More than 90 percent of pasture species are the perennial plants and have very stable niche in the forest of Liaoning east mountainous area.The productive capacity and species diversity,etc.are controlled by upper canopy and in a dynamic change.The best light range for higher output and quality of pasture is the crown density in 0.5 to 0.8.In the condition of three years continuos grazing of cattle unit per 3.9 hectares,the stand volume increment was not decreased and the direct economic benefits is much higher than that before grazing.The quantity that animal grazing must be controlled less than 50 percent of pasture productive capacity.The forestland over 30-degree gradient must be forbidden to graze.

A study on the internal nutrients transfer and cycling of the above-ground parts in the 15-years-old loblolly pine (Pinus teada L.)plantation,located in Xiashu forest farm,Jiangsu Province,was carried out.The results obtained were as followed:(1)The internal transfer of nutrients (N,P,K and Mg)in needle was more than in branch or in bole,which played the most important role in the internal transfer of nutrients in the above-ground parts,and the transfer ratios of N,P,K and Mg in the above-ground parts were 44.9 %,34.5 %,20.8 % and 30.7 %,respectively.(2)The nutrient return of N,P,K Ca and Mg were 55.78,6.13,26.70,70.79 and 20.30 kg·hm^-2·a^-1,which were 36.67 %,44.65 %,55.30 %,78.02 % and 42.84 % of the nutrients requirement,separately,and the soil depletion of N,P,K,Ca and Mg were 22.48,2.13,4.64,26.98 and 11.64kg·hm^-2·a^-1,which were 23.99 %,22.76 %,11.84 %,24.32 % and 33.10 % of the nutrients uptake,respectively.(3)The nutrients availability in this plantation was higher than that in Chinese fir plantation and Oak forest in this region,but the loblolly pine plantation is still in the stage of nutrients depletion.

Based on the appearance of callus growth and behaviour (structure,color etc.)of Larix principis-Rupprechtii embryogenic callus,the physiological and biochemical background in these different kinds of embryogenic and non-embryogenic calli were analyzed.This included as well callus treated by abscisic acid (ABA).The contents of amino acids,saccharides,hydroxybenzene acid,phytohormones as well as different ions were tested.It was indicated that the average content of 18 amino acids of non-embryogenic calli were higher than embryogenic calli.Especially the contents of Arginine,Lysine and Valine in the non-embryogenic calli were 3～4 times higher as in embryogenic callus.The contents of amylose and trisaccharide have shown no different changes between embryogenic and non-embryogenic calli.The contents of amylos and O-phenylenediphthol in embryogenic calli treated by ABA was rising rapidly,18 times as the un-treated control.The correlation between trisaccharide content and different genotypes was very high.The ethylene content observed in the embryogenic callus was lower compared with the non-embryogenic callus.The Co⁺⁺ content of embryogenic callus was higher than in non-embryogenic callus (12 times).The content of NH⁺₄ was almost double and NO^-₃ was 20-fold higher in NEC.The NH⁺₄/NO^-₃ ratio of embryogenic callus is more than 10 times that of the non-embryogenic callus.The above-mentioned changes might explain some physiological and biochemical differences between these two cell types.

Studies of cryopreservarion of callus of maidenhair tree (Gingko biloba L.) Cotyledon were conducted.The relative viability of cryopreserved materials was effected by both of cryoprotectant and freezing rate.It was also important to undergo pre-growth and that material for a while at freezing to some low temperature. By pre-culturing on MS adding high concentration of sorbitol or mannitol for two days-with the combinative cryoprotectant 10% Dimethyl sulfoxide(DMSO)+0.5 mol·L^-1 sorbitol-slow freezing at 1 ℃·min^-1-maintaining for 10 min at -15 ℃ and for 30 min at -35 ℃-directly plunging into LN-stored for 1 day-rapidly thawing at 40 ℃ water. The relative viability (TTC value) was beyond 60 %.The recovery growth of materials stored at ultra-temperature was observed.

The mechanism of pollen abortion in Chinese white poplar was revealed systematically from the observation of cytogenetics in this paper,that is,principally,resulted from interactions between environment and genetic heterogenetic basis of the species.(1)Unequal number of univalents with decreased degree of synapsis and lagging chromosomes occurred in meiosis.The abnormal chromosomal behavior correlated with heterogenicity gave rise to unequal allocation of homogenous chromosomes to daughter cells and resulted in the deletion of functional chromosoms,thus led to the occurence of a certion proportion of aborted pollens.(2)The interaction between genetic imbalance and such environmental factors as temperature,etc.,further drew forth physiological and even structrural imbalance,with abnormal development of pollen mother cells (orsporogonium) and tapetal cells,and consequently resulted in no or very few production of pollens.The difference in the interaction between environment and genotype reflected on the unstability of pollen abortion in different years.(3)The esistence of chromosome structrural variations,such as inversion,translocation,etc.And natural triploid may also cause the occurrence of pollen abortion.

For Larix principis-rupprechtii Mayr.the distribution of male and female cones in crowns,pollen density around trees,pollination mechanism and pollen grains accepted by ovules and seed products were studied.Female cones were mainly distributed on 2～4 aged branches in the middle and upper parts of a crown,while male cones on 2～7 aged branches in the lower and middle parts.The highest pollen density of middle part was observed.The pollen density around crown was related with the distribution of male cones.According to the morphology change of female cones,the pollination period might be divided into five stages.Pollen grains were captured by stigmatic hairs without pollination drop.The optimal pollination period for ovules capture continued about two days.Four pollen grains or so were found in each ovule on average.Although there was a certain relationship between the numbers of pollen grains accepted by ovule and the production of full seeds, it was not the essential reason for causing the emptied seeds.In addition,the effects of open,supplementary and control pollination methods on the seed production and the significance of defining the optimum time of pollination for increasing seed production were discussed.

Guizhou is situated in the southwest China, the whole district is in subtropical and east-monsoonrange, annual average temperature is from 11℃ to 19℃. Guizhou has ancient flora and it's vegetation type is complex and diversity.There are 280 species (contain varieties)belonging to 66 families and 144 genera, which account for 33.8%, 10.3% and 5.3% of all spermatophyte respectively, and there are 31 endemic monotypic genera; and 4 Guizhou endemic genera, they are Tengia, Thamnocharia, Centratheropsis and Dicercoclados. Guizhou endemic species are the composition for forest resources in Guizhou, which are not kubstituted and these species all possess more biologic traits and inportant econornic value. We selected example Abies fanjingshanensis, Camellia luteoflora, Tutcheria kweichowensis etc., 60 kinds of Guizhou endemic plants, and investigated their original ecological environmental conditions, current situation index of germ plasma and conservation. Researched their narrow distribution principle, and utilization of germ plasma resource, and so on.The success of experimental research in introduction and cultivation,and mursery stock expanding propagation has been obtained. The sustainable utilization way and pattern for germplasma reaources of endemic plants in Guizhou have been proposed in this paper.

The humic substances characteristics of the mixed and pure plantation of poplar and black locust in sandy soil were studied,the results were as follows:Compared with soil without forest,after the mixed and pure plantation of poplar and black locust being planted in sandy soil,soil organic C and humic C increased,the light density value of humic acid,HA/FA ratio,E 4,E C,and RF values raised,Δlog K decreased,soil loose (Ⅰ) and tight (Ⅲ) combined form humus contents and the ratio of Ⅰ/Ⅲ went up,the ratio of organic C content in soil stable combined form humus (Ⅱ) to that in soil declined,indicating that the polymeric degree of soil humic substances raised,the atomic groups of aromatic nucleus increased,the aromaticity,complex degree of aromatized molecules and humification degree all went up,the quality of humic substances became better,soil maturity raised,soil nutrient-providing and nutrient-holding capacities increased and the soil fertility promoted after the mixed and pure plantation of poplar and black locust being planted in sandy soil.The increase in sandy soil fertility degrees followed the order:mixed plantation>black locust plantation>poplar plantation.

Based on the small watershed technique and the located observation method,the data collected in 3 consecutive years were used for analyzing the water balance and nutrients geochemical cycling in the second-rotation Chinese fir plantation.The results showed that the average annual rainfall of the ecosystem was 1170.6mm,86.9%,0.3% and 12.8% of which were allocated to throughfall,stemflow and canopy interception,respectively.The annual runoff was 428.05mm,that was 36.57% of the annual rainfall.The surface runoff and ground runoff accounted for 4.31% and 95.69% of the total runoff.The estimated evapotranspiration of the second-rotation Chinese fir plantation was 862.64mm,that was 62.2% of the annual rainfall.In the process of biological cycling,the annual uptake of 5 nutrient elements (N,P,K,Ca and Mg) in the second-rotation Chinese fir plantation was up to 140.658kg·hm^-2·a^-1,annual return and retention was 73.988kg·hm^-2·a^-1 and 66.67kg·hm^-2·a^-1,respectively.The cycling rate accounted for 0.53.The total nutrient input of N,P,K,Ca and Mg reached 53.173kg·hm^-2·a^-1,and output was 42.563kg·hm^-2·a^-1.The net nutrient accumulation was 10.610kg·hm^-2·a^-1. In contrast to the first-rotation Chinese fir plantation,the hydrologic process and nutrient dynamics of the second-rotation had different characteristics.The canopy interception rate in the second-ration was lower than that in the first rotation.In the second-rotation Chinese fir plantation,the monthly runoff varied with the pace of the rainfall,and the annual retention was higher while net nutrient accumulation was lower.These statistics revealed that the second-rotation Chinese fir had lower capacity of water regulation and disturbance resistance.The trees consumed more nutrients and the ecosystem was in the biological restoration stage.

Based on the investigation data from the sample plots of Eucalyptus spp.Cunninghamia lanceolata, Pinus massoniana, Larix spp. and Pinus sylvestris var. Mongolica etc, and combining with other results of research projects on plantation, main natural factors that effect the productivity of Chinese forest plantation were studied systematically. The results showed: (1) According to the actual distribution of Chinese plantation and the site quality, the average climatic-site potential of production of Chinese forest plantation was 8.6 m³/hm²·a. (2) Because the area proportion of sapling stand to the total plantation area was too large, there had been a 31%～35% reduction in the overall level of forest productivity of China plantation.

In order to understand vertical transmission of DsCPV and its role in sustained controlling pine caterpillars,this study was undertaken to develop the assay technique for detection of DsCPV in early stage of infection of pine caterpillars,based on the reverse transcription of RNA followed by the polymerase chain reaction amplification (RT-PCR).A pair of primers producing 614bp amplification fragment were designed based on the sequence of the C-polyhedrin gene of Bombyx mori CPV (BmCPV),and the expected amplification products were obatined when genomic dsRNAs isolated from purified BmCPV,DsCPV and Lymantria dispar CPV (LdCPV) were used as templates.Genomic dsRNAs isolated from Heliothis armigera CPV and DNAs from Lymantria dispar nuclear polyhedrosis virus (LdNPV) and DNAs from midgut tissue of healthy Dendrolimus spectabilis (Walker) larva did not yield any amplification products.The detection limit of purified DsCPV genomic dsRNAs was 1.0pg.The nucleotide sequence of the 614bp DNA amplification product from DsCPV was 87% homogenous with the corresponding part of C-polyhedrin gene of BmCPV.These results demonstrated that BmCPV,DsCPV and LdCPV were homologous as classfied in the same electropheres type I,and that this RT-PCR assay could be used for early,rapid,sensitive and specific detection of DsPCV infection in the natural population of the pine moth,due to the apparent different feeding habits of Bombyx mori,Dendrolimus ssp.and Lymantria dispar larva each other and the no infection of BmCPV and LdCPV to Dendrolimus ssp.

This paper deals with the ants' vertical distribution of Mt.Taibai.This associations between the ants population distribution and forest cover were researched by analyzing ant species composition in different forest covers.The ant vertical distribution characteristics and the resistance of lofty mountain to ant spreading were studied by comparing the similarity and fauna composition of small-zones.The results were as follows:1) The ant species composition was closely related to elevation, small climate and forest cover,the ant bio-diversities decreased with the increasing of elevation and the decreasing of temperature and forest covers.2) The similarities of ant species composition in small-zones of the same elevation were greater than those in different elevations.However,as the difference of elevation increased,the similarities among small-zones decreased.3) The ant fauna of Mt.Taibai located at the transitive area between Palaearctic region and Oriental region.The number of widely distributed species in this area was more than that is Palaearctic region and Oriental region,while that in Palaearctic region was more than that in Oriental region.4) The resistance of lofty Mt.Taibai to the spreading of ant to the south was smaller,and the ant spreading of species to north and high elevation areas was greater,so the population of Oriental species decreased rapidly with the elevation increasing.But many Palaearctic species could still live in the areas of the south slope of Mt.Taibai.

Fifty species of the family Cicadellidae on kudzu are listed,belonging to 11 subfamilies and 40 genera.Among them three species are new to science,Changwhania Kwon and five species are new records to China.One new combination is made.The type specimens are deposited in the Insect Collection of Anhui Agricultural University.1.Arenoledra tubularis Cai et Sun,sp.nov.(Fig.1) Externally as Arenoledra nirimaculata Kuoh,but lighter in coloration,and the structure of male genitalia distinctive.　♂:Length 6.5～7.0 mm,length incl.tegm.7.1～7.5 mm;width of head 2.0 mm,length of crown 0.8 mm;pronotal width 2.3 mm.　Holotype:♂,Shaanxi:Qingling Mt.,Sept.4,1999,Cai Ping;paratype 1♂,Sichuan:E' mei Mt.,900-1200 m,Sept.19,1975,Wei Chongsheng.2.Evacanthus latus Cai et Jiang,sp.nov.(Fig.2)　Externally as E.procerus Cai et Shen,but body size bigger,frontoclypeal,anteclypeus and genital segment black,and male genitalia also different.　♂:length 7.2 mm,incl.tegm.8.5 mm.　Holotype ♂,Henan:Baotianman Mt.,Neixiang,1200 m,July 24,1999,coll.Cai Ping.3.Balclutha pseudoviridis Vilbaste,1968,new record　Specimens examined:1♂2♀♀,Anhui:Taiping,Oct.11,1998;1♀,Anhui:Tianzhu Mt.,Qianshan,Oct.14,1998;1♂,Anhui:Jiuhua Mt.,Qingyang,Oct.11,1998,coll.Cai Ping.4.Balclutha intrusa (Melichar,1903),new record　Specimens examined:1♂1♀,Anhui:Shexian,500～650 m,Oct.2,1997,coll.Jiang Jiafu;1♀,Anhui:Tianzhu Mt,Qianshan,Oct.14,1998;2♀♀,Anhui:Taiping,Oct.11,1998;1♂1♀,Anhui:Qiyun Mt.,Xiuning,200～400 m,Oct.23,1997,coll.Cai Ping. 5.Futasujinus amuriensis Metcalf,1955,new record　Specimen examined:1♂,Anhui:Tianzhu Mt.,Qianshan,200 m,Aug.18,1997,coll.Cai Ping.6.Changwhania terauchii (Matsumura,1915),new record　Specimen examined:1♀,Anhui:Qiyun Mt.,Xiuning,200～400 m,Oct.23,1997,coll.Cai Ping.7.Recilia glabra Cai et Britton,sp.nov.(Fig.3)　Very similar to Recilia oryzae (Matsumura),but body size smaller and plate bald.　♂:length 2.0 mm,incl.tegm.2.3 mm.　Holotype ♂,Zhenjiang:Tianmu Mt.,Linan,1000 m,July 24,1998,coll.Cai Ping.8.Doratulina producta (Matsumura,1902),new com.Aconura producta Matsumura,1902 Specimens examined:2♂♂2♀♀,Anhui:Shexian,500～650 m,Oct.2,1997,coll.Cai Ping;1♀,Zhejiang:Baishanzu Mt.,Qingyuan,800 m,July 20,1994,coll.Wu Hong;1♀,Zhejiang:Songyang,Aug.16,1994,coll.Cai Ping;1♂,Hainan:Jainfengling Mt.,Dec.9,1981,coll.Chen zhiqing.9.Empoasca decedens Paoli,1932,new record　Specimens examined:2♂♂1♀,Anhui:Tianzhu Mt.,Qianshan,Oct.14,1998,coll.Cai Ping.

The population life table of Aponychus corpuzae Rimando which was fed on leaves of Bambusa vulgaris cv.vittata in 25℃ condition was constructed by survival analysis theory and multidimensional matrix model.After calculating,the population's parameters were as follows:r_m=0.0811,R_o=5.8368,T=21.7532d,λ=1.0845/d.Meanwhile,the population's survival states in different ages,the overlapping stage and the steady age-stage distributions were analysed.At last,the two methods applied in mites were discussed.

Activities of carboxylesterase and glutathione-S-transferase in Apriona germari larvae which feeding on eight different kinds of poplar trees were tested.The results showed that the activities of the two enzymes were significantly different when the larvae feeding on different poplar trees.The contents of fourteen secondary metabolites in eight poplar trees were also tested with the method of high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC).By cluster analysis the eight poplar trees were divided into groups.One group includes P.canadensis,P.×euraericana cv.“I-214”,P.×beijingensis,J-2 poplar,J-1 poplar and P.canadensis cv.“Shanhaiguanensis”.The other group includes P.tomentosa, P.alba var. pyramidalis.Stepwise regression analysis was carried out to test the relationship between the activities of the above enzymes and secondary metabolites of poplar trees.The analysis result demonstrated that the contents of phenol and phyadroxybenzoic acid decreased together with the increase of carboxylesterase activity while the contents of syringic acid and chlorogenic acid increased,but the content of ferulic acid decreased together with increasing of glutathione-S-transferase activity while the content of phenol in poplar trees increased.

Tree deep planting is one of the best methods in semiarid sand area with high-planted tree's survival and keeping rate. Deep Planting Earth Auger is the ideal and useful machine for deep planting. The function tests of the earth auger are focused on the relations between resistance torque with the drill bit rotation speed, with feeding speed and with soil hardness. The results showed that machine would have most efficiency in tree planting with the auger rotation speed of 360～400 r/min and with the feeding speed of 0.047 m/s. The maximum resistance torque was 53 Nm in Keerqin sand soil conditions with 90 cm diameter of drilled hole. The designed Deep Planting Earth Auger satisfied the resistance and could supply more torque than the requirement in existing machine conditions.

The failure surfaces of Chinese fir and Masson pine under tension perpendicular to grain, tension parallel to grain and impacting are observed by SEM. The results show that the pattern of load and the speed of load have effect on wood fracture. The microscopic structure of wood also influences wood fracture.

The paper introduces the neural network model basing on genetic algorithm and predicts the wood consuming of Shandong Province by the model.The results shows that the model has a high prediction precision and good prediction ability.

The fine-root biomass and its vertical distribution, production, turnover, lifespan of global major climatic forest types and its role in C and nutrient cycling of forest ecosystems were reviewed and evaluated based on published information and 169 data sets. The fine-root biomass varied from 46 to 2805g·m^-2, mostly between 100～1000 g·m^-2, accounting for 3%～30% and 0.5%～10% respectively of below-ground biomass and total biomass of ecosystems. Boreal evergreen needleleaf forest had the lowest average fine-root biomass (216 g·m^-2) while tropical evergreen broadleaf forest had the highest (1087g·m^-2). Annual fine-root net primary production (NPP) was 20～1317 g·m^-2·a^-1, amounting to 3%～84% of total stand NPP, mostly 10%～60%. The fine-root NPP tended to increase from boreal forest, through cold-temperate, warm-temperate and subtropical forest, to tropical forest ecosystem. The percentage of fine-root NPP in total NPP of needleleaf forest seems lower than that of broadleaf forest within same climatic zone. The fine-root lifespan of tree species varied from several days to years, with annual fine-root turnover between 4.3%～273.2%. The necromass input through fine-root turnover accounted for 6.2%～88.7% of total input from both above- and below-ground, indicating substantial amount of C and nutrients input from the fine-root production and turnover. Apart from the climatic forest type, fine-root biomass, production and turnover varied with seasons, soil type, site conditions, development stage of forest and etc. They are also controlled by carbon source-sink relations, involving above-ground assimilation,carbonhydrate needed for fine-root growth and maintenance and site-specific conditions such as soil nutrients, water, temperature, toxic element, mycorhiza and other soil factors.

The research about the properties and utilization of fast growing trees have caused wide public concern with the background of the severe shortage of forest and the urgent need for its protection.According to the recent reports,we have only exploited few kind of fast growing trees, and utilize grade and utilization ratio were lower,so that in this paper,based on analyzing growth speciality and tiny structure and fibre shape and chemical composition and physics properties of fast growing trees species Zenia insignis Chun.. The results showed that it is feasible to use Zenia insignis Chun, as raw material to manufacture flame retardant MDF and flame retardant PB and flame retardant LVL,its physical and mechanical properties,surface physical and chemical properties and flame retarding properties are accord to the correlative standard.Zenia insignis Chun.popularize planting and comprehensive utilization exploitation that is of especial importance to industry.