We investigated the ultraweak luminescence(UWL) emitted from the root of Platycladus orientalis and Acacia auriculiformis in responsing to soil drying and in a previous cycle of soil dehydration-rehydration to modify the UWL ability of root. Plants were grown in pots and subjected by rapid and slow soil drying. UWL is related to the soil drought time extend, soil water content (SWC) and root water content (RWC) reducing, P <0.001. But the relationship between UWL and leaf water potential (Ψ) is remarkable at the level of P <0.1. UWL recovers from the soil rehydration but its recovery rate is slower than SWC or Ψ. Results are discussed in the context of the sensibility of UWL to soil drought. We concluded that root UWL as an indicator of plant drought resistance is more sensitive than Ψ.

Using the experiences of researching on forest soil acidification both at home and abroad, collecting the data from hilly area around the sichuan basin, the pure Chinese fir(Cunninghamia lanceolata Lamb. Hook)second generation plantation was studied basing on the site classification. The rhizosphere soil pH(KCl), Al³⁺,Ca²⁺/Al³⁺, litter Ca²⁺/(Ca²⁺+Fe³⁺+Al³⁺)were selected as reference factors to study the cause of growth decline of Chinese fir plantation and the thresholds of aluminum toxicity. The results showed that the causes of decline of Chinese fir plantation were: (1)The tree species was not suitable to the bad site conditions; (2)Aluminum toxicity occurred in the stands with good or better site conditions. The thresholds were: pH≤4.18, Al³⁺≥31.66mg/kg, Ca²⁺/Al³⁺≤1.809mol/mol and Ca²⁺/(Ca²⁺+Fe³⁺+Al³⁺)≤0.55mol/mol.

In order to establish the biomass forecast equation and solve cutting age of pulpwood stand for Masson pine (Pinus massoniana Lamb.)plantation,forecast equations of various stem economic biomass with and without bark were established with 265 diameter grade biomass sample tree in this paper,forecast problems of various stem economic biomass of pulpwood stand were resolved.According to the differnces in site index and cultivation measures,15 silviculture patterns of pulpwood stand were given for each site index.The stand quantitative,technical and economic mature ages of various silviculture patterns were calculated,then optimum cutting age of various site index were determined,it was 12～15 years shorter than cutting age being used,and it's IRR was raised 4.22%～9.47%.The relations between cutting age and site,silvicultural condition(planting density,thinning),economic condition were studied.The results showed that quantitative and economic mature ages reduce with the raising of site index,the quantitative mature ages reduce with planting density increase,the quantitative and economic mature ages postpone with thinning times increase.The economic mature age reduce with discount rate increase,while discount rate was raised 3% the economic mature age reduce about 2 years,otherwise,the economic mature age put off about 1～2 years.

Based on the feature investigatings of forest belt construction and agroforestry system on slope in the hilly region of Sichuan Basin, the evaluation indices of the structures, functions and benefits were selected, six types of the forest belts and ten multiple cropping subsystems in the agro forestry system on slope had been evaluated comprehensively with the AHP method. The results were as follows;three types of forest belts, i.e. H(herbs)-S(shrubs)- Cupressus mixed Alnus forest, H-S- Cupressus mixed Quercus forest, and H-S- Cupressus or Alnus forest, were better than other types in structure and function, four multiple cropping subsystems such as wheat peanut, wheat/watermelon/vegetable, broad bean/maize/sweet potato, and broad bean/watermelon/sweet potato, were better than the others in comprehensive benefits.

Chimaeric TA29 Barnase gene was introduced into anti insect transgenic Populus nigra of good quality and high yield by Agrobacterium tumefaciens(A.t)and biolistics transformation from tender leaves of 15-n-192 tube plantlets, which growing at the medium 1/2MS+NAA0.2mg/L for 4～6 weeks, the leaves was cultured with MS+BA0.2mg/L+NAA0.02mg/L about 16 hours. The transformation frequency of Barnase gene by biolistics and A.t was 16 1 percent and 23 percent respectively, the number of repropagation plantlets were 175/12 and 71/10 respectively. The experiment showed that, the suitable developing leaves were selected, which was good for plantlets regeneration after Barnase gene transformation. Further more, we extracted the total DNA from transgenic plants by SDS method. The PCR analysis showed that, the DNA fragment from trangenic genome was amplified were completely identical with the Barnase gene; Southern Blot analysis showed that the transgenic plants genome carry about with Barnase gene fragment; Dot Blot analysis showed that the transgenic plants passes a cross spot clearly, and it was positive transformed plants further. The trans Barnasegenic plants of anti insect Populus nigra were obtained by the tissue culture and the methods of normal forest tree breeding.

Both quantitative genetics method and molecular marker method were used to identify marker loci associated with 5 quantitative leaf traits in a F₂population from a cross of Populus deltoides Marsh. and P. cathayana Rehd.. Though analysis of variance (ANOVA) possesses a low resolution in mapping QTLs, it is an effective method for detecting QTLs. Single\|factor analysis of variance was conducted for each locus-trait combination to identify QTLs. The results revealed that 10,10,4,9 and 12 markers were significantly associated with leaf length, leaf width, ratio of length to width of leaf, petiole length and leaf area respectively, which accounted for 66.23%, 61.82%, 32.86%, 59.67% and 81.79% of the total phenotypic variation respectively. Two-factor analysis of variance showed that 4,2,1,5 and 7 significant interactions among these markers were associated with leaf length, leaf width, ratio of length to width of leaf, petiole length and leaf area respectively. Most of marker loci associated with these quantitative traits were on the 4th,12th,15th and 17th line of linkage groups.

In this paper, 195 dominanting stem-analysis data of Robinia pseudoacacia were used to construct single-form and multiple form site index chart, Richard function H=a(1 —e^{- bA})^c was taken for dominant height growth model of Robinia pseudoacacia in Liaoning province. On the basis of analizing the characteristics of dominant height growth, 5 index classes were divided out within 5～15m (baseline age was 12 years, and the interval of site index class was 2m), and single form site index table was constructed after derived curve was expanded by differential method. The optimum multiple form site index curve was fitted by means of the adjusted stem-analysis data and the problem that site index curve did not pass the index point has been solved, multiple form site index curve was constructed. The examination results indicated that: the accuracy of single form and multiple form site index tables were very high; however, the accuracy of multiple form site index table was higher than that of the single-form site index table and the table was more practical, which whowed that the dominant height growth was multiple formed. The paper also evaluated productivity of Robinia pseudoacacia plantation in Liaoning Province.

Fifty-five isolates of S.sapinea were obtained on 16 pines and other 2 conifers from 13 Provinces in China. Mycelial parings of the isolates on PDA produced either an incompatible reaction (most of isolates) in which a reaction color line (dark green) between the two isolates developed in interaction zone, or a compatible reaction (few isolates and same isolates) in which no reaction color line developed. Microscopical observation showed that hyphal anastomosis was not found on the former (with reaction line), but found on the latter (no reaction line). So vegetative compatibility of S.sapinea could be measured by observing development of reaction color line between two isolates.\;Among the 55 isolates, 48 vegetative compatibility groups (VCG_S) were recognized, and each of 44 VCG_S included only 1 isolate, 3 VCG_S included 2 isolates, respectively, and 1 VCG included 5 isolates.

The carrying microorganism position and the structure of mycangium of Dendroctonus armandi Tsai et Li, the most destructive bark beetle in Qinling and Bashan Mountains were studied. The results showed that the mycangia of the adult D. armandi consisted of the pronotal intergumentary cavities and spines, the spores of Leptographium terebrantis and \%Ophiostoma minus\% were the main spores carried by the mycangia of D. armandi, and they were inoculated into xylem of the host trees, while the beetle infested healthy host tree. Because there were no specialized mycetocytes and carried fungi structure in endobody of D. armandi, any hyphae specialized appressorium or sucher structure in the fungi, the fungi were attached to the alimentary canal of D. armandi, and the alimentary canal of D. armandi was not the stocked and transported fungi spores areas. D. armandi was not depended on the alimentary canal to carry and transport the fungi.

The behavior of selecting-host of Anoplophora nobilis was observed and analyzed in mixed forest consisting of 30 species of trees. The results showed that the longhorned beetle varied their selecting-host behavior according to different level of host resistance. The susceptive host trees could be found by a complex, time-consuming and step by step sense behavior of the longhorned beetle and at last were seriously damaged to nearly death. After the susceptive trees were initially infested by a few longhorned beetles, the population of the longhorned beetles infesting susceptive host would fast rise, the reason is that the longhorned beetles were attracted by host odor at long distance and at short distance by intraspecific sex attraction. Besides vision, the main sense behavior was that a pair of antennae often swung and both of front , mid and hind tibiae respectively rubbed each other. The rough degree of bark, the characteristics of leaves, twigs and the density of mixed forest had impact on crawling, flying and inhabiting behavior of the longhorn beetles. Prunus persica f. Duplex, Toona sinensis, Robinia pseudoacacia, Hibiscus syriacus, Ligustrum lucidum, Sophora rubriflora could supply diet and attract the longhorn beetles by their odor, but mating and ovipositing behavior were not found on these hosts. The main function of these trees in mixed forest was proved to be prolonging the time that the beetles selected host and curbed the population of the longhorn beetles on the susceptive hosts. Platycladus orientalis, Syringa oblats, Prunus yedoensis also had strong attraction, but the longhorn beetle would not feed on them. So the proportion of all of the trees mentioned above should be increased and the susceptive trees should be used as trap trees when reforesting new mixed forest for resisting the longhorn beetles in North China.

According to chemical analysis and bioassay of one-year needles of the damaged and undamaged Pinus tabulaeformis Carr.and larvae of Dendrolimus spectabilis Butler fed on these needles,it was found that the chemical components in the needles of damaged pine had caused regarded growth compared with undamaged pine.The results shows that:(1) total amino acids and most amino acids declined in quantity;(2) the concentrations of soluble sugar,crude fat,alkaloid and ratio of total sugar to total amino acids all increased;(3) there were conspicuous changes in fatty acid and phenolics.(4) weights of the larvae fed on needles of damaged trees were lighter than undamaged trees;and (5) mortality of larvae fed on these needles was 19.2% higher than those fed on leaves of undamaged trees.Delayed induced resistance of Pinus tabulaeformis Carr.to Dendrolimus spectabilis Butler lasted for half a year at least.

This paper firstly reports the use of Bacillus thuringensis (Bt) aerosols in the pulse-jet fogger to produce smog to kill insect pests.Bt in Bt aerosols still remains vigour on NB medium and virulence to silkworms.Among the three kinds of oil tested,diesel oil is the best one for Bt gemmae vigour,diffusion in smog,and suspensibility in the oil.In addition,the model of shower nozzle of pulse-jet fogger is an important factor for Bt vigour.To sum up,the technique of Bt aerosols produced by pulse-jet fogger is a new, simple and feasible way for the control of insect pests.

During the adult Monochamus alternatus taking food for supplementary nutrition,the mixture of 18% dimilin Ⅲ micro-capsule(80%) and other kinds of pesticide micro-capsu1(20%) was sprayed to control them.The results showed that the controlling effect is significant,with the mixture of micro-capsuls of dimilin Ⅲ and of Angaosha IV spraying showing the best effect.The direct effect and the persistent effect of 10,20,30 days after spraying reached 100%.The mixture of micro-capsuls of dimilin Ⅲ and of Angaosha I,and that of dimilin Ⅲ and Angaosha Ⅲ also showed better effect,but their persistent effect of 30 days after sprying decrease by some extent,and that of dimilin Ⅲ and Angaosha Ⅱ behave relatively poor.However pure dimilin Ⅲ micro-capsule showed poorer effect than all its mixture.

The effects of different planting densities (833,1111,1250,1429,1666,2000 and 2500 trees/hm 2) on the growth,output and wood properties of 6-year-old Eucalyptus urophylla were studied by random block experiments in Xiangzhou county,middle of Guangxi.The functional rule and correlation model between the population density of Eucalyptus urophylla and DBH,height,individual standing volume,volume of forest-crop,the air-dry density of wood,form of wood fiber,crown cover,live braches height and rate of preservation have been observed and analysed.The results show that,the effects of density on the DBH,the individual standing volume,the crown cover and the live braches height are extremely remarkable,that on the volume of forest-crop,the width of wood fiber and the length of vessel element are remarkable,and that on the height the air-dry density of wood and the length of wood fiber are not remarkble.According to the results,the limit of reasonable density on Eucalyptus urophylla was suggested to be between 1250 and 2500 trees/hm².2000 trees/hm² is the best density for short rotation industrial forests of Eucalyptus urophylla. The final felling age of the new area in the middle part of Guangxi is 5～7 years.

Three variaties of plantation poplar trees(Populus×euramericana cv.I-72/58,P.deltoides cv.I-63/51 and P.deltoides cv.I-69/55)growing in three different types of beaches along Yangtse River and in three different planting densities were extracted as the testing materials to model the relationships between wood properties and quality of veneer and plywood of poplar plantations in this study.Based on the relationships found in the former study,first the stepwise regression analysis was used for sifting out the key wood properties concerned,and then the polybasic,linear regression was used for modeling the relationships.The results show that the qualities of veneer and plywood of poplar plantations,can be well modeled with the wood properties by means of polybasic linear regression analysis.;The modeling equation of the variation of veneer thickness (VVT) varying with fiber width (FW) ,proportion of vessel (VP) and fiber (FP) is: VVT=-3.414+0.063FW+0.049RP-0.033VP The modeling equation of the ratio of lathe check (RLC) varying with wood hardness in tangential (TH), modules of elasticity (MOE) ,wood density in air-dry (WD) and volumetric shrinkage of wood in oven-dry (SV) is: RLC=9.472+0.005TH+0.003MOE+8.366WD-2.302SV The modeling equation of the gluing strength of plywood (GS) varying with pH values(pH),fiber length (FL) ,fiber width (FW) ,vessel length (VL) and proportion of vessel (VP) and ray (RP) is: GS=3.326-0.268 pH-0.002FL+0.191FW-0.004VL-0.033VP+0.095 RP The significances for the above modeling results were found greater than 0.73 while the relative error between the measured and predicted values was around 20%.Thus,the reliablity of those modeling equations could be recoglized.

A continuous inventory by permanent sample plots for 7～8 years showed:Castanopsis fissa stand of short-rotation, Castanopsis carlesii stand of short-rotation and Castanopsis fargesii stand of short-rotation had been successfully cultivated by natural regeneration with artificial promotion.Their rotations were 10,14 and 16 years,respectively.Their mean annual increments of growing stock at rotation age were 20.52,15.99 and 12.17m³/(hm²·a),respectively.High density,strong natural thinning,rapid height increment,high ratio of height to DBH,low percentage of tree branch and leave and high productivity were the features of the short-rotation stands.

Quantitative genetics has long been viewed as a mere tool for solving the problems of tree breeding. However, this view has been challenged by current development of molecular technologies. The development of molecular genetics applied to plant breeding includes two major steps. The first step is the identification of important genetic loci (quantitative trait loci or QTLs)that affect the expression of a quantitative trait using DNA polymorphism markers and the second is the incorporation of the QTLs of interest into commercial populations through genetic manipulation or marker assisted selection strategies. During the past several years, a number of genetic linkage maps based on DNA markers have been constructed in different forest tree species and many QTLs controlling growth, morphology, physiology, and wood properties have been identified. It now turns out to develop efficient breeding strategies for utilizing these QTLs detected to increase genetic gains in operational forestry. In this review, we discuss the fundamental principles of quantitative genetics applied to tree breeding, followed by the strategies for using molecular markers to improve quantitative traits. When a small number of QTLs are targeted, a backcrossing strategy is an efficient way to transfer target genes into recipient species or populations. This strategy can also efficiently remove those undesirable genes that are linked or unlinked with the target genes. The index selection strategy combining both phenotypic and molecular information can be very efficient for improving quantitative traits in which many QTLs are involved. The influences of the index selection strategy on breeding efficiency are discussed.

Water-saving and infiltrating roots irrigation,which is easy to follow and more economical in practice,such as inserting-tube and irrigating roots,infiltrating roots irrigation with one or two bottles are new irrigation methods in arid and semi-arid land orchard.The methods can decrease the evaporation of soil moisture,prolong the valid time of supplying water to plant,save irrigation water capaicty,and increase soil water use efficiency on account of making water infiltrate to the soil layer in which the most roots of the fruit tree distribute.The research shows that the consumption of water in a year under infiltrating roots irrigation is 33.33% under traditional point irrigation used in the area.The growth of height,stem diameter,crown diameter,sprouting shoot number and leaf area of two\|year\|old apple tree under infiltrating roots irrigation is 40.93%,34.94%,50.23%,23.06% and 73.19% higher than under natural condition without irrigation.If the technique of covering plastic membrance is adopted simultaneously,the practical result will be more effective.

The rDNA internal transcribed spacer 1(ITS-1) regions of two Chinese fir provanences was amplified and cloned by PCR reaction.The PCR reaction was following:97℃ 5 minutes→95℃ 5 minhtes→Adding the Tag polymerase→94℃ l?min 56℃ 1min,72℃ 2min;thirty-six cycles→72 ℃ 10min.High quality DNA template is necessary for the amplification of ITS-1 sequence,during the PCR reaction,ten minutes denaturation time and 56℃ annealing temperature are beneficial to amplification.The ITS-1 fragment was ligated to PUC19 plasmid,digested with Hind Ⅱ and transformed into competence cells of E.coli JM83 strain,the cloned strains harboring recombinant plasmid were obtained,those recombinant plasmids were used to sequence for ITS-1 fragment.Sequence analysis indicated that the sequence length is 273 bp,the using percentage of A、T、C、G within ITS1 sequence of Chinese fir were 27.5%、23%、21.6%、27.9% respectively and the G/C content of ITS1 sequence was 48.35%.Comparing with other plants,the G/C content of Chinese fir was less than other plants,whose ITS1 regions have been sequenced.As to ITSI sequence,there was no difference among two Chinese fir provenances,sequence analysis disclosed there were two repeat sequences [AAAG]ⁿ and [TTG]ⁿappeared within ITS1 sequence of Chinese fir.

Acacia mangium Willd. is an economic species for pulp and paper industry. The growth of the young tetraploid A.mangium trees was more superior than that of the diploid trees. The present study deals with the effects of age and multiploidy on fiber characteristics in tetraploid and diploid species. They were compared and analysed using Franklin's method with hydrogen peroxide and glacial acetic acid treatment, the data were analysed from micromeasurements. With age increment, the fiber length in the diploid trees increased significantly(p<0.01). Similarly, the fiber length measured in the same year also showed decrease from bottom upward along with the growth of the shoot height. The tetraploid wood fibers were also compared and analysed with the diploid fibers. In the 1-year-old shoots, the tetraploid fiber was significantly longer than the diploid's (p<0.01), Whereas the Cw/Cav (ratio of the thickness of cell wall and the cavity of cell)of the tetraploid fibers was significantly smaller than that of the diploid's(p<0.01). Moreover, regardless of the age, in the main leaf veins the tetraploid fiber length was, similar to that in the wood, sinificantly longer than that of the diploid's, and the Cw/Cav was also significantly smaller. It is thus suggested that the fiber characteristics measured in the main leaf veins, which is a much easy and safe procedure, could possibly be expected to obtain the same results in adult wood.