properties on soil carbon source utilization types.[Result] The carbon source utilization of soil microbial communities in FM1 was significantly lower than those in other three regimes, and it was highest in FM4, while there was no significant difference in soil carbon source utilization between in FM2 and FM3. Soil chemical properties, especially available nitrogen(AN), available potassium(AK), available phosphorus(AP), soil organic carbon(SOC)and carbon-nitrogen ratio(C/N), had significant impact on the carbon source utilization of soil microbial communities. Soil microbial functional diversity, expressed as Simpson index(D), Shannon-Wiener index(H')and McIntosh index(U), had an order of FM4 >FM2 and FM3 >FM1, which might be related to the different tending and thinning treatments among the four natural secondary forests.[Conclusion] The nonintervention forest management(FM4) may be the optimalnatural forest management regime in secondary forest in northeastern China, in term consideration of the utilization and the functional diversity of soil microbial carbon source. However, with comprehensive consideration of the ecological and economic benefits of forest management, as well as the natural regeneration of the tree species, the conversion to mixed broadleaved-based forest management(FM3) would be the best management regime for natural secondary forest in northeastern China.

[Objective] This study was to establish an early warning technology for forecasting outbreaks of defoliator insects Orthosia songi Chen et Zhang based on a recommended standard "Grading Methods of Natural Disaster Risk" issued by Civil Affairs of China. The main aim was to provide relevant information for risk grading and establish a warning technology of outbreak for forest and agriculture defoliator insects.[Method] This study used O. songi-host tree Eucommia ulmoides system as a model located at Linbao City, Henan Province, China. Leaf area loss rate (%) and fruit dropped rate (%) were measured under different larval densities (larvae per hundred leaves). Probability index (P) of O. songi population occurrence was determined using the expected larval densities. Quantitative indexes of loss (C) caused by O. songi occurrence were used in basis of the expected scope of leaf area loss rate, fruit dropped rate, outbreak area rate and expected increasing management cost rate. A risk classification matrix of O. songi occurrence risk was set up based on the normalized risk probability index (P) and loss index (C). Meanwhile, the expected leaf area loss scope, fruit dropped loss scope and occurrence area was predicted using the observed egg and larval densities in permanent plots in Eucommia plantations. These data were used to forecast the risk grade. Feasibility and maneuverability of risk grading system were then evaluated through actual leaf area loss rate and fruit dropped rate during late development stage of the same generation.[Result] Leaf area loss rate and fruit dropped rate differed statistically significant among different larval densities. A larval density at 16 larvae per hundred leaves led to more than 60% of leaf area loss. Every single larva caused 2.8% of average leaf loss. The 17% or more of fruits premature drop when larval density was 24 larvae per hundred leaves or above. Every larva caused average 0.8% of fruit premature drop. Based on survey of egg density and larval density in May 2015, we predicted that larval density ranged 11 to 35 larvae per hundred leaves with a probability index P of 2, and the expected occurrence area rate of 75% at a loss index C of 2. The expected scope of leaf area loss rate at C=2 ranged from 16% to 49%, and the expected fruit drop rate at C=3 varied from 6% to 10%. The expected increase in management cost was 0 with a loss index C=4. Therefore the smallest value should be selected as loss index C when C had a different value in the risk classification matrix. Risk score R should be calculated as P×C, or 2×2=4 in the corresponding risk classification matrix. A high risk of orange alert was predicted and did not rule out extremely high risk in some plantations. The actual average leaf area loss rate and fruit dropped rate caused by O. songi surveyed in July 2015 were 17.2% and 9.4%, respectively, among which plantations accounted for 17% of the total area suffered extremely high damage. The results fitted well the prediction, indicating that the risk grading method is feasible.[Conclusion] Risk score R of O. songi disaster was divided into four grades and was given four different colors for different R values, or four different levels of risk of O. songi occurrence. Red color represent extremely-high risk with R value ranging 1-2; orange color, high risk with R from 3-4; yellow means medium risk with R from 6 to 9; green represents low risk, R ranging 12-16. The risk grading method in this study was well suited for short-term predictions, i.e. prediction of risk caused by one generation. Refining the indices for long-term prediction will be a focus of future studies.

[Obiective] In order to understand composition of endophytic Pestalotiopsis and provide the solid foundation for research on metabolites of endophytic Pestalotiopsis. A survey on diversity of endophytic Pestalotiopsis of 16 plant species of Caesalpiniaceae, Magnoliaceae and Myrtaceae were carried out in Nanning Liangfengjiang Forest Park of Guangxi.[Method] The tissue isolation and molecular techniques were used to preliminarily analyze the correlations between endophytic Pestalotiopsis and plant species, plant parts and seasons from or in which the fungus was isolated.[Result] Results showed that 89 isolates of endophytic Pestalotiopsis were isolated from 16 plant species of Caesalpiniaceae, Magnoliaceae and Myrtaceae, and among the isolates 11 species were identified based on morphological characters. Eight, six, eight and six endophytic Pestalotiopsis species were respectively collected from Melaleuca leucadendra (Myrtaceae), Syzygium polypetaloideum (Myrtaceae), Peltophorum tonkinense (Caesalpiniaceae), and Saraca chinensis (Caesalpiniaceae), in which the most endophytic Pestalotiopsis species colonized, of which the highest isolation frequency was 2.86% from Peltophorum tonkinense. It was also found that colonization frequencies of endophytic Pestalotiopsis were higher on twigs than leaves for most of plant species, and higher in autumn than in other seasons. In comparison, Shannon-Wiener's diversity index of endophytic Pestalotiopsis was the highest in Caesalpiniaceae (2.235 3), the second in Myrtaceae (2.163 5) and the lowest in Magnoliaceae (1.863 7).[Conclusion] It indicated that endophytic Pestalotiopsis had preference colonizing in Peltophorum tonkinense, Saraca chinensis, Erythrophleum fordii, and Melaleuca leucadendra and the colonization frequencies were higher in twigs and its colonization frequencies varied in different seasons, among which the highest frequencies were in autumn.

[Objective] In this study, the influences of landscape pattern on forest fires in Yunnan Province were studied. The landscape index was calculated and the correlation analysis was conducted to examine the influences of different land use types on forest fires, as well as the influence strength of the increasing fire burned area. This study aimed to lay a theoretical foundation for future in-depth study on the impact of forest landscape on forest fires.[Method] Forest fires were classified based on the Forest Protection Regulations combined with the actual situation in the study area in Yunnan Province. The remote sensing images were pretreated and reclassified, and the land use classification diagram of Yunnan Province was granted. The ArcGIS grid method was used to grid and seven kinds of landscape indexes were chosen[number of plaques (NP), mean patch size(MPS), patch density(PD), contagion index(CONTAG), patch richness(PR), patch richness density(PRD),Shannon's diversity index (SHDI)] and calculated. The correlation analysis and the Bootstrap method were applied to study the relationship between forest fires and the landscape index, furthermore to investigate the influence of landscape pattern on forest fires.[Result] A total of 1457 fires occurred during 2005 to 2008 in Yunnan Province, and among which the 98 were major fires. Within the grid with the side length of 10 km, the chance of high-grade forest fire occurrence was increased with the increase of the average plaque area of coniferous forest, broadleaf forest, grass and shrubs, but it decreased with the increase of mixed coniferous and broad-leaved forest, river and wetland. In more than 100 hectares of forest fires, the correlation coefficient of contagion, Shannon diversity index, landscape shape index, patch density, the number of plaques and forest fire area were -0.022, 0.300, 0.253,-0.333, -0.360 and -0.302, respectively. All correlations except for that with landscape shape index were significant. In 0-1 hm² of forest fires, the correlation between the contagion index and the forest fire area was believable at the 0.01 level. For forest fires with burned area of 50-100 hm², Bootstrap significance of CONTAG and SHDI was credible at 0.01 and 0.05 levels. When forest fire area was more than 100 hm², burned area was negatively correlated with SHDI with the negative correlation coefficient of -0.333, and the correlation was significant at the 0.01 level.[Conclusion] The increase of the average patch area of coniferous forest, broadleaf forest, grassland and shrub promoted the spread of forest fires, while the increase of the average patch area of the mixed broadleaved-conifer forest and wetland inhibited the spread of forest fires. Through the Bootstrap test of significance, the influences of Shannon diversity index, landscape abundance and spread index on burned area dropped in the range of 0-1 hm² fire burned area. However, in the range of 50-100 hm² fire burned area, the influences of spread index, Shannon diversity index and plaque quantity on burned area decreased. The correlations of forest fire and Shannon diversity index, the patch number and the patch density were changed to more negative with the increase of fire rating, and the inhibiting effect on forest fire gradually increased. On the contrary, the correlation of forest fire and spread index was changed to more positive with the increase of fire rating, and the promoting effect gradually increased. The impacts of landscape indices on fire burned area were obvious for major forest fires.

[Objective] Standing trees of different species were selected as samples to study the stress wave propagation velocity pattern in the RL(radial and longitudinal)plane of wood so that the rule of stress wave propagation can be understood well, and the theoretical basis of three dimensional imaging of wood internal structure can be improved.[Method] Firstly, an analytical stress wave velocity model in RL plane of wood was derived. Then eight standing trees of different species(Cinnamomum camphora, Liquidambar formosana, Michelia chapensis, Liriodendron chinensis, Populus adenopoda, Platanus sp., Pinus sp., and Populus alba)at the university arboretum in Zhejiang Agricultural and Forestry University were selected as samples for nondestructive evaluation experiments. Arbotom detector was used to measure the stress wave velocity at different grain angles in the RL plane of specimens. For the healthy samples of standing tree, the regression analysis about the ratio of the velocity v_θ along the direction angle θ and the radial velocity v₀ was finished.[Result] In the RL plane of healthy trees, stress wave velocity increased with direction angle θ becoming larger, and the wave velocity along the radial direction was the smallest. The radial direction angle θ=0. When θ increased gradually, the stress wave velocity became faster and propagated parallel to the grain gradually. For the same direction angle θ, the stress wave velocity v_θ were different in different standing trees. Generally, the relationship between the direction angle θ and the ratio v_θ/v₀ approximated to a quadratic function v_θ/v₀≈kθ²+1(0≤k≤1), and k depended on the physical and mechanical properties of wood. For all the regression models of different samples of standing trees, the coefficient of determination R² was higher than 0.92. The regression results demonstrated the effectiveness of the analytical stress wave velocity model. In order to evaluate the effectiveness of above mentioned model, two other experiments on Platanus sp., with internal decay and log samples were finished. In the RL plane of Platanus sp., some stress wave propagation paths traversed through the decay area, and the wave velocities didn't accord with above mentioned mode for these paths. Similarly, after the test on a healthy Pinus sp., log and a healthy P.alba log, a rectangle hole was dug in the log, and ran the test again with same wave propagation path as before. Finally, based on the proposed stress wave velocity model, a four direction cross-testing method was presented, which could detect the location of internal defect of wood.[Conclusion] In the RL plane of healthy standing trees, the relationship between the direction angle θ and the ratio v_θ/v₀ approximated to a quadratic function v_θ/v₀≈kθ²+1(0≤k≤1). Experimental results on many standing trees of different species demonstrated the effectiveness of the stress wave velocity model. Further experiment and analysis showed that the proposed wave model could be helpful to detect the internal defects of trees.

[Objective] In order to seek the environmental-friendly and effective removal of fermentation inhibitors form dilute acid pretreated bamboo spent liquor, graphitized carbon was used as detoxification media, and the ethanol fermentaion yields of before and after detoxification were compared.[Method] Moso bamboo powder was pretreated by 2% (mass of dry bamboo) sulfuric acid (ratio of solid and solution is 1:6) in 180℃ for 60 min to obtain the dilute acid pretreated spent liquor. The 5 fermentation inhibitors concentrations were determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Graphitized carbon column was used to elute the inhibitors from the spent liquor. The elution process was carried out under normal temperature, air was used as eluent, and varies flow rate and elution times were adjusted. The inhibitors content of pretreated spent liquors after elution were determined by HPLC, and detoxification effects of the graphitized carbon were calculated. Moreover, in order to observe the regeneration effects of graphitized carbon, the graphitized carbon column after detoxification was flushed by dilute acid or ethanol at room temperature. The sugars concentrations of detoxified spent liquors were determined by ion chromatography to evalute the effects of graphitized carbon detoxified on sugars. The pretreated spent liquors after detoxification were fermented by Saccharomyces cerevisiae, biological sensor was used to determine the ethanol content in fermentation solution and the ethanol fermentation yield was calculated.[Result] The total fermentation inhibitors consisting of formic acid, acetic acid, levulinic acid, furfural and 5-hydroxymethyl furfural in dilute acid pretreated bamboo spent liquors were 15.87 g·L^-1. Elution rate of fermentation inhibitors by graphitized carbon was decreased with the increasing of flow rate. More than 99.7% of the fermentation inhibitors can be removed from the spent liquors under the flow rate of 0.2 mL·min^-1. Graphitized carbon can be used repeatedly, even after using 5 times, still can remove more than 95.7% of the fermentation inhibitors. The loss rates of five kinds of sugars were all less than 9% after the graphitized carbon elution process. The spent liquors after fermentation inhibitors removal can be used for ethanol fermentation, glucose can be converted to ethanol completely after 24 h fermentation, and the ethanol yield were more than 85%. The regeneration effects of dilute acid and ethanol on graphitized carbon after detoxification was limited.[Conclusion] Graphitized carbon can effectively remove the 5 fermentation inhibitors from dilute acid pretreated bamboo spent liquors, and the elution rates were all above 99%. The loss rates of sugars were low. The spent liquors after detoxification can be used for ethanol fermentation and the ethanol yield were more than 85%.

[Objective] A computed tomography (CT) imaging system based on fan-shaped X-ray beam was developed for high-resolution tomographic imaging of standing wood. Many subjects such as nuclear physics, computer science and signal processing etc. were integrated in the CT imaging system. The CT technology was applied in standing wood, the reconstruction image of standing wood could be used to facilitate researchers accurately understanding internal structure and defect characteristics of wood, which would provide technical support for the wood science research in China.[Method] CT imaging for standing wood based on the X-ray absorption extent might be different in various wood structures. So, by measuring the X-ray attenuation coefficients within wood, solving the two-dimensional distribution matrix of coefficients on standing wood's cross section, transforming the matrix into a gray-scale image, and the tomographic imaging for standing wood could be realized. The CT imaging system includes an X-ray source, an X-ray detector, an electric rotational stage and a computer, the computer controls the CT system as a central processing unit. During standing wood's scanning, the X-ray source and the X-ray detector were stationary, while the standing wood placed in the center of electric rotational stage. The fan-shaped beam was emitting from X-ray source to the standing wood and the X-ray detector captured the penetrated X-ray intensity when the standing wood was at different angles of rotation. The computer gave detector an order to collect data via USB, and converted the X-ray intensity into digital signal, then transferred to the computer and saved as database files. In order to meet the requirements of computer tomographic imaging reconstruction, the data needs to be pre-processed, including removing detector's dark field, compensating detector's abnormal responded channels, correcting detector's inconsistent response, and calculating the line integral projection value of standing wood's cross section. Based on the fan-shaped X-ray beam and equidistant line array detector, the filtered back projection reconstruction algorithm was used in the standing wood CT system.[Result] The performance of the CT system for standing wood was assessed, the space resolution of the CT system is 0.4 mm, and the maximum diameter of the detected standing wood is 29.5 cm. The scanning experiments were carried out on a block of Thuja, Pinus and plywood at 360 degrees, respectively. The experiment-1 verified that the standing woods' projection data at various angles were effective and the according CT reconstruction images were reasonable. The experiment-2 demonstrated that the CT reconstruction images were correct by comparing the pictures and the reconstruction images of the standing woods' cross sections.[Conclusion] The reconstruction images clearly revealed the structural features of standing woods' cross sections, such as shape, crack, growth ring and pith, etc. The quality of the reconstruction images meet requirements for detecting standing woods' internal structure.

[Objective] Developing forest fire insurance pure rates (P) model which adapt to China's current forest insurance system and making analysis on forest fire insurance rates distribution by regional in China can provide the method and reference for rating the forest fire insurance premium rate scientifically and reasonably.[Method] This paper developed a forest fire insurance pure premium rate model basing on Holecy's forest fire insurance premium rate model(Holecy et al., 2003; 2006). The Expected pure premium rate (EP)is mean of forest fire occurrence probability and the Risk pure premium rate(RP)is tolerable error of EP. The model involved the insurance rate fire occurrence probability and other factors. It replaced the Holecy model's insured area variable and changed the measurement units from the actual value to thousand points(‰).To check the model, it make an analysis on China's forest insurance pure premium rate under different insurance rates by regions in 2014 and compare the estimation results(P_βM) and the actual rate(P^*_βM) of 19 forest insurance modeling regions by paired sample T test.[Result] It indicated that the EP of most regions in China were below 1.00‰ but regional differences was significant. The P shall increase with the decreasing of the insured rate. The P of 19 forest insurance modeling regions is 0.05% to 7.20% as the current insured rate. There was no significant difference between the actual pure premium rate and estimated pure premium rate according to the paired samples T test.[Conclusion] The model considered both the identified and uncertain factors and fitted current forest insurance system in China. The estimated result was accurate. It recommended that the data should be adjusted dynamically according to the time and spatial variation when using the model. This model can be use to determine the forest fire insurance gross premium rate.

[Objective] Taking foresters who are taking part in forest carbon sequestration project in Sichuan Province as research objects, this paper analyzed foresters'constant participation willingness and its affecting factors in order to provide countermeasures and suggestions for increasing foresters' enthusiasm to constantly participating forest carbon sequestration project, realizing the construction goal of project and speeding up sustainable development of forestry which is regarded carbon sequestration as the main objective in dealing with global climate change.[Method] Based on the survey data of 397 foresters in Novartis forestry carbon sequestration, community and biodiversity project construction zone in the southwest of Sichuan Province, the orderly Probit model was used to conduct an empirical analysis on foresters' constant participation willingness for forest carbon sequestration project and its affecting factors.[Result] The research results indicated that the willingness of foresters to constantly participate in forest carbon sequestration project was not high, and need to be further improved. The parameters such as land area of participation, family income level, satisfaction for early returns, the late earnings forecast, government support, the degree of difficulty in obtaining the forestry information and road traffic etc. haves significant positive influences on foresters' willingness of constant participation. While the age, multiple occupations level and project organization model showed significant negative effects.[Conclusion] We put forward some suggestions to promote the sustainable development of forest carbon sequestration projects from both business and government. For the forestry entity (enterprise), they should carry out multiple targets considering area, land and population, adjust measurements for local conditions to optimize the organization model of project, balance the early earns and late benefits. As for the government, they should intensify policy support, establish and perfect the forestry information release and disaster warning mechanism, introduce financial support policy to improve infrastructure construction of forest carbon sequestration project area. In this way, the sustainable development of forest carbon sequestration project would be promoted, and then realize the climate improvement, ecological prosperity and income increasing of foresters.

The functionalization has become an important way to broaden application areas of wood materials, to improve social and economic added values of wood products and to promote transformation and upgrading of wood industry, driven by the increasing market demands and competitions from other materials. The prosperous cross-disciplinary technology of microencapsulation, which is characterized by controlled release and effective insulation, provides a new platform for the development of wood functional materials. Functional units with special electrical, magnetic, optical, acoustic, thermal, mechanical, chemical and biomedical properties are separated into stable microparticles by microencapsulation, which greatly increases their specific surface area and thus enhances their functional effects. According to the specific functional requirement from products, these particles could be evenly imported into wood interior or just concentrated on the surface of wood substrate to prepare durable wood functional materials at a low consumption of functional units. After being encapsulated, wood preservatives generated obviously less harm to environment and human beings, and their release rates became slow and controllable. Microencapsulation could significantly reduce the hygroscopicity of fire retardants and their adverse effects on bonding strength and mechanical properties of wood materials, and efficiently combine the synergetic flame-retardant ingredients. When preparing fragrant wood products, microencapsulation was very suitable for improving the stability of flavors and extending their service period. In the development of reversible thermochromic wood materials, microencapsulation of the thermochromic compositions was an effective approach to improve their stability and durability. In addition, thermal/pressure sensitive functional microcapsules showed great advantages of long storage period, convenience of use and small dosage while being applied to wood materials. Microencapsulation could also be utilized to synthesize controlled-release formaldehyde scavenger, which significantly decreased the emission of formaldehyde over a very long period. Although microencapsulation has injected new vitality into the development of wood functional materials, its application is still in the initial stage. Future researches should focus on the following topics:to realize the quick import and durable bonding for microcapsules by further developing nano-capsule technology and thoroughly studying bonding mechanism between microcapsules and wood substrates; to systematically study the effects of external conditions in production and use of wood functional materials on morphologies, physical and mechanical performance and functional properties of microcapsules, providing theoretical basis for the application of microencapsulation in wood materials; to overcome the incompatibility of different types of functional units by microencapsulation while preparing multifunctional wood materials; to push forward the application of smart microcapsules such as thermalchromic pigments in wood materials, promoting the intelligentization of modern home furnishing; to carry out researches on the standardization of functional microcapsules, guiding a healthy and orderly development of microencapsulation in the field of wood materials.

[Objective] Actinidia arguta is a nutritious fruit plant with a great potential for development of economic forest. Studies of fertility of the spores would help us to better understand the characteristics of propagation of the species, in order to provide theoretical basis for scientific and rational cultivation and management measures.[Method] In view of the existing problems in research and utilization of microspores and megaspores abortion of A. arguta, fertile anther and abortive ovary of male plants, sterile anther and normal ovary of female plants were investigated on the period and characteristics of its abortion at cellular and sub-cellular levels.[Result] In male plants, the pollens developed normally, with obvious columellae on the spore extine and integrated organelles, which microspores developed mitotically into mature binucleate pollens. In female plants, pollens were sterile, without columellae on the spore extine, moreover, the boundary lines of organelles were vague definition. Microspores were at the stage of single nucleus without mitosis. The pollen protoplasm of female plants concentrated into a paste, closed to one side and then disappeared, resulting in cavities in the pollen and pollen abortion. The style and stigma of pistil in male plant with clustered white fluffy as developed abnormally. Pistil of the female plant, with rapidly developing layers on the inner wall of the placenta cells are rapidly dividing, gradually protruding enlargement of the formation of the ovule primordia. The nucleus of a cell on the top of the lower nucellar epidermis significantly increased cytoplasmic highly concentrated archesporial cell, followed by megaspore mother cell and inverted-type ovules with the flower development. The male plant pistil ventricular tube block layers of cells on the inner wall has not been split, not protruding enlargement formed the ovule primordial, ovule development stagnated, the entire ventricular seem narrow and long.[Conclusion] In conclusion, pollens of A. arguta female plants had microspores during the development of floral organs, however, abnormal development presented at a later stage of signal nucleus, leading to pollens abortion. Ovule primordia stagnation is the cause for megaspore infertility of male plants.

[Objective] In this study, ultraviolet irradiation was used to mutate Beauveria bassiana BH01, isolated from an infested larvae of Hyphantria cunea (Drury) (Lepidoptera:Arctiidae), to select high virulent mutants and provide new engineered strains for the biocontrol of H. cunea.[Method] The spore suspension of BH01 was put under UV lamp to mutagenize, positive mutant strain was first selected based on the mutation strains' spore yield which was more than 2 times of original strains. Then the pathogenicity of positive mutant strains to 5^th instar larvae of H. cunea was determined. The screened high virulent mutant strains were subculture to determine the stability of the sporulation yield and pathogenicity.[Result] We obtained 28 colonies after UV treatment, and the corrected mortality of spore was 85.5%. The colonies acquired after UV treatment were cultured on PDA plate and three positive mutant strains of BH01-5, BH01-12, and BH01-25 with more than 2 times higher spore yield than the original strain were obtained. Contrast to the original strains, the corrected mortality of 5^th instar larvae of H. cunea caused by the mutant strain BH01-5 was significantly lower, and BH01-25 caused the almost equivalent mortality. However, the BH01-12 caused the significantly higher mortality, and the corrected mortality and LT₅₀ values were 1.30 and 0.68 times higher than that of the original strain, respectively, and the differences are statistically significant. The mutant strains BH01-12 and BH01-25 were subcultured 6 generations. The results showed that the spore yield and pathogenicity of BH01-25 decreased gradually, with the same trend with the original strain. But the spore yield was always higher than that of the original strain. In addition, the pathogenicity of original strain decreased from the 4 generation, while that of BH01-25 decreased from the 6 generation, indicating the better stability of the mutant. In contrast, both the amount of spore production and the pathogenicity to the larvae of H. cunea of the mutant strain BH01-12 were not declined during the 6 generation of subculture, indicating the mutant was significantly better than that of original strain.[Conclusion] After the UV mutagenizing to B. bassiana BH01 isolated from diseased larvae of H. cunea, a mutant strain BH01-12 with higher spore yield and pathogenicity was obtained. During 6 generation sub-culture of the mutant, the spore production and pathogenicity of BH01-12 had no any reduction, showing to a certain degree genetic stability and good production and application prospects.

Robinia pseudoacacia ‘Beilinhuai 2’ is a new variety selected from one mutation of Robinia pseudoacacia K3. It grows rapidly with straight trunk, longer internode, shorter and thinner thorn (6.59 mm), smaller number of leaflets (13-17), thinner leaf compared with ordinary Robinia pseudoacacia and K3. It can be easy to propagate and afforest, and thus it is an excellent multi-purpose new variety.

The ‘Tiantong C22’ is a new elite variety that was derived from bred through superior tree selection, clonal afforestation survey and regionalization trail. It features thin lateral branches, small branch angels, straight trunk, fine natural stem-join capability, impressive adaptability and strong pest-resistant function. The 4-year-old plantation is characterized by 24 cm diameter at breast-height in average and 13 cm height in average. Thanks to its stable properties, the elite variety can be widely planted in regions to where Paulownia fortunes are normally distributed.

The ‘Huiwang No.1’ is a new cold resistant variety of bluelerry and was selected from the mutant of ‘O'Neal’ blueberry (Vaccinum corymbosum×ashei). The fruit average fruit weight of the new variety is 2.31 g. The fruit is flat-round, and its fruit-shape index is 0.77. The content of soluble solids, titratable acid, vitamin C and anthocyanin is 12.7%, 1.82%, 37.9 mg·kg^-1 and 25.71 mg·kg^-1, respectively. The fruit development period is about 50 d, and the fruits can be harvested at in mid-late May in the region along the Yangtze River District in Anhui Province.